Chapter-01 Md.

Mohiuddin
Formation of Differential Equation
Differential Equation: An equation involving derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect
to one or more independent variables is called a differential equation.
Example: For examples of differential equation we list the following:
2
1. d y2 + dy + y =0
dx dx
4 2
2. d u4 + 5 d u2 + 3u =
sin t
dt dt
3. ∂ u2 + ∂ u2 + ∂ u2 =
2 2 2
0
∂x ∂y ∂z
4. ∂u + ∂v =
v
∂s ∂t
Classification: Differential equations are classified on the basis of type as follows:
1. Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE),
2. Partial Differential Equation (PDE).
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): A differential equation involving derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.
d2 y dy
Example: 1. 2
+2 + y = 0
dx dx
d3y d2y
2. 3 + 5 2 + 2 y = sin x
dx dx
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): A differential equation involving derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to more than one independent variable is called a partial differential
equation.
Example: 1. ∂u + ∂v = v
∂s ∂t
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2. + =
0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Order of a differential equation: The order of the highest ordered derivative involved in a differential
equation is called the order of the differential equation.
dy
Example: 1. +y= 0 is a first order differential equation.
dx
d 2 y dy
2. + +y= 0 is a second order differential equation.
dx 2 dx
Degree of a differential equation: The power of the highest ordered derivative involved in a differential
equation is called the degree of the differential equation, after the equation is freed from radicals and
fractions in its derivatives.
2
Example: 1. d y2 + dy + y =0 is a differential equation of first degree.
dx dx
2
2.  d y2  +  dy  + y =
2 4

0 is a differential equation of second degree.

 dx   dx 
2
d3y d2y  dy  is a differential equation of first degree.
3. +4 2 + y =
 
 dx 
3
dx dx
Linear ordinary differential equation: An ordinary differential equation of order n is called a linear
ordinary differential equation of order n if it does not contain,
1. the transcendental functions of dependent variable,
2. the product of dependent variable and
3. the product of the derivatives of dependent variable.

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Chapter-01 Md. Mohiuddin
It can be expressed as
dny d n −1 y dy
a0 ( x ) n
+ a1 ( x ) n −1
+ ... ... ... + an −1 ( x ) + an ( x ) y =
b ( x)
dx dx dx
where, a0 is not identically zero.
d2y dy
Example: 1. 2
+ 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx
d3y 2
2 d y
2. 3
+ x 2
+ xy = xe x
dx dx
Nonlinear ordinary differential equation: A nonlinear ordinary differential equation is an ordinary
differential equation that is not linear.
d2 y dy
Example: 1. 2
+ 5 + 6 y2 = 0
dx dx
d3 y 2
y d y
2. 3
+ e 2
+ xy = xe x
dx dx
2
d y  dy 
2
3. +   + 6y = 0
dx 2  dx 

Application of differential equation: Some applications of differential equation are given below:
1. The problem of determining the motion of a projectile, rocket, satellite or planet.
2. The problem of the conduction of heat in a rod or wire in a slab.
3. The problem of determining the vibrations of a wire or a membrane.
4. The study of the rate of decomposition of a radioactive substance or the rate of growth of a
population.
Problem-01: Form the differential equation of the complete integral = y ax + bx 2 .
Solution: Given that,
=
y ax + bx 2 … … ... (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,
dy
= a + 2bx … … … (2)
dx
dy
⇒a= − 2bx
dx
Again differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
d2y
= 2b
dx 2
1 d2y
⇒b= 2
2 dx
Putting these values of ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ in the equation (1) we have,
d y 1 d 2 y  x2 d 2 y
y= x  − 2 x. +
 dx 2 dx 2  2 dx 2
d y 2 d 2 y x2 d 2 y
⇒ y= x −x +
dx dx 2 2 dx 2
dy x 2 d 2 y
⇒ y= x −
dx 2 dx 2
2
2 d y dy
⇒x 2
− 2x + 2 y = 0
dx dx
which is a differential equation of second order and first degree.

