UNIT 12

INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS

(A) Main Concepts and Results

• Graphical representation of data is easier to understand.
• A bar graph, a pie chart and histogram are graphical
representations of data.
• A line graph displays data that changes continuously over periods
of time.
• A line graph in which all the line segments form a part of a single
line is called a linear graph.
• For fixing a point on the graph sheet, we need two mutually
perpendicular lines (in which horizontal line is called x axis and
the vertical line as y axis) alongwith, x coordinate (abscissa) and
y coordinate (ordinate) of the point. The process of fixing a point
with the help of the coordinates is known as plotting a point in
the plane.
• The relation between a dependent variable and an independent
variable is shown through a graph.

(B) Solved Examples

In examples 1 and 2, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Write the correct answer.

Example 1 : Every point on the x axis is of the form.

(a) (0, y) (b) (x, 0) (c) (x, y) (d) (x, 1)
Solution : The correct answer is (b).

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Example 2 : The given graph shows Nisha’s trip to a mall by a car.

Observe the graph carefully and find what was she doing
between 5 pm and 7 pm?
(a) Driving to the mall. (b) Driving back home.
(c) Was not driving. (d) Not enough data to answer.

Solution : The correct answer is (c).

In examples 3 and 4, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.
Example 3 : In a __________ graph, all the points on the graph lie on
the same straight line.
Solution : Linear.
Example 4 : The coordinates of the origin are ___________
Solution : (0, 0).
In examples 5 and 6, state whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
Example 5 : Points (3, 4) and (4, 3) represent the same point on the
graph.
Solution : False.
Example 6 : The y coordinate of any point lying on the x axis will be 0.
Solution : True.
Example 7 : Plot the points (4, 4), (1, 3), (4, 2) and (7, 3) on a graph
paper and connect them with line segments. Name the
shape formed by these points.

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Solution :

The shape formed is a rhombus.

Example 8 : Write the coordinates of all the points in the given graph.

Solution : (A) (4, 7) (E) (3, 5) (I) (4, 5)

(B) (7, 4) (F) (5, 5) (J) (5, 4)
(C) (4, 1) (G) (5, 3) (K) (4, 3)
(D) (1, 4) (H) (3, 3) (L) (3, 4)
Example 9 : The following is a conversion graph of temperature in °C
and °F.
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
(a) Convert 140 °F to °C.
(b) Convert 20 °C to °F

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Solution : (a) 140°F = 60°C.

(b) 20°C = 68°F
Example 10 : Following graph shows a comparison of the approximate
sale of items manufactured by a company for the first
two years of its operation.
(a) In which months there was maximum difference in
the sale of items of two years?
(b) In which year was there more stability in the sale of
items?
(c) In which month the sale remains the same in both
the years?

Vocabulary Connections
To become familiar with some of the vocabulary terms in the chapter,
consider the following.
1. The word origin means ‘beginning.’ How do you think this might apply
to graphing?
2. The root of the word ‘quadrant’ is ‘quad,’ which means ‘four.’ What do
you think a quadrant of a graph might be?
3. The word ‘ordered’ means ‘arranged according to a rule.’ Do you think
it refers to a rule.’ Do you think it matters which number comes first
in an ordered pair? Explain.

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(d) In which month was the sales of first year less than
that of second year?

Solution : (a) The maximum difference was in June.

(b) There was more stability in sales in the first year.
(c) The sales remained the same in August.
(d) June and November.
Example 11 : The given graphs show the progress of two different
cyclists during a ride. For each graph, describe the rider’s
progress over the period of time.

Solution : (a) As time passes, the speed of cyclist I decreases steadily.

(b) Speed of cyclist II increases for a short time period,
and then increases very slowly.

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Example 12 : - A double bar graph is useful for the __________ of

two sets of data.
- Data represented in a circular form is called a
_________ chart.
- The graph of a linear equation is always a __________
line.
- The cartesian system used two axes which are
__________ to each other.
Solution : Comparison, Pie, Straight, Perpendicular.

Think and Discuss

1. Describe the kind of data that is best represented by a bar graph.

2. Give a situation in which you would use a line graph to display data.

Application on Problem Solving Strategy

Example 11 :
Complete the given table and draw a graph for it.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2x

Understand and Explore the problem

• What information does the question give?

