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The History and Evolution of AI

The document discusses the evolution of artificial intelligence from its early conceptualization in the 1930s to modern achievements. Key developments included the Dartmouth conference in 1956, advances in computer power in the 1960s-1970s, expert systems in the 1980s, and victories over humans in chess, image recognition, and games in the 1990s-2019.

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263 views

The History and Evolution of AI

The document discusses the evolution of artificial intelligence from its early conceptualization in the 1930s to modern achievements. Key developments included the Dartmouth conference in 1956, advances in computer power in the 1960s-1970s, expert systems in the 1980s, and victories over humans in chess, image recognition, and games in the 1990s-2019.

Uploaded by

Mike
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Matric//Reg No: 17CD005299// 1701106

The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (A.I), which is simply computers that that have been

trained to think came into existence as a concept mostly found only in science

fiction movies in the late 1930s with movies and novels such as:

 Frankenstein(1818);

 Erewhon(1872);

By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and

philosophers with the concept of artificial intelligence (or AI) culturally

assimilated in their minds. One of such Scientists was Alan Turing showed in his

paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence where he suggested that

“human beings are capable of logical thought through available information,

then why can’t machines do the same?”.

Five years later The Logic theorist a program designed to mimic the

problem solving skills of a human and was funded by Research and

Development (RAND) Corporation and and was presented at the Dartmouth


Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (DSRPAI) hosted by John

McCarthy and Marvin Minsky in 1956. Sadly the conference failed as they were

not able to agree on standard methods for the field. Despite this, everyone

whole-heartedly aligned with the sentiment that AI was achievable.

Between 1957 and 1974 AI flourished due to computers being able to store

more information and became faster, cheaper, and more accessible.

By 1968 it was projected that by the year 2001 there would be machines
with intelligence that matches and exceeds that of the average humans.

By 1970 there was basic proof of principle that the end goals of natural

language processing, abstract thinking, and self-recognition could be achieved.

In the 1980s, AI was reignited by two sources: an expansion of the

algorithmic toolkit, and a boost of funds. John Hopfield and David Rumelhart

popularized “deep learning” techniques which allowed computers to learn

using experience. Later Edward Feigenbaum introduced expert systems which

mimicked the decision making process of a human expert. The program would

ask an expert in a field how to respond in a given situation, and once this was

learned for virtually every situation, non-experts could receive advice from that

program.

Between 1982 and 1990 the Japanese government invested $400 million

dollars as part of their Fifth Generation Computer Project (FGCP) with the goals


of revolutionizing computer processing, implementing logic programming, and

improving artificial intelligence.

During the 1990s and 2000s where there was an absence of government

funding and public hype many of the landmark goals of artificial intelligence had

been achieved. Examples of such milestone achievements are:

 In 1997, reigning world chess champion and grand master Gary Kasparov

was defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue, a chess playing computer program. In the

same year, speech recognition software, developed by Dragon Systems, was

implemented on Windows.

In 2002 The original iRobot Roomba vacuum cleaner came out in 2002,

when AI was not that advanced. iRobot CEO Colin Angle had been studying and

building robots as an MIT student, trying to make machines intelligent. After

MIT, Angle worked with the US Department of Defense to build robots that

would clear minefields.

In 2010 Siri marked the beginning of the virtual assistants era. Two months

following its release as a mobile application by Nuance Communications, Siri

was acquired by Apple and then integrated in the iPhone 4S.

Siri was the first intelligent personal assistant to replace keyboards and touch

screens. In a highly natural voice, Siri would make recommendations, schedule


events, answer questions, adjust device settings and run searches.

In 2015, Microsoft and Google machines beat humans at image recognition

at the sixth edition of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition

Challenge. The machines one-upped humans due to deep learning algorithms

that enabled them to identify images and objects in over 1,000 categories.

In 2019, Elon Musk’s research group OpenAI created a bot that beat top
players in Dota 2. The bot was actually an algorithmic team, called OpenAI

Five. Each algorithm used a neural network to learn how to play the Dota 2

game and cooperated with its AI teammates. The algorithms learned by playing

against different versions of themselves and did not use imitation learning or

tree search.

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