Web Resources for Self-learning

 Google: http://www.google.com/
 Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 C pprogramming:
og a g: http://www.cprogramming.com/
ttp://www.cp og a g.co /
 ….

Chapter 2

Introduction to C Programming
The C language facilitates a structured and disciplined
approach to computer program design
design.

Acknowledgment

The notes are adapted from those provided by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc.

17
 OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn:
 Print a line

 Escape
scape seque
sequence
ce
 Variables and Data types

 Memory concepts

 Arithmetic operators

 If-then statements

 Review

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */
/* and */ indicate comments – ignored by compiler
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */ #include directive tells C to load a particular file
6 int main( void )
Left brace declares beginning
g g of main function
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9 Statement tells C to perform an action
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
return statement ends the function
11
12 } /* end function main */
Right brace declares end of main function
Welcome to C!

 Comments
 Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer

 Used to describe program

 #include <stdio.h>
 A directive to the C preprocessor

 Tells computer to load contents of a certain file

 <stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations

18
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
 int main()
 C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which
must be main
 Parenthesis used to indicate a function

 int means that main "returns" an integer value

 Braces ({ and }) indicate a block

 The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );

 Instructs computer to perform an action

 Specifically, prints the string of characters within quotes (" ")

 Entire line called a statement

 All statements must end with a semicolon (;)

 Escape character (\)

 Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary

 \n is the newline character

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

 return 0;
 A way to exit a function
 return 0, in this case,, means that the pprogram
g terminated
normally
 Right brace }
 Indicates end of main has been reached

 Linker
 When a function is called, linker locates it in the library

 Inserts it into object program

 If function name is misspelled, the linker will produce an

error because it will not be able to find function in the
library

19
 Some common escape sequences

Escape sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the cursor at the beginning of the next line.

\t Horizontal tab. Move the cursor to the next tab stop.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Insert a backslash character in a string.
\" Double quote. Insert a double-quote character in a string.

The printf function can print Welcome to C! several

different ways
1 /* Fig. 2.3: fig02_03.c
2 Printing on one line with two printf statements */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 { printf statement starts printing from
8 printf( "Welcome " ); where the last statement ended, so the
9 printf( "to C!\n" ); text is printed on one line.
10
11 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
12
13 } /* end function
f main */

Welcome to C!

20
 The printf function can print Welcome to C!
several different ways
1 /* Fig. 2.4: fig02_04.c
2 Printing multiple lines with a single printf */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
Newline characters move the cursor to the next line
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome\nto\nC!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } /* end function main */

Welcome
to
C!

Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

 As before
 Comments, #include <stdio.h> and main

 int integer1, integer2, sum;

 Definition of variables
 Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
 int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3, 0, 47)
 Variable names (identifiers)
 integer1, integer2, sum
 Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit)
and underscores( _ )
 Case sensitive
 Definitions appear before executable statements
 If an executable statement references and undeclared variable
it will produce a syntax (compiler) error

21
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
 scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
 Obtains a value from the user
 scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)
 This scanf statement has two arguments
 %d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
 &integer1 - location in memory to store variable
 & is confusing in beginning – for now, just remember to
include it with the variable name in scanf statements
 When executing the program the user responds to the
scanf statement by typing in a number, then pressing the
enter (return) key

Memory Concepts
 Variables
 Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's

memory
 Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value

 Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through

scanf, for example), it replaces (and destroys) the previous
value
 Reading variables from memory does not change them

Fig. 2.6 | Memory location showing the name and value of a variable.

22
Memory Concepts

Fig. 2.7 | Memory locations after both variables are input.

Fig. 2.8 | Memory locations after a calculation.

Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

 = (assignment operator)
 Assigns a value to a variable
 Iss a bbinary
a y operator
ope ato ((has
as two ope
operands)
a ds)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;
 Variable receiving value on left
 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
 Similar to scanf
 %d means decimal
d i l integer
i t will
ill be
b printed
i t d
 sum specifies what integer will be printed
 Calculations can be performed inside printf statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );

23
Arithmetic
 Arithmetic calculations
 Use * for multiplication and / for division

 Integer division truncates remainder

 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
 Modulus operator(%) returns the remainder
 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
 Operator precedence
 Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e.,
multiplication before addition)
 Use parenthesis when needed
 Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
 Do not use: a + b + c / 3
 Use: (a + b + c ) / 3

Arithmetic
 Arithmetic operators:
C operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression C expression

Addition + f+7 f + 7

S b
Subtraction
i - p–c p - c

Multiplication * bm b * m

Division / x/y x / y

Modulus % r mod s r % s

 Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first.
first If the parentheses are nested
nested, the expression in the innermost pair is
evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e., not
nested), they are evaluated left to right.

