Interview Questions

IC6601 – Advanced Control Systems

State Variable Analysis – I

1. Which among the following is a unique model of a system?

a) Transfer function
b) State variable
c) Block diagram
d) Signal flow graphs
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer Function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace output to the Laplace input
with the zero initial conditions and is a unique model of the system.

2. Which among the following is a disadvantage of modern control theory?

a) Implementation of optimal design
b) Transfer function can also be defined for different initial conditions
c) Analysis of all systems take place
d) Necessity of computational work
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Modern control theory is also not best suited in every respect it has also some
disadvantages and the major disadvantage is that it requires computational work.

3. According to the property of state transition method, e0 is equal to _____

a) I
b) A
c) e-At
d) -eAt
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: By definition state transition matrix is defined as e-At and this is the matrix that
comes into the picture when the total response is considered that is with the free response and
forced response.
4. Which mechanism in control engineering implies an ability to measure the state by
taking measurements at output?
a) Controllability
b) Observability
c) Differentiability
d) Adaptability
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Observability and controllability are the two methods to check the output response
characteristics and observability in control engineering implies an ability to measure the state by
taking measurements at output.

5. State model representation is possible using _________

a) Physical variables
b) Phase variables
c) Canonical state variables
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: State model representation is the representation of the control system is the form
of the state variables and state vectors and is possible using physical variables, phase variables
and canonical state variables.

6. Which among the following constitute the state model of a system in addition to state
equations?
a) Input equations
b) Output equations
c) State trajectory
d) State vector
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Output Equations constitute the state model of a system in addition to state
equations and for the complete state model mainly input model, output model and state models
are required.

7. Which among the following plays a crucial role in determining the state of dynamic system?
a) State variables
b) State vector
c) State space
d) State scalar
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: State Variables are the integral part of the state variable analysis and plays a
crucial role in determining the state of dynamic system.

8. Which among the following are the interconnected units of state diagram representation?
a) Scalars
b) Adders
c) Integrator
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Scalars, adders and integrator are the interconnected units of state diagram
representation and this representation helps in determination of the state of the control system.

9. State space analysis is applicable even if the initial conditions are _____
a) Zero
b) Non-zero
c) Equal
d) Not equal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: State space analysis is the analysis different from the transfer function approach as
it has state variables and state vectors used for the analysis and can be used even if initial
conditions are non-zero.

10. Conventional control theory is applicable to ______ systems

a) SISO
b) MIMO
c) Time varying
d) Non-linear
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The major advantage of state space analysis is that it can be applied to MIMO
systems also while the conventional control theory that is transfer function approach is
applicable to the SISO systems only.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – State Variable Analysis – II

This set of Control Systems Multiple Choice Questions & Answers focuses on “State Variable
Analysis – II”.
1. State variable analysis has several advantages overall transfer function as:
a) It is applicable for linear and non-linear and variant and time-invariant system
b) Analysis of MIMO system
c) It takes initial conditions of the system into account
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: State variable analysis has several advantages overall transfer function as it is
applicable for linear and non-linear and variant and time-invariant system, analysis of MIMO
system, it takes initial conditions of the system into account.

2. The minimum number of states require to describe the two degree differential equation:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The number of states required to describe a network is equal to the number of
energy storing elements in the electrical network.

3. For a system with the transfer function H(s) = 3(s-2)/s3+4s2-2s+1 , the matrix A in the state
space form is equal to:
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Taking the inverse Laplace of the equation and converting it into differential
equation and solving the state space by considering various matrices.

4. The transfer function Y(s)/U(s) of a system described by the state equations dx/dt=-2x+2u
and y(t) = 0.5x is:
a) 0.5/(s-2)
b) 1/(s-2)
c) 0.5/(s+2)
d) 1/(s+2)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Taking Laplace transform of the equation X(s) = 2U(s)/(s+2)
Then Y(s)/U(s) =1/(s+2).