The x-coordinates and the equation for finding the y-coordinate
• What are you trying to find?
(1) The y-coordinates.
(2) The coordinates of all 5 points.
(3) Plotting the graph of these 5 points.

Plan a Strategy

• You have learnt to solve linear equations. Use the concept to

find the y-coordinates by putting x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 in the equation
y = 2x.
• Take a graph sheet and draw the 2 axes and locate the points
on it. Join the points to get a graph.

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Solve

• Given y = 2x
If x = 0, y = 2 (0) = 2
If x = 1, y = 2 (1) = 2
If x = 2, y = 2 (2) = 4
If x = 3, y = 2 (3) = 6
If x = 4, y = 2 (4) = 8
So the completed table will be x 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2x 0 2 4 6 8

The coordinates of the 5

points are (0,0),(1, 2), (2, 4),
(3, 6), (4, 8)

Take a graph sheet and plot

the coordinates of these 5
points on it. Join the points
to get a graph.

The graph sheet will look

like this.

Revise
• Substitute the values of x
and y from each
coordinate in the given
equation y = 2x and see if the coordinates satisfy the equation.
For coordinate (0, 0)
L.H.S. = 0
R.H.S. = 2 (0) = 0 LHS = RHS
Hence satisfied.
For coordinate (1, 2)
LHS=2
R H S = 2 (1) = 2 = LHS = RHS
Hence satisfied.
Similarly, you can verify for other coordinates to see if the
coordinates found were correct.

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Think and Discuss

(a) Can you predict from the graph, the value of y when x = 7 ?
(b) How would the graph change when the equation changes to y = 3x ?

(C) Exercises

In questions 1 to 10, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Write the correct answer.

1. Comparison of parts of a whole may be done by a

(a) bar graph (b) pie chart (c) linear graph (d) line graph

2. A graph that displays data that changes continuously over periods

of time is
(a) bar graph (b) pie chart (c) histogram (d) line graph

3. In the given graph the coordinates of point x are

(a) (0, 2) (b) (2, 3) (c) (3, 2) (d) (3, 0)

Find Some Solutions to Plot a Graph

To graph a linear equation, you need to find some ordered pairs to plot
that are solutions to the linear equation.
You do this by putting some x-values into the equation and finding their
corresponding y-values.

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4. In the given graph the letter that indicates the point (0, 3) is
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S

5. The point (3, 4) is at a distance of

(a) 3 from both the axis (b) 4 from both the axis
(c) 4 from the x axis and (d) 3 from x axis and
3 from y axis from y axis
6. A point which lies on both the axis is __________
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (1, 0) (d) (1, 1)
7. The coordinates of a point at a distance of 3 units from the x axis
and 6 units from the y axis is

(a) (0, 3) (b) (6, 0) (c) (3, 6) (d) (6, 3)

8. In the given figure the position of the book on the table may be given
by

(a) (7, 3) (b) (3, 7)

(c) (3, 3) (d) (7, 7)

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Think and Discuss

1. Give the coordinates of a point on the x-axis and a point on the y-axis.
2. Give the missing y-coordinates for the solutions to y = 5x + 2;
(1, y), (3, y), (10, y).

9. Data was collected on a student’s typing rate and graph was drawn
as shown below. Approximately how many words had this student
typed in 30 seconds?

(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 34

10. Which graphs of the following represent the table below?
Length of Side of a Square 1 2 3 4 5
Perimeter 4 8 12 16 20

20 20

18 18

16 16

14 14
Perimeter

12 12
Perimeter

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Length (a) Length (b)

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In questions 11 to 25, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

11. __________ displays data that changes continuously over periods of
time.

12. The relation between dependent and independent variables is shown

through a __________.

13. We need __________ coordinates for representing a point on the graph

sheet.

