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Afr PDF

The document discusses air consumption in internal combustion engines. It outlines objectives to calculate fuel and air mass flow rates, air fuel ratios, and equivalence ratios at different engine speeds. It provides theory on how engines use fuel and air for combustion. Optimal air-fuel ratios and their impact on engine performance and emissions are explained. Experimental data is shown measuring air and fuel mass as well as calculating air-fuel ratios and equivalence ratios at various engine speeds.

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abood mohammad
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132 views

Afr PDF

The document discusses air consumption in internal combustion engines. It outlines objectives to calculate fuel and air mass flow rates, air fuel ratios, and equivalence ratios at different engine speeds. It provides theory on how engines use fuel and air for combustion. Optimal air-fuel ratios and their impact on engine performance and emissions are explained. Experimental data is shown measuring air and fuel mass as well as calculating air-fuel ratios and equivalence ratios at various engine speeds.

Uploaded by

abood mohammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Al-Balqa’a Applied University

Faculty Of Engineering Technology

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES LAB

‫مختبر محركات احتراق داخلي‬

First Semester 2020-2021

By:

‫عبد الرحمن محمد عدنان طمليه‬

31615150070
AIR CONSUMPTION
Objectives:

• Calculate the fuel mass flow rate and air mass flow rate for a given IC engine
• at different engine speeds
• Calculate the air fuel ratio by using theoretical and experimental methods
• Study the variation of AFR as a function of the engine speed
• Calculate the equivalence ratio

Theory:

Internal combustion engines use fuel and oxygen (from air) to produce energy through combustion. To
guarantee the combustion process, certain quantities of fuel and air need to be supplied in the
combustion chamber. The air–fuel ratio (AFR) is a significant indicator and very important measure for
internal combustion engines performance controlling and tuning, and anti-vehicles exhaust emissions
pollution reasons. The AFR called or known as stoichiometric mixture when the provided air is exactly
enough to completely burn all of the gasoline fuel. Air–fuel ratio with lower numbers than
stoichiometric are considered rich air–fuel mixture, which are less efficient, generate more power and
mixture burn cooler, which is gentler on the engine. Air–fuel ratio with higher numbers than
stoichiometric mixture are considered lean air–fuel mixtures, which are more efficient but cause
damages to the engine and generate higher levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. A stoichiometric
air–fuel mixture burns very hot and may cause damages to the engine parts and components if the
engine is run or operate under high load at stoichiometric air–fuel mixture. Because of the high
temperature at this air–fuel mixture, detonation of the air–fuel mixture is possible shortly after
maximum cylinder pressure under high load causing knocking. Serious and big engine damages can be
caused by detonation of the air–fuel mixture as the controlling the burning of the air–fuel mixture can
generate very high pressure in the cylinders of the engine. As a result, stoichiometric air–fuel mixtures
are used under the light load conditions, a richer mixture is used to generate cooler combustion’s
products and prevent engine cylinders heads over heating and detonation. In order to understand how
the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is calculated, we need to look at the combustion process of the fuel.
Combustion is basically a chemical reaction (called oxidation) in which a fuel is mixed with oxygen and
produces carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy (heat). Take into account that, in order for the
oxidation reaction to occur we need activation energy (spark or high temperature). Also, the net
reaction is highly exothermic (with heat release). Consider the complete combustion of a general
hydrocarbon fuel of average molecular composition Cab with air .
Data table

Result table
Sample of calculation:

M air and M fuel from the last exp as well

AFR = Mair / Mfuel = 0.0048/ 0.000938 = 5.1172

Lamda = AFR act / AFR ideal = 5.1172 / 14.7 = 0.34811

For the fig.1 it show the relation between lamda and the engine speed RPM
Discussion:

For a gasoline engine of Isooctane fuel, , the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is around 14.7:1. This means
that, in order to burn completely 1 kg of fuel, we need 14.7 kg of air. The combustion is possible even is
the AFR is different than stoichiometric. When the air-fuel ratio is higher than the stoichiometric ratio,
the air-fuel mixture is called lean. When the air-fuel ratio is lower than the stoichiometric ratio, the air-
fuel mixture is called rich. The stoichiometric air/fuel or fuel/air ratios depend on fuel composition.

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