5. A linear time invariant single input single output system has the state space model given by

dx/dt=Fx+Gu, y=Hz, where . Here, x is the state vector, u is

the input, and y is the output. The damping ratio of the system is:
a) 0.25
b) 0.5
c) 1
d) 2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: T(s) = 1/(s2+2s+4)
G = 0.5.

6. Given the matrix the Eigen value are___________

a) 1,2,3
b) 1
c) -1,-2,-3
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Solving the characteristic equation|SI-A| =0.

7. A transfer function of control system does not have pole-zero cancellation. Which one of the
following statements is true?
a) System is neither controllable nor observable
b) System is completely controllable and observable
c) System is observable but uncontrollable
d) System is controllable but unobservable
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the input-output transfer function of a linear time-invariant system has pole-zero
cancellation, the system will be neither controllable nor observable.

8. The analysis of multiple input multiple output is conveniently studied by;

a) State space analysis
b) Root locus approach
c) Characteristic equation approach
d) Nicholas chart
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: State space analysis is different from the transfer function approach as this can be
used for the analysis of multiple input and multiple output system.
9. The state equation in the phase canonical form can be obtained from the transfer function by:
a) Cascaded decomposition
b) Direct decomposition
c) Inverse decomposition
d) Parallel decomposition
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The state equations from transfer function by parallel decomposition in the phase
canonical form.

10. A logarithmic spiral extending out of the singular point is__________

a) Stable
b) Unstable focus
c) Conditionally stable
d) Marginally stable
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Unstable focus is a logarithmic spiral extending out of the singular point.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Concept of Stability

1. Stability of a system implies that :

a) Small changes in the system input does not result in large change in system output
b) Small changes in the system parameters does not result in large change in system output
c) Small changes in the initial conditions does not result in large change in system output
d) All of the above mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Stability of the system implies that small changes in the system input, initial
conditions, and system parameters does not result in large change in system output.

2. A linear time invariant system is stable if :

a) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is also bounded
b) In the absence of input output tends zero
c) Both a and b
d) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is not bounded
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A system is stable only if it is BIBO stable and asymptotic stable.

3. Asymptotic stability is concerned with:

a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Asymptotic stability concerns a free system relative to its transient behavior.

4. Bounded input and Bounded output stability notion concerns with :

a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: BIBO stability concerns with the system that has input present.

5. If a system is given unbounded input then the system is:

a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Not defined
d) Linear
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If the system is given with the unbounded input then nothing can be clarified for
the stability of the system.

6. Linear mathematical model applies to :

a) Linear systems
b) Stable systems
c) Unstable systems
d) Non-linear systems
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: As the output exceeds certain magnitude then the linear mathematical model no
longer applies.

7. For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined due to:

a) Possible existence of multiple equilibrium states
b) No correspondence between bounded input and bounded output stability and asymptotic
stability
c) Output may be bounded for the particular bounded input but may not be bounded for the
bounded inputs
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined as asymptotic stability and
BIBO stability concepts cannot be applied, existence of multiple states and unbounded output for
many bounded inputs.
8. If the impulse response in absolutely integrable then the system is :
a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
d) Stable
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The impulse response must be absolutely integrable for the system to absolutely
stable.

9. The roots of the transfer function do not have any effect on the stability of the system.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The roots of transfer function also determine the stability of system as they may be
real, complex and may have multiplicity of various order.

10. Roots with higher multiplicity on the imaginary axis makes the system :
a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
d) Stable
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Repetitive roots on the imaginary axis makes the system unstable.

11. Roots on the imaginary axis makes the system :

a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Marginally stable
d) Linear
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Roots on the imaginary axis makes the system marginally stable.
12. If the roots of the have negative real parts then the response is ____________
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Marginally stable
d) Bounded
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If the roots of the have negative real parts then the response is bounded and
eventually decreases to zero.

13. If root of the characteristic equation has positive real part the system is :
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Marginally stable
d) Linear
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The impulse response of the system is infinite when the roots of the characteristic
equation has positive real part.

14. A linear system can be classified as :

a) Absolutely stable
b) Conditionally stable
c) Unstable
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A system can be stable, unstable and conditionally stable also.

