Introduction to Computer Networks

Example questions:
Ql:
,D What is the bandwidth ofthe signal f(t) = ( sLo:?t'1 '-' (.i \\L
iD What is the bandwidth of the signal lcos2000? + cos40007rt + cos6000rt +
cos8000?fi1 ., r)" :Jii -', I '. 11 1
-\
iiD What is the rate in bits/sec to transmit a picture ftame of size 600 by 400 bits
in 33ms? -, ? i \ihl )
iu) Show one r.r ay in wh ich I 00 different chamclers or sxmbols may be
represenled by a 6-bit code. \ q.; 'r'. r 'I,
I v) How many signaling levels are rgquired under the Nyquist formula to support
a Shannon channel capacity fora 2MHz bandwidth with a SN&e of 30?.1,\':
-1.

(a -,i .\0) vi) what is the ratio ofsignal energy per bit
Henz. for a Iin-k hansmining at 6000 bits
to noise power spectral density per
per second when rhe effeclive noise
remp€rature is 1000'K and the signal level is -l00dBW? ' ' ""
t. vii) wh; is the bandwidth ofthe sign;l (t) = (5cos 2t)2 + sin5t 2-t' t
'): \. t' F^
viii) [1 points] What is the bandwidth of the signal [cos4000ttt + cos20007rt +
cos3000ttt + cos70001tll
1\ . -r r. )) :
\ ,] ltr "'\\e

ix) what is the rate in bits/sec to transmit

'"i a picture frame ofsize 800 by 200 bits
in 33ms?
x) Show one way in which 50 different characters or symbols may be
represented by a 5-bit code.
xr) How many signaling levels are required under the Nyquist formula to support
a Shannon charnel capacity for a lMHz bandwidth with a SN&B of20?
xii)What is the ratio ofsignal energy per bit to noise power spectral density per
Hertz , for a link transmitting at 3000 bits pe! second 'when the effective noise
temperature is 500o K and the signal level is -80dBW?
'' xiii)
Frame relay is a LAN / WAN protocol and multiple4es and switches logical
conneclions at layerts) f ?1 '
riv) \9' 'n'
The ISO application layer is equivalent to the TCP/IP application layer.
TRUE or FALSE.

xv)
The ATM protocol reads an entire frame before deciding ifthere is al enor.
TRUE OR FALSE

xvi)
Determine the bandwidth in Hertz ofthe signal (t) = 2 [cos30007rt] [sin
l000ntl 1tt.,) ,,-\,'','' \r"- lll
xvii)
What is the rate in bitvsec to transmit a pictue ftame ofsize 460 by 300 bits
in 33ms?
Asynchronous hansmission is best for this type of data.
 TRUE oT FALSE L r,, 21 J,sn 5, z:
Calculate the baud rate to tmnsmit 19600 bps with if 16 diflerent signal elements
are used,.

xviii) What is the payload data rate for a PDU of 10,000 bits transmitted at
l00Megabits/second over a physical level with a header and trailer adding of
500 octets in total to folm a transmission packetl ( ^'\ ' l'/ )
xix)
What is the maximum channel capacity ofa l0MHz bandwidth with a SNRas of
36.1245 and how many signaling levels are required to support that challllel
capacity? l' . 1 !i ..) , .\,
xx)
Calculate the quantizing noise level in a telephone system which samples a voice
channel at 1.5 times the Nyquist rate and transmits the PCM signal at 96,000 bits
per second. lll,
, - -tl,"Zr IB
xxi)
Does an Ethemet sta! connected LAN implemented with switches require the
CSMA/CD protocol? YES or NO

Q2: Indicate the bit pedods and the binary ones and zeroes for the signal below ifit is
a) Manchester Differenlial b) Manchester.

1,rrs\1,l o(
,v\1.^.
D,Tynrt', ( o ' \ \ ')

*Q3
a)What is the number of uniform quantization levels required to produce a SNR
ofat l€ast 60 dB for the effective bandwidth ofa telephone voice charurel sampled
at the Nyquist rate? ,, - r '-) . - "'r :" 'r'a\ti^' a"t(
what is the bil rate of the resulting PCM signal? ( - lil ' ,t 'f
'" a l ,

b)What is the number of uniform quantization levels required to produce a SNR

ofat least 80 dB for a 6KHz voice channel sampled at the Nyquist rate?
What is the bit mte of the resulting PCM signal?