14. A point in which the x-coordinate is zero and y-coordinate is non-

zero will lie on the _________

15. The horizontal and vertical line in a line graph are usually called
__________ and __________.

16. The process of fixing a point with the help of the coordinates is
known as __________ of the point.

17. The distance of any point from the y-axis is the __________ coordinate.

18. All points with y-coordinate as zero lie on the __________.

19. For the point (5, 2), the distance from the x -axis is __________ units.

20. The x -coordinate of any point lying on the y -axis will be __________.

21. The y-coordinate of the point (2, 4) is __________.

22. In the point (4, 7), 4 denotes the __________.

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23. A point has 5 as its x –coordinate and 4 as its y–coordinate. Then

the coordinates of the point are given by __________.

24. In the coordinates of a point, the second number denotes the

__________.

25. The point where the two axes intersect is called the __________.

In the questions 26 to 34, state whether the statements are true (T) or
false (F).

26. For fixing a point on the graph sheet we need two coordinates.

Distribution of Primes
Remember that a prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself. There are
infinitely many prime numbers, but there is no algebraic formula to find
them. The largest known prime number, discovered on November 14, 2001,
is 213,466,917 –1. In standard form, this number would have 4,053,948 digits.

Sieve of Eratosthenes
One way to find prime numbers
is called the Sieve of
Eratosthenes. Use a list of whole
numbers in order. Cross off 1. The
next number 2 is prime. Circle
it. Then cross off all multiples of
2, because they are not prime.
Circle the next number on the
list. Cross off all of its multiples. Repeat this step until all of the numbers
are circled or crossed off. The circled numbers will all be primes.
1. Use the Sieve of Eratosthenes to find all prime number less than 50.
2. On graph paper plot the first 15 prime number. Use the prime number
as the x-coordinates and their positions in the sequence as the y-
coordinates; 2 is the 1st prime, 3 is the 2nd prime, and so on.

3. Estimate the line of best fit and use it to estimate the number of primes
under 100. Use the Sieve of Eratosthenes to check your estimate.

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27. A line graph can also be a whole unbroken line.

28. The distance of any point from the x -axis is called the x-coordinate.

29. The distance of the point (3, 5) from the y-axis is 5.

30. The ordinate of a point is its distance from the y-axis.

31. In the point (2, 3), 3 denotes the y-coordinate.

32. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).

33. The points (3, 5) and (5, 3) represent the same point.

34. The y-coordinate of any point lying on the x -axis will be zero.

35. Match the coordinates given in Column A with the items mentioned
in Column B.

Column A Column B

(1) (0, 5) (a) y coordinate is 2 × x - coordinate + 1.

(2) (2, 3) (b) Coordinates of origin.

(3) (4, 8) (c) Only y–coordinate is zero.

(4) (3, 7) (d) The distance from x –axis is 5.

(5) (0, 0) (e) y coordinate is double of x –coordinate.

(6) (5, 0) (f) The distance from y–axis is 2.

36. Match the ordinates of the points given in Column A with the items
mentioned in Column B.

Column A Column B

(a) (7, 0) (i) The ordinate is double the abscissa.

(b) (11, 11) (ii) The ordinate is zero.

(c) (4, 8) (iii) The ordinate is equal to the abscissa.

(d) (6, 2) (iv) The abscissa is double the ordinate.

(e) (0, 9) (v) The abscissa is triple the ordinate.

(f) (6, 3) (vi) The abscissa is zero.

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37. From the given graph, choose the letters that indicate the location of
the points given below.

(a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 4) (c) (5, 1) (d) (2, 6) (e) (3,3)

38. Find the coordinates of all letters in the graph given below.

39. Plot the given points on a graph sheet.

(a) (5, 4) (b) (2, 0) (c) (3, 1) (d) (0, 4) (e) (4,5)

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40. Study the given map of a zoo and answer the following questions.

(a) Give the location of lions in the zoo.

(b) (D, f ) and (C, d) represent locations of which animals in the
zoo?
(c) Where are the toilets located?
(d) Give the location of canteen.

41. Write the x -coordinate (abscissa) of each of the given points.

(a) (7, 3) (b) (5, 7) (c) (0, 5)

42. Write the y-coordinate (ordinate) of each of the given points.

(a) (3, 5) (b) (4, 0) (c) (2, 7)

Make a Plan :

• Do you need an estimate or an exact answer?