15. ___________ is a quantitative measure of how fast the transients die out in the system.
a) Absolutely stable
b) Conditionally stable
c) Unstable
d) Relative Stability
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Relative Stability may be measured by relative settling times of each root or pair of
roots.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Necessary Conditions for Stability and Non-
Linear Systems

1. The techniques of linear system can be used in the non-linear system entirely:
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The techniques of the linear system cannot be entirely used in the non-linear
system as they are differentiated by this way only.

2. The disadvantages of the linear system are:

a) The constraints on the linear operation over wide range demands unnecessarily high quality.
b) The restriction to the linear theory may inhibit the designer’s curiosity to deliberately
introduce the non-linear components.
c) Practically systems are non-linear
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Linear system impose certain restrictions as the components cost is very high and
it will cause restriction to operate the otherwise linear components in non-linear region with a
view to improve system response.

3. System non-linearities are taken account by:

a) Analytical
b) Graphical and numerical techniques
c) Both a and b
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Systems non-linearities are taken into account by the analytical, graphical and
numerical techniques.

4. The superposition theorem is :

a) Homogeneity
b) Additivity
c) Combination of homogeneity and additivity
d) Applied to non-linear systems
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Superposition theorem applies to linear system only and it refers to the additivity
and homogeneity.

5. The standard test signal can be applied to give output to:

a) Linear systems
b) Non-linear systems
c) Time variant systems
d) Time invariant systems
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For linear systems the standard test signals can be applied to give the desired
output.

6. The amplitude of the standard test signal does not matter in linear systems:
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The amplitude of the standard test signal is unimportant since any change in input
signal amplitude results simply change in response scale with no change in the basic response
characteristics.

7. The non-linear systems:

a) Do not obey superposition theorem
b) May be highly sensitive to the input amplitude
c) Laplace and z transform are not applicable to the non-linear systems
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The non-linear systems do not obey superposition theorem and also may be highly
sensitive to the input impedance and Laplace and z transform are only applicable to the linear
systems.
8. The stability of the linear system:
a) Determined by the location of the poles
b) Dependent entirely of whether or the system is driven
c) The stability of the undriven linear system is dependent on the magnitude of the final initial
state.
d) Stability cannot be determined by the open loop poles
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Linear system’s stability can be determined by the location of poles and also it is
independent entirely of whether or the system is driven and the stability of the undriven linear
system is independent on the magnitude of the final initial state.

9. In non-linear system stability is :

a) Dependent on the input
b) Independent on initial state
c) Independent on input
d) Dependent on input and initial state.
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In non-linear system the stability is dependent on the input and initial states.

10. Non-linear elements may exhibit___________

a) Linear systems
b) Non-linear systems
c) Limit cycles
d) Time invariant systems
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Non-linear elements may exhibit the limit cycles which are self-sustained
oscillations of fixed frequency and amplitude. Determination of existence of limit cycles is not an
easy task as these may depend upon both the type and amplitude of the excitation signal.

11. The necessary condition of stability are:

a) Coefficient of characteristic equation must be real and have the same sign
b) Coefficient of characteristic equation must be non-zero
c) Both of the mentioned
d) Coefficient of characteristic equation must be zero
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The necessary condition of stability are coefficient of characteristic equation must
be real, non-zero and have the same sign.

12. None of the coefficients can be zero or negative unless one of the following occurs:
a) One or more roots have positive real parts
b) A root at origin
c) Presence of root at the imaginary axis
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None of the coefficients can be zero or negative unless one or more roots have
positive real parts, root at origin and presence of root at the imaginary axis.

13. The __________ of the coefficients of characteristic equation is necessary as well as

sufficient condition for the stability of system of first and second order.
a) Negativeness
b) Positiveness
c) Positiveness and Negativeness
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The Positiveness of the coefficients of characteristic equation is necessary as well
as sufficient condition for the stability of system of first and second order.