Q4 i) Find the CRC for the binary sting 1001l0l0 using the polynomial Xa t X3 I t
ii) Sketch the shiff register implementation. R. \\\\
ri
-x
 Q5
A new standard is to be developed for voice sampling in the telephone system.
Sampling the 3000H2 bandwidth at the Nyquist rate and using 64 quantization
levels determine the bps to multiplex 24 PCM coded voice channels using TDM.
What is the requi-red bandwidth for nansmission ofthe TDM signal so that tbq
bits can be easily recovered? Explain your reasoning. --. " Ir,., ti7 141t;
Q6 n , rt.i, '" fiLr , .( ! *2 r('] t ' 'rt
How many slots of20 bits length will a slotted dng have if it is 5 km lory,
operates at 5 Mbps on copper cored cable with a propagation speed of 2.5* 108
nvs, has 300 repeaters each delaying the signal by I bil time? I . ., loi' )
Q7
Ignoring switching delay determine the maximum possible data thoughput when
HDLC is used to transmit 1024 bit frames with 3 bit sequence numben and a 16
bit FCS across a l:Ila', '''- -"'
Q8 ^:|at)

Apply Dijkstra's algorithm to the network shown above and cpmplete the least
cost routing table for node s = 4 as the source node.

Lfl) Dath L/21 bath L(3) path Lf5) Dath L(O Dath
Li-f / .1 it ,i a\)
'ntct L\ ., ( (\
ti) ,.1 (7)
(,'l
t- a -\- L /) .l:
r-l
| 1/.t/ElL L t (.7) Li A / ),1

,/ Q9: Dedicated lines exist between location A and location B, and location B and
location C. The distance between A and B is 5000 km and between B and C is
1500 km. The propagation time is l0 microseconds per kilometer between
 location A and location B and 5 microseconds per kilometer between location B
C. (b, b, I a , I,f r 8 ., / A,
and location
,, 1,
bt 1.,
Ifthe A and B is 200 kbps and B can buffer four packets of 12ylr?
data rate between
8 bit bytes what is the required minimum data rate between B and C to avoid B's
buffer's from overflowing? , L -, ltt -l ,t.. l " [, rf,) , t\tt,,)
"'ll'- 'i'-
l j.,.( r|/;^il
Q10
.,.n Assuming that the velocity ofpropagation on a time division bus oflength 20 I "1 or* a,
meters is o.8*velocity of light and that the data rate is 500Mbps how many
bits should be hansmitted per second per time slot tg echieve a bus utilization
ofes%2.-i it litl){ ) ,. ',.:,
QI1
-u!!lerer4hlsrll!.oab-sl94:e
i) A class B address 103.l08.xxx.xxx that has 2 bits in the sub-net portion ofthe address.
Write out the binary pattern for the address
Write out the Subnet mask in binary and then in dotted decimal
How many subnets are suppoded?
How many hosts are supported?
ii) A class B address 103.lo8.xxx.r-xx that has 3 bits in the sub-net portion of
the address.
Wdte out the binary paftem for the address
Write out the Subnet mask in binary and then in dotted decimal
How many subnets are suppoded?
How many hosts are supported?