When you are solving a word problem, ask yourself whether
you need an exact answer or whether an estimate is sufficient.
For example, if the amounts given in the problem are
approximate, only an approximate answer can be given. If an
estimate is sufficient, you may wish to use estimation
techniques to save time in your calculations.

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43. Plot the given points on a graph sheet and check if the points lie on
a straight line. If not, name the shape they form when joined in the
given order.
(a) (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8).
(b) (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2).
(c) (4, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (5, 4).

44. If y–coordinate is 3 times x -coordinate, form a table for it and draw a

graph.

45. Make a line graph for the area of a square as per the given table.

Side (in cm) 1 2 3 4

Area (in cm2) 1 4 9 16

Is it a linear graph?

46. The cost of a note book is Rs 10. Draw a graph after making a table
showing cost of 2, 3, 4, .... note books. Use it to find
(a) the cost of 7 notebooks.
(b) The number of note books that can be purchased with Rs 50.

47. Explain the situations represented by the following distance-time

graphs.

(a) (b) (c)

48. Complete the given tables and draw a graph for each.

(a) x 0 1 2 3 (b) x 1 2 4 6
y = 3x + 1 1 4 - - y = x–1 0

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49. Study the given graphs (a) and (b) and complete the corresponding
tables below.

(a) b)

x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3 4
y y
50. Draw a graph for the radius and circumference of circle using a
suitable scale.
(Hint : Take radius = 7, 14, 21 units and so on)
From the graph,
(a) Find the circumference of the circle when radius is 42 units.
(b) At what radius will the circumference of the circle be 220 units?

51. The graph shows the maximum temperatures recorded for two
consecutive weeks of a town. Study the graph and answer the
questions that follow.

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(a) What information is given by the two axes?

(b) In which week was the temperature higher on most of the days?
(c) On which day was the temperature same in both the weeks?
(d) On which day was the difference in temperatures the maximum
for both the weeks?
(e) What were the temperatures for both the weeks on Thursday?
(f) On which day was the temperature 35°C for the first week?
(g) On which day was the temperature highest for the second week?

52. The gra ph given below gives the actual and expected sales of cars
of a company for 6 months. Study the graph and answer the questions
that follow.

(a) In which month was the actual sales same as the expected sales?
(b) For which month(s) was (were) the difference in actual and
expected sales the maximum?
(c) For which month(s) was (were) the difference in actual and
expected sales the least?
(d) What was the total sales of cars in the months–Jan, Feb. and
March?
(e) What is the average sales of cars in the last three months?
(f) Find the ratio of sales in the first three months to the last three
months.

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53. The graph given below shows the marks obtained out of 10 by Sonia
in two different tests. Study the graph and answer the questions
that follow.

(a) What information is represented by the axes?

(b) In which subject did she score the highest in Test I?
(c) In which subject did she score the least in Test II?
(d) In which subject did she score the same marks in both the Tests?
(e) What are the marks scored by her in English in Test II?
(f) In which test was the performance better?
(g) In which subject and which test did she score full marks?
54. Find the coordinates of the vertices of the given figures.

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55. Study the graph given below of a person who started from his home
and returned at the end of the day. Answer the questions that follow.

(a) At what time did the person start from his home?
(b) How much distance did he travel in the first four hours of his
journey?
(c) What was he doing from 3 pm to 5 pm?
(d) What was the total distance travelled by him throughout the
day?
(e) Calculate the distance covered by him in the first 8 hours of his
journey.
(f) At what time did he cover 16 km of his journey?
(g) Calculate the average speed of the man from (a) A to B (b) B to C
(c) At what time did he return home?
56. Plot a line graph for the variables p and q where p is two times q i.e,
the equation is p = 2q. Then find.
(a) the value of p when q = 3
(b) the value of q when p = 8
57. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.
(a) What information does the graph give?
(b) On which day was the temperature the least?
(c) On which day was the temperature 31°C?
(d) Which was the hottest day?

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36

Maximum Temperature ¾®
34

32

30

28

26

24

Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat

Days ¾®

58. Study the distance-time graph given below for a car to travel to
certain places and answer the questions that follow.