14. The Positiveness of the coefficients of characteristic equation is necessary as well as

sufficient condition for:
a) First order system
b) Second order system
c) Third order system
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It does not ensure the negativeness of the real parts of the complex roots of the
third or higher order systems.
15. Assertion (A): Routh criterion is in terms of array formulation, which is more convenient to
handle.
Reason (R): This method is used to investigate the method of stability of higher order systems.
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is False but R is true
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Routh criterion is in terms of array formulation which is convenient to handle
stability problems of higher order systems.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Concepts of State, State Variables and State
Model

1. The transfer function for the state representation of the continuous time LTI system:
dq(t)/dt=Aq(t)+Bx(t)
Y(t)=Cq(t)+Dx(t)
is given by:
a) C(sI-A)-1B+D
b) B(sI-A)-1B+D
c) C(sI-A)-1B+A
d) D(sI-A)-1B+C
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function which is ratio of Laplace output to the Laplace input when the
initial conditions are zero and is calculated by using both the equations.

2. System transformation on function H(z) for a discrete time LTI system expressed in state
variable form with zero initial condition
a) C(zI-A)-1B+D
b) C(zI-A)-1
c) (zI-A)-1z
d) (zI-A)-1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function which is ratio of Laplace output to the Laplace input when the
initial conditions are zero in discrete is same as continuous but in the z-domain.

3. State space analysis is applicable for non-linear systems and for multiple input and output
systems.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: State space analysis is the technique that used state variables and state model for
the analysis and is applicable for non-linear systems and for multiple input and output systems.
4. Assertion (A): Transfer function approach has limitation that it reveals only the system output
for a input and provides no information regarding the internal state of the system.
Reason (R): There may be situations where the output of a system is stable and yet some of the
system elements may have a tendency to exceed their specified ratings.
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is False
d) A is False but R is True
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function approach has limitation over state variable analysis and for that it
reveals only the system output for a input and provides no information regarding the internal
state of the system.

5. When human being tries to approach an object, his brain acts as,
a) An error measuring device
b) A controller
c) An actuator
d) An amplifier
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Brain of human being acts as a controller in the human body system as human
body is the control system and when human tries to approach an object the brain of the human
acts as controller.

6. For two-phase AC servomotor, if the rotor’s resistance and reactance are respectively R and
X, its length and diameter are respectively L and D then,
a) X/R and L/D are both small
b) X/R is large but L/D is small
c) X/R is small but L/D is large
d) X/R and L/D are both large
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Small X/R gives linear speed torque characteristic. Large L/D gives less inertia and
good acceleration characteristic.
7. Consider the following statements relating to synchro’s:
1. The rotor of the control transformer is either disc shaped
2. The rotor of the transmitter is so constructed as to have a low magnetic reluctance
3. Transmitter and control transformer pair is used as an error detector
Which of these statements are correct?
a) 1,2 and3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and3
d) 1 and 3
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Rotor of control transformer is rotatory part of the transformer and is made
cylindrical in shape so that air gap is practically uniform.

8. Error detector:
a) Armature controlled FHP DC motor
b) A pair of synchronous transmitter and control transformer
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Error detector is the part in the armature controlled FHP DC motor where error
detector is the first element that compares the final output with desired output and gives the
accurate results.

9. Servomotor:
a) Armature controlled FHP DC motor
b) A pair of synchronous transmitter and control transformer
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of
angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration a pair of synchronous transmitter and control
transformer.
10. Amplifier:
a) Armature controlled FHP DC motor
b) A pair of synchronous transmitter and control transformer
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Amplifier is an amplidyne which is an amplidyne is an electromechanical amplifier
invented during World War II by Ernst Alexanderson. It consists of an electric motor driving a DC
generator.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Common Physical Nonlinearities

1. The term backlash is associated with:

a) Servomotors
b) Induction relays
c) Gear trains
d) Tacho generator.
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The term backlash is associated with Gear trains.

2. With feedback _____ increases.

a) System stability
b) Sensitivity
c) Gain
d) Effects of disturbing signals
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Feedback can increase system stability as well as can reduce the stability of the
stable system.