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Chapter-01 Md. Mohiuddin
Problem-02: Form the differential equation of the complete integral c ( y + c ) =
2
x3 .
Solution: Given that,
c ( y + c) =
2
x3 … … … (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,
dy
2c ( y + c ) = 3 x 2 … … … (2)
dx
Dividing (1) by (2) we get,
y+c x
=
dy 3
2
dx
dy
⇒ 3( y + c) = 2x
dx
1  dy 
= ⇒c  2x − 3y 
3  dx 
Putting this value of ‘ c ’ in the equation (2) we get,
2  dy  1  dy   dy
 2 x − 3 y   y +  2 x − 3 y  =3x 2
3  dx  3  dx   dx
 4 x dy  2 x dy  dy
⇒ − 2yy + − y =
3x 2
 3 dx  3 dx  dx
2
 4 x dy  2 x  dy 
⇒ − 2y   = 3x 2
 3 dx  3  dx 
3 2
8x2  dy  4 xy  dy 
⇒   −   = 3x 2
9  dx  3  dx 
3 2
 dy   dy 
⇒ 8 x   − 12 y   = 27 x
 dx   dx 
which is a differential equation of first order and third degree.
Problem-03: Find the differential equation from the relation= y A cos x + B sin x
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
Solution: Given that,
= y A cos x + B sin x … … … (1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,

dy
= − A sin x + B cos x … … … (2)
dx
Again, differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
d2y
= − A cos x − B sin x
dx 2
d2 y
⇒ 2 = − ( A cos x + B sin x )
dx
d2 y
⇒ 2 = −y
dx
which is a differential equation of second order and first degree.

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Chapter-01 Md. Mohiuddin
Problem-04: Find the differential equation of the family of curves = , y Ae + Be−2 x for different values of
2x

A and B .
Solution: Given that,
= y Ae 2 x + Be −2 x … … … (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,
dy
= 2 Ae 2 x − 2 Be −2 x … … … (2)
dx
Again, differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
d2y
= 2
4 Ae 2 x + 4 Be −2 x
dx
d2 y
⇒ 2
= 4 ( Ae 2 x + Be −2 x )
dx
d2y
⇒ 2 = 4y
dx
which is a differential equation of second order and first degree.
=
Problem-05: Find the differential equation from the relation y e x ( A cos x + B sin x )
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
Solution: Given that,
= y e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) … … … (1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,

dy
= e x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) + e x ( A cos x + B sin x )
dx
dy
⇒ = e x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) + y
dx
dy
⇒ − y = e x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) … … … (2)
dx
Again, differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
d 2 y dy
− = e x ( − A cos x − B sin x ) + e x ( − A sin x + B cos x )
dx 2 dx
d 2 y dy
⇒ 2 − = −e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) + e x ( − A sin x + B cos x )
dx dx
 dy 
2
d y dy
⇒ 2 − =− y +  − y 
dx dx  dx 
2
d y dy
⇒ 2 − 2 + 2y = 0
dx dx
which is a differential equation of second order and first degree.
Problem-06: Find the differential equation of the complete integral Ax 2 + By 2 = 1 for different values of A and
B.
Solution: Given that,
Ax 2 + By 2 = 1 … … … (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,
dy
2 Ax + 2 By = 0
dx
dy
⇒ Ax + By = 0 … … … (2)
dx
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Chapter-01 Md. Mohiuddin
Again, differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
 dy  2 d2y
A + B   + y 2  = 0
 dx  dx 
Multiply above equation by x we get,
 dy  2 d2y
Ax + Bx   + y 2  = 0 … … … (3)
 dx  dx 
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (3) we get,
 dy 2 d2y  dy 
Ax + Bx   + y 2   0
−  Ax + By  =
 dx  dx   dx 
 dy  2 d2y dy
⇒ Bx   + y 2   0 − By =
 dx  dx  dx
 dy  2 d2y dy
⇒ x   + y 2   0 −y =
 dx  dx  dx
which is a differential equation of second order and first degree.
Exercise: Form the differential equations for the following equations:
1. =xy ae x + be − x
2. y =ae3 x + be −2 x + sin 5 x
3. y a cos ( mx + b )
=
4. ( x − h ) = 4a ( y − k )
2

5. y = axe x
=
6. y ae −4 x + be −6 x