(a) How far does the car travel in 2 hours?

(b) How much time does the car take to reach R?
(c) How long does the car take to cover 80 km?
(d) How far is Q from the starting point?
(e) When does the car reach the place S after starting?

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59. Locate the points A (1,2), B (4,2) and C (1,4) on a graph sheet taking
suitable axes. Write the coordinates of the fourth point D to complete
the rectangle ABCD.

60. Locate the points A(1,2), B (3,4) and C (5,2) on a graph sheet taking
suitable axes. Write the coordinates of the fourth point D to complete
the rhombus ABCD. Measure the diagonals of this rhombus and
find whether they are equal or not.

61. Locate the points P (3,4), Q (1,0), R (0,4), S (4,1) on a graph sheet
and write the coordinates of the point of intersection of line segments
PQ and RS.

62. The graph given below compares the sales of ice creams of two vendors
for a week.
Sales of Ice cream ¾®

50

40

30
Vendor A
Vendor B
20

10

Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun

Days ¾®

Observe the graph and answer the following questions.

(a) Which vendor has sold more icecreams on Friday?
(b) For which day was the sales same for both the vendors?
(c) On which day did the sale of vendor A increase the most as
compared to the previous day?
(d) On which day was the difference in sales the maximum?
(e) On which two days was the sales same for vendor B?

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63. The table given below shows the temperatures recorded on a day at
different times.

Observe the table and answer the following questions.

(a) What is the temperature at 8 am?
(b) At what time is the temperature 3°C?
(c) During which hour did the temperature fall?
(d) What is the change in temperature between 7 am and 10 am?
(e) During which hour was there a constant temperature?

64. The following table gives the growth chart of a child.

Height (in cm) 75 90 110 120 130
Age (in years) 2 4 6 8 10

Draw a line graph for the table and answer the questions that follow.
(a) What is the height at the age of 5 years?
(b) How much taller was the child at the age of 10 than at the age of
6?

(c) Between which two consecutive periods did the child grow more
faster?

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65. The following is the time-distance graph of Sneha’s walking.

(a) When does Sneha make the least progress? Explain your
reasoning.
(b) Find her average speed in km/hour.

66. Draw a parallelogram ABCD on a graph paper with the coordinates

given in Table I. Use this table to complete Tables II and III to get the
coordinates of E, F, G, H and J, K, L, M.

Point (x, y) Point (0.5x, 0.5y) Point (2x, 1.5y)

A (1, 1) E (0.5, 0.5) J (2, 1.5)

B (4. 4) F K

C (8, 4) G L

D (5, 1) H M

Table I Table II Table III

Draw parallelograms EFGH and JKLM on the same graph paper.

Plot the points (2, 4) and (4, 2) on a graph paper, then draw a line
segment joining these two points.

67. Extend the line segment on both sides to meet the coordinate axes.
What are the coordinates of the points where this line meets the
x -axis and the y-axis?

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68. The following graph shows the change in temperature of a block of

ice when heated. Use the graph to answer the following questions:
(a) For how many seconds did the ice block have no change in
temperature?
(b) For how long was there a change in temperature?
(c) After how many seconds of heating did the temperature become
constant at 0°C?
(d) What was the temperature after 25 seconds?
(e) What will be the temperature after 1.5 minutes? Justify your
answer.

69. The following graph shows the number of people present at a certain
shop at different times. Observe the graph and answer the following
questions.
Y

25
present at a shop ¾®

20
Number of people

15

10

0 X
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
am am am pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
Time ¾®

(a) What type of a graph is this?

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(b) What information does the graph give?

(c) What is the busiest time of day at the shop?
(d) How many people enter the shop when it opens?
(e) About how many people are there in the shop at 1:30 pm?

70. A man started his journey on his car from location A and came
back. The given graph shows his position at different times during
the whole journey.
(a) At what time did he start and end his journey?
(b) What was the total duration of journey?
(c) Which journey, forward or return, was of longer duration?
(d) For how many hours did he not move?
(e) At what time did he have the fastest speed?