*, /, or % Multiplication,Division, Evaluated second. If there are several, they are

Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

24
 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

1 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c Another Simple C Program:

2 Addition program */
3 #include <stdio.h> Adding Two Integers
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int integer1; /* first number to be input by user */
9 int integer2; /* second number to be input by user */ Definitions of variables
10 int sum; /* variable in which sum will be stored */
11
12 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); /* prompt */
scanf obtains a value from the
13 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); /* read an integer */ user and assigns it to integer1
14
15 printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */
scanf obtains a value from the
16 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* read an integer */
17
user and assigns it to integer2
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; /* assign total to sum */
19 Assigns a value to sum
20 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /* print sum */
21
22 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
23
24 } /* end function main */

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117

25
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
 Executable statements
 Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data)
 Perform decisions
 May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a test grade

 if control statement
 If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement executed
 0 is false, non-zero is true
 Control always resumes after the if structure
 Keywords
 Special words reserved for C
 Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Standard algebraic C equality or

Example of
equality operator or relational Meaning of C condition
C condition
relational operator operator

Equality operators
 == x == y x is equal to y

 != x != y x is not equal to y

Relational operators

 > x > y x is greater than y

 < x < y x is less than y

≥ >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

≤ <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

26
 An Example to Use if statements, relational operators,
and equality operators
1 /* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
2 Using if statements, relational
3 operators, and equality operators */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 /* function
f i main
i begins
b i program execution
i */
7 int main( void )
8 {
9 int num1; /* first number to be read from user */
10 int num2; /* second number to be read from user */
11
12 printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );
13 printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );
14
15 scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2 ); /* read two integers */
16
Checks if num1 is equal to num2
17 if ( num1 == num2 ) {
18 printf(
i f( "%d is
i equal
l to %d\n",
%d\ " num1,
1 num2
2 );
)
19 } /* end if */
20 Checks if num1 is not equal to num2
21 if ( num1 != num2 ) {
22 printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
23 } /* end if */
24 Checks if num1 is less than num2
25 if ( num1 < num2 ) {
26 printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );
27 } /* end if */
28

29 if ( num1 > num2 ) {

Checks if num1 is greater than num2
30 printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );
31 } /* end if */
32
33 if ( num1 <= num2 ) { Checks if num1 is less than or equal to num2
34 printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
35 } /* end if */
36
37 if ( num1 >= num2 ) {
Checks if num1 is greater than equal to num2
38 printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
39 } /* end if */
40
41 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
42
43 } /* end function main */
43 } /* end function main */

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

(continued on next slide… )

27
 (continued from previous slide…)
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy:
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy:
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7

Fig. 2.14 | Precedence and associativity of the operators discussed so far.

Operators Associativity
() left to right
* / % left to right
+ - left to right
< <= > >= left to right
== != left to right
= right to left

Fig. 2.15 | C’s keywords.

Keywords
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while

28
Review
 Comments begin with /* and end with */. Comments
document programs and improve readability.
 The #include directive tells the preprocessor to include the
content
t t off another
th file
fil (typically
(t i ll a header
h d file
fil suchh as
<stdio.h>).
 The <stdio.h> header contains information used by the
compiler when compiling calls to standard input/output library
functions such as printf.
 Every program in C begins executing at the function main.
 Functions can return information.
information
 Functions can receive information.
 A function starts by a left brace { and ends by a right brace }.
 Every statement must end by a semicolon.
 Escape sequences, for example \n newline.

Review
 A variable is a location in memory where a value can be stored
for use by a program.
 All variables must be defined with a name and a data type
before they can be used in a program.
 The %d indicates that the data should be an decimal integer.
 The & indicates the memory address of an variable.
 Function printf can also use a format control string.
 Every variable has a name, a type and a value. Variable names
correspond to locations in the computer
computer’ss memory
memory.
 Arithmetic operators and precedence.

29
Review
 If statement allows a program to make a decision based on the
truth or falsity of a statement of fact called a condition.
 Conditions in if statement are formed by suing the equality
operators and relational operators.
 The precedence of relational operators
 = should be read “gets” and == should be read “double
equals”.
 Key words.

Chapter 3

Structured Program Development in C

Before writing a program to solve a particular problem,

it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the
problem and a carefully planned approach to solving the
problem.

Acknowledgment

The notes are adapted from those provided by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc.

30