3. By which of the following the system response can be tested better?

a) Ramp input signal
b) Sinusoidal input signal
c) Unit impulse input signal
d) Exponentially decaying signal
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: System response can be best treated with the impulse response as when the input
is impulse input then the output is itself the response of the transfer function.

4. In a system zero initial condition means that :

a) The system is at rest and no energy is stored in any of its components
b) The system is working with zero stored energy
c) The system is working with zero reference signal
d) Laplace transform is not possible
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In system zero initial condition means the system is at rest and no energy is stored
in the system previously.

5. In a system low friction co-efficient facilitates:

a) Reduced velocity lag error
b) Increased velocity lag error
c) Increased speed of response
d) Reduced time constant of the system
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a system low friction facilitates reduced velocity error as the friction error is
equal to the velocity error.

6. Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog of :

a) Amplidyne set
b) Resistance-capacitance parallel circuit
c) Motor-generator set
d) Any of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog of Motor-generator set.

7. Spring constant in force-voltage analogy is analogous to?

a) Capacitance
b) Reciprocal of capacitance
c) Current
d) Resistance
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Spring constant in force-voltage analogy is analogous to reciprocal of the resistance
which is also series analogy.

8. The frequency and time domain are related through which of the following?
a) Laplace Transform and Fourier Integral
b) Laplace Transform
c) Fourier Integral
d) Either b or c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The frequency and time domain mainly continuous time domain are related by the
Laplace and Fourier transform and discrete time and frequency are related by the discrete time
Fourier transform and z transform.

9. An increase in gain, in most systems, leads to:

a) Smaller damping ratio
b) Larger damping ratio
c) Constant damping ratio
d) Zero damping ratio
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Damping factor is inversely proportional to the gain and if the gain increases the
damping factor and hence the value reduces.

10. Static error co-efficient are used as a measure of the effectiveness of closed loop systems
for specified ________ input signal.
a) Acceleration
b) Velocity
c) Position
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Static error coefficients are used as a measure of the effectiveness of closed loop
system for specified acceleration, velocity and position of input signal.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Linear Approximation of the Non-Linear
System

1. Due to which of the following reasons excessive band width in control systems should be
avoided?
a) It leads to slow speed of response
b) It leads to low relative stability
c) Noise is proportional to bandwidth
d) Presence of feedback
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Excessive Bandwidth causes increases in the noise with the same proportion as the
bandwidth and hence noise is not good for any signal therefore the excessive bandwidth is not
desirable.

2. In a stable control system backlash can cause which of the following?

a) Underdamping
b) Overdamping
c) Poor stability at reduced values of open loop gain
d) Low-level oscillations
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In stable control systems backlash is the form of the error which may cause low
level of the oscillations and hence can be useful sometimes as it increases the damping.

3. In an automatic control system which of the following elements is not used?

a) Error detector
b) Final control element
c) Sensor
d) Oscillator
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In an automatic control system oscillator is not used because the oscillator
increases the oscillations but our aim is to reduce the oscillations and hence oscillator is not
used.
4. In a control system the output of the controller is given to
a) Final control element
b) Amplifier
c) Comparator
d) Sensor
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In control system the output of the controller is given to the final control element it
may be the plant or any other controller which-ever is used in the control circuit.

5. A controller, essentially, is a
a) Sensor
b) Clipper
c) Comparator
d) Amplifier
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A controller is essentially the comparator which compares the given input with the
reference input and generates the error signal.

6. Which of the following is the input to a controller?

a) Servo signal
b) Desired variable value
c) Error signal
d) Sensed signal
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Error signal is the input to the controller and it causes the output to be the desired
output.

7. The on-off controller is a _____ system.

a) Digital
b) Linear
c) Non-linear
d) Discontinuous
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The on-off controller is discontinuous at the point when the system changes its
state from on to off.

8. The capacitance, in force-current analogy, is analogous to

a) Momentum
b) Velocity
c) Displacement
d) Mass
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The capacitance in the force current is analogous to the mass and this analogy is
also called parallel analogy as mostly all the elements are parallel.