71. The following graph shows the journey made by two cyclists, one
from town A to B and the other from town B to A.
(a) At what time did cyclist II rest? How long did the cyclist rest?
(b) Was cyclist II cycling faster or slower after the rest?
(c) At what time did the two cyclists meet?
(d) How far had cyclist II travelled when he met cyclist I?
(e) When cyclist II reached town A, how far was cyclist I from town B?

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72. Ajita starts off from home at 07.00 hours with her father on a scooter
that goes at a uniform speed of 30 km/h and drops her at her school
after half an hour. She stays in the school till 13.30 hours and takes
an auto rickshaw to return home. The rickshaw has a uniform speed
of 10 km/h. Draw the graph for the above situation and also determine
the distance of Ajita’s school from her house.

73. Draw the line graph using suitable scale to show the annual gross
profit of a company for a period of five years.
Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Gross Profit 17,00,000 15,50,000 11,40,000 12,10,000 14,90,000

(in Rs)

74. The following chart gives the growth in height in terms of percentage
of full height of boys and girls with their respective ages.

Age (in years) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Boys 72% 75% 78% 81% 84% 88% 92% 95% 98% 99% 100%

Girls 77% 81% 84% 88% 91% 95% 98% 99% 99.5% 100% 100%

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Draw the line graph of above data on the same sheet and answer the
following questions.
(a) In which year both the boys and the girls achieve their maximum
height?
(b) Who grows faster at puberty (14 years to 16 years of age)?

75. The table shows the data collected for Dhruv’s walking on a road.

Time 0 5 10 15 20 25
(in minutes)
Distance 0 0.5 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
(in km)

(a) Plot a line graph for the given data using a suitable scale.
(b) In what time periods did Dhruv make the most progress?

76. Observe the given graph carefully and complete the table given below.

x 1 2 3 4 5

77. This graph shows the per cent of students who dropped out of
school after completing High School. The point labelled A shows
that, in 1996, about 4.7% of students dropped out.

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(a) In which year was the dropout the rate highest? In which year
was it the lowest?
(b) When did the per cent of students who dropped out of high
school first fall below 5%?
(c) About what per cent of students dropped out of high school in
2007? About what per cent of students stayed in high school in
2008?

78. Observe the toothpick pattern given below:

Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4

(a) Imagine that this pattern continues. Complete the table to show
the number of toothpicks in the first six terms.
Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6
Toothpicks 4 13

(b) Make a graph by taking the pattern numbers on the horizontal

axis and the number of toothpicks on the vertical axis. Make the
horizontal axis from 0 to 10 and the vertical axis from 0 to 30.
(c) Use your graph to predict the number of toothpicks in patterns
7 and 8. Check your answers by actually drawing them.
(d) Would it make sense to join the points on this graph? Explain.

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79. Consider this input/output table.

Input 1 2 4 5 7
Output 2 5 11 14 20

(a) Graph the values from the table by taking Input along horizontal
axis from 0 to 8 and Output along vertical axis from 0 to 24.

(b) Use your graph to predict the outputs for inputs of 3 and 8.

80. This graph shows a map of an island just off the coast of a continent.
The point labelled B represents a major city on the coast. The distance
between grid lines represents 1 km.

Point A represents a resort that is located 5 km East and 3 km North

of Point B. The values 5 and 3 are the coordinates of Point A. The
coordinates can be given as the ordered pair (5, 3), where 5 is the
horizontal coordinate and 3 is the vertical coordinate.

(i) On a copy of the map, mark the point that is 3 km East and 5
km North of Point B and label it S. Is Point S in the water or on
the island? Is Point S in the same place as Point A?

(ii) Mark the point that is 7 km east and 5 km north of Point B and
label it C. Then mark the point that is 5 km east and 7 km
north of Point B and label it D. Are Points C and D in the same
place? Give the coordinates of Points C and D.

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(iii) Which point is in the water, (2, 7) or (7, 2)? Mark the point
which is in water on your map and label it E.

(iv) Give the coordinates of two points on the island that are exactly
2 km from Point A.

(v) Give the coordinates of the point that is halfway between Points
L and P.

(vi) List three points on the island with their x-coordinates greater
than 8.

(vii) List three points on the island with a y-coordinate less than 4.