Q12
'. ,.) If
N = number of hops between two given end systems,
L = message length in bits
B = data rate ilr bits per second on all links
P = fixed packet size in bits
H - header overhead in bits per packet
S = call setup time (circuit switching or virtual circuit) in secolds
D = propagation delay per hop in seconds

Then
i) calculate the end-to-end delay for switching circuit switching for N: 4, L =
3000, 8=9600, H = 32, S = 0.2, D = 0.001 assuming no acknowledgements and
ignoring any processing delay at the nodes.
.1 - r (.;,',)
-..=. r-r ' ",lrt9 r,-,
iii) repeat for datagram packet switching.
1
1
,-]
t.,trtt /_11;.t htL " l() t.,
(,1 t I il 'LI t 1(z L,tl
) ilgltL ,: t-)t/ 5.c
 5

,, \ Ql3
' Consider a slotted ring oflength l5km with a data rate of7.5Mbps and 750
repeaters. Each rcpeater introduces a l-bit delay. Each slot has one souce
address ofone b;'te, one destination addtess ofond b)4e, two data b)4es, and five
control bits for a total length of 37 bits. How many slots does the iing have? ; , ) r ,l
..,. X'' Ql4 Sketch the Bipolar-AMl encoding for the binary stream 0 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 then draw the High Density Bipolar 3 zeroes encoding ofthe Bipolar-AMl
signal. Assume the last HDB3 substitution was to tbie left ofthe leftmost binary
zero.

Ql5. Sketch the Bipolar-AMl encoding for the binary stream 0 0 1 0 I 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 then &aw the High Density Bipolax 3 zeroes encoding ofthe Bipolar-AMl
signal. Assume the last HDB3 substitution was to thle left ofthe leftmost binary
. .1 /.
Q 16 What is the overhead as a percentage ofthe total bits sent if an asynchronous
encoding scheme with 8 data bits, no parity, one staxt and 2 stop bits is used to
send 10,000 characters at lMbps? What is the effective datataNmission rate? .'l ?7- 411
, I ,- /,
y
'fr lfthe 10,000 characters were sent in a s)Tcluonous marurer by discarding the
asynchronous format and adding some synchronous control could this improve
the efficiency and the data rate? Support your answer with an example set of
numbers for payload efficiency and effective data rate for HDLC Assume
HDLC canies 1000 ofthe characters per Aame '. ,'L/i' ) " t,,) j

- ,-.{tz. lor a FCS the polynomial X5 +X4 + x2 + I is to be used on the data stream (MSB
first)

M=I01010II01
i) Find the FCS by long division
ii) Draw the shift register diagram for the calculating the FCS.

Q 18. A datagmm tansmission system has 3 hops bet\i/een nodes 1 and 4 Each node uses its
own trarsmission bit rate as sho"\'n below. Assume multi-pair cables are used between
nodes.

UTP STP STP

1Km 2Km 2km
lMbps 2Mbps 1.5Mbps

Determine the elapsed time to send l0 packets of 1000 octets from the lsr node (leflmost)
10 the last node. ns
i,,,,j9J
 6

Determine the buffering, ifany, required in each node. Assume the l't node sends l0
packets one after the other without a break. Ignore ACKs. Assume the remaining nodes
send packets as quickly as possible after a packet arives . .( ;4i;
tt.fr. ,t^ ltrlit.,-u ,..,
h. ,. ,,:,, 1..
,,.rr.. ,t,
Ql9. A TransportPDu of5loS octets (including TCP header) is to be tmnsfened r-,, 7_ -. ,r./,r
between two users A and B using TCP/IP. Both users A and B's LANs are ' ' ' | , . t t;
Ethemet loMbps at the physical level and are actually part ofthe same LAN
connected by a bridge

Determine the effective data late for the application that provided data to the
Transport level ifthe Marimum Transnission Unit (MTU) at the physical level of
A's LAN is q20 octets and variable length packets are permjtted. Assume
Ethemet at r}te physical level. ,) ,
I tii .,,.t t ;. 9

Q20: Consider a ring with 50m ofcoax cable between repeater pairs and with a data
rate of lOMbps and 400 repeate$. Each repeater introduces a I -bit delay.
i) Calculate the ring Iength in bits

ii) Ifthe clocks in the repeaters have an accuracy of+/ minus

't- iI
0.5olo calculate the
buffer size required in the repeateB to accommodate the range ofbits the ring
\ length may have.

Q2l. Complete the diagram below by replacement of the appropriate stri-ngs ofzeroes
to give the HDB3 signal representation for the bit stream.

0:0

Q22. How many signaling levels are rcquired under the Nyquist formula to support a
Shannon channel capacity for a 2MHz bandwidth with a SNRiB of 30?