9. The temperature, under thermal and electrical system analogy, is considered analogous to
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Capacitance
d) Charge
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The temperature under thermal and electrical system analogy is considered
analogous to the voltage and is similar to the Force voltage analogy.

10. In electrical-pneumatic system analogy the current is considered analogous to

a) Velocity
b) Pressure
c) Air flow
d) Air flow rate
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In electrical-pneumatic system analogy the current is analogous to the air-flow
rate.

11. The use of feedback element in the feedback loop is:

a) It converts the output variable ‘c’ to another suitable feedback variable ‘b’ to compare with
the input command signal.
b) It is the actuating element
c) To increase the stability
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The feedback can be positive and negative and so applied is to produce the error
signal so as to get the desired output.

12. The major components of a controller are:

a) Control element
b) Error detector and control element
c) Feedback element
d) Error detector and feedback element
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Controller is the extra block used in the system to get the desired characteristics
and consists of two major components as the error detector and control element in the forward
path.

13. Practically all the elements are:

a) Linear
b) Non-linear
c) Exponential
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is not practically possible to achieve linear elements as there is some error
present so practically all the elements present are non-linear but can be made linear only to
some extent.

14. The need of assuming non-linear element as linear:

a) Simplicity of analysis and accuracy of results
b) Ease of calculations
c) Less time consuming
d) Mathematical tool available
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the mathematical tools are available as per ideal cases so it is necessary to
make assumptions for non-ideal to be nearly ideal and hence do the necessary calculations as
needed.

15. A non-linear element can be treated as the linear element.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is possible to make non-linear elements linear to make necessary calculations as
practically non-linear elements are present and we make certain assumptions to make them
linear.
Control Systems Questions and Answers – Constructing Phase-Trajectories

1. In liquid level and electrical system analogy, voltage is considered analogous to :

a) Head
b) Liquid flow
c) Liquid flow rate
d) Air flow rate
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In liquid level and electrical system analogy, voltage is considered analogous to the
head which can be pressure head that is the potential energy.

2. The viscous friction co-efficient, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

a) Charge
b) Resistance
c) Reciprocal of inductance
d) Reciprocal of conductance
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The viscous friction co-efficient in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to resistance
of the electrical circuit that can be found out mathematically.

3. In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous to:

a) Current
b) Charge
c) Inductance
d) Capacitance
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous to the current in force-voltage that
is also called series circuit.

4. In thermal-electrical analogy charge is considered analogous to:

a) Heat flow
b) Reciprocal of heat flow
c) Reciprocal of temperature
d) Temperature
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In thermal-electrical analogy in which heat transfer in the wire or conductor can be
related to the temperature.

5. Mass, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

a) Charge
b) Current
c) Inductance
d) Resistance
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Mass, is analogous to the inductance in the force-voltage analogy in the series form
as all the elements of the circuit are connected in the parallel.

6. The transient response of a system is mainly due to:

a) Inertia forces
b) Internal forces
c) Stored energy
d) Friction
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The transient response of the system is mainly due to stored energy as it is due to
the initial conditions which is nothing but the stored energy.

7. ___________ signal will become zero when the feedback signal and reference signs are
equal.
a) Input
b) Actuating
c) Feedback
d) Reference
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Actuating signal is the difference between the feedback signal and the reference
signal and when both of the signals are equal then the signal is zero.
8. A signal other than the reference input that tends to affect the value of controlled variable is
known as
a) Disturbance
b) Command
c) Control element
d) Reference input
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Disturbance signal is also the reference signal only there can be multiple inputs in a
control system or the other input is called the disturbance signal.

9. The transfer function is applicable to which of the following?

a) Linear and time-in variant systems
b) Linear and time-variant systems
c) Linear systems
d) Non-linear systems
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The transfer function is different from the state space approach as the transfer
function approach is similar to the LTI systems only while the state variable analysis is
applicable to the non-linear time variant systems also.

10. From which of the following transfer function can be obtained?

a) Signal flow graph
b) Analogous table
c) Output-input ratio
d) Standard block system
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The transfer function can be obtained by using signal flow graphs from among
these given methods.