81. As part of his science project, Prithvi was supposed to record the
temperature every hour one Saturday from 6 am to midnight. At
noon, he was taking lunch and forgot to record the temperature. At
8:00 pm, his favourite show came on and so forgot again. He recorded
the data so collected on a graph sheet as shown below.

(a) Why does it make sense to connect the points in this situation?
(b) Describe the overall trend, or pattern, in the way the temperature
changes over the time period shown on the graph.
(c) Estimate the temperature at noon and 8 pm.

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82. The graph given below compares the price (in Rs) and weight of 6
bags (in kg) of sugar of different brands A, B, C, D, E, F.

(a) Which brand(s) costs/cost more than Brand D?

(b) Bag of which brand of sugar is the heaviest?
(c) Which brands weigh the same?
(d) Which brands are heavier than brand B?
(e) Which bag is the lightest?
(f) Which bags are of the same price?

83. The points on the graph below represent the height and weight of
the donkey, dog, crocodile, and ostrich shown in the drawing.

(a) What are the two variables represented in the graph?

(b) Which point represents each animals? Explain.

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84. The two graphs below compare Car A and Car B. The left graph
shows the relationship between age and value. The right graph shows
the relationship between size and maximum speed.

Use the graphs to determine whether each statement is true or false,

and explain your answer.
(a) The older car is less valuable. (b) The faster car is larger.
(c) The larger car is older. (d) The faster car is older.
(e) The more valuable car is slower.

85. Sonal and Anmol made a sequence of tile designs from square white
tiles surrounding one square purple tile. The purple tiles come in
many sizes. Three of the designs are shown below.
(a) Copy and complete the table

Side Length of Purple 1 2 3 4 5 10 100

Tiles
Number of white Tiles
in Border

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(b) Draw a graph using the first five pairs of numbers in your table.
(c) Do the points lie on a line?

86. Sonal and Anmol then made another sequence of the designs. Three
of the designs are shown below.

(a) Complete the table.

Rows, r 4 6 8
Number of white Tiles, w 9
Number of Purple Tiles, p 1
(b) Draw a graph of rows and number of white tiles. Draw another graph
of the number of rows and the number of purple tiles. Put the number
of rows on the horizontal axis.
(c) Which graph is linear?

(D) Activities
Create a table like the one shown.

Object Estimate Actual

(in cm) Measurement

(guessed measurement) (in cm)
* Length of a pen
* Length of an eraser
* Length of your palm

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* Length of your geometry box

* Length of your maths notebook
If an estimate is the same as the actual
measurement then the point (actual
measurement, estimate) lies on the line,
straight line p. For example, if an object
measures 5 cm and you estimate it to
5 cm, then the graph of its point lies on
line p in the figure below.
Using your completed table,
(i) Plot the data from the table where the coordinates of the points
are (measurement, estimate).
(ii) Identify the objects overestimated.
(iii) Identify the objects underestimated.
(iv) By looking at the graph, how can overestimates and
underestimates be determined? How accurate is your estimation?
Activity 2

Clues
Down

(1) A graph used to show comparison among categories. (2 words)

(2) The point (0, 4) lies on the __________.
(3) A line graph which is a whole unbroken line.
(4) The point where the two axes meet.
(5) __________ of a point are required to locate the point on a graph.
(6) The x -axis and y-axis are at __________ angles to each other.

(7) x -coordinate of a point.

Across
(8) The plural of Axis.
(9) The sheet of paper on which coordinates of any given point are plotted.

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(10) The system of fixing points on a graph with the help of coordinates.
(11) A __________ graph displays the data that changes continuously
over time.
(12) y-coordinate of a point.
(13) A pie chart is used to compare parts of a __________.
(14) A bar graph that shows data in intervals.
(15) In a histogram there are no __________ between the bars.
(16) The x -axis is a __________ line on a plane.
(17) y-coordinate of a point represents the distance of the point from
the __________.

Activity 3

Complete Parts (a) and (b) for each following graphs.

(a) Tell what two variables does the graph show.
(b) Describe what the graph tells you about the things represented by
the points. Then try to come up with an idea about what the points
could represent.

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Rough Work

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Rough Work

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Rough Work

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