Q23. A new standard is to be developed for voice sampling in the telephone system.
Sampling the l000Hz bandwidth at the Nyquist rate and using 64 quantization
levels determine the bps to multiplex 24 PCM coded voice channels using TDM.
What is the rcquired bandwidth lbr transmission ofthe TDM signal so that t}Ie
bits can be easily recovered? Explain your reasoning.
 Q24 5000 b)'tes (including TCP header) are to be transfened between two users A and
B using TCP/IP. Both users A and B's LANs are 802.3 lOMbps at the physical
level. A'sLAN connects to an ATM Detwork through a router- B's LAN also
connects to the same ATM network through a router on B's LAN.

Calculate how many frames are sent on A's LAN to transmit the TCP-PDU
assuming error free transmissic-rn iithc IP PDU is ftagmented to be carried by
802.3. Determine the efficiency on A's LAN from the viewpoint ofthe transport
level. Assune the only option used is the Internet timestamp and that one 32 bit
field is sufficient for this optior. - r-Q r.r.,
1 ) , '/ ,
I t ,/d
Q25 Assume a packet tr:rnsmission system is designed to pass packets through
intemediate stations and across the medium between the stations according to the
Iollowing specifi cation.

Station I to station 2 - multipair twisted pair over a distaoce of4Km

Station 2 to stalion 3 - multipair twisted pair over a distance of2Krn
Slation 3 to station 4 - coax cable over a distarce of9Km
Repeaters dglay the signal 0 bit time (assume attenuation is compensated for by
repeaters.)
The dira rate used is lMbps

Find the end-to-e[d delay for 40,000 bits ofdat4 a header of 100 bits, and a packet size
of 15000 bits. Packets must be padded to full size and arc re-transmitted immediately
without delay by intermediate station (i.e. as soon as the last bil arrives.)

Q26; A data rate of 19,200 bps is requircd of voice grade lines. To accomplish this it
has been decided that a form ofQFSK must be used. The voice channel can only
accommodate a baud rale of2400 baud.

a) How many bits must be transmitted per signal element?g r", a )

b) If only 64 phase angles can be supported is it possible to implement the
system and if so how might itbe accomplished? Vt,',/ J .l 1l h.,(," (r 1i '.t1
(.'1/, 1- :Ja 6,qi
For the above solution aod representing the data in each signal element by the biftuy
weight ofthe bits transmitted in the sigral element show the series ofweights tmnsmitted
lor lh'i following binary sequence.
'

'a
t:-' l:t L(
't-t 1000 I I I I 0000 iOl0
r'-;"i.'
1000 0000 0100 0001 0000 I 111 1i00 0000
!c,. )tq) 'z: i
Itt..:.' . 1l^ \t /!'
For PSK with 5 bits per signal element the.atio olBr to R is 2.5. Find the energy per bit
to keep the signal to noise ratio to I2dB. lrt. / .\?1 ,.i).( t

1..'! \,1 t(
ry cAa - / {-)
\T,,IJr,
{t jvc {{ -/\,\
\tl .' 7-16
-_ !.v e "_\r r IT)r,,
 8

Q26
- Complete the following diagam to show how a sliding window handles a "Go
back\" ARQ scheme using RR and REI The v/indow is of size 4 and F I is lost
Show the ACK rcsponses and the ftam€s sent by A to B assuming there are no
more erors, after the one shown, until a tolal of 6 fiaYnes are sent and collectly
received and acklowledged.
ft e eCi for ttr" ls trarie is rhen lost. Complete tlle diagram to show the flow of
messages and ACKs until A receives a subsequent ACK from B in rcsponse to a
query ftom A of RR with P bit =t
AB
FO
F1
F2
F3
time

u_t fg
\'n..
I

b) Would s€lective reject be a better scheme to use? Explain yotll answer'

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vr'nluk j,?fr{-t v:u
t.h.t h b....,t, , r.i lr.
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g'rl rrirrl'Itl{.,: irb,. a}ir,.f }v a f
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