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Technologies involved in offshore platform design
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DESIGN CONCEPTS
• Any offshore platforms should be designed for the appropriate
combination of loading condition, which will produce the most severe
effect on the structure.
• During consideration of loading condition, importance should also be
given to environmental condition combined with appropriate dead
and live loads.
• The primary design concepts of any offshore structure are almost
similar, however in this lecture, only Jacket platform is taken into
consideration and discussed below.
• There are two methods to design any offshore platform structures
and they are discussed below.
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) method
2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method
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Working Stress Design (WSD) method
This method uses nominal loads (unfactored) and compares the
stresses produced by these loads with an allowance or working
stress level.
Where
Allowable or working stress= Material yield stress /factor of safety.
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Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method
• In this method the design checked by, applying separate load and
resistance factors to nominal loads and nominal resistance.
• LRFD is an improved approach to structural design, which takes into
account the possible uncertainties in the applied loads and
component resistances.
• The basis of LRFD approach is that both the loads and resistances
are factored rather than the working stress approach of dividing the
resistance only by a factor of safety (FOS) to produce an allowable
stress.
• In terms of API RP 2A-LRFD (1993), this has meant the replacement
of the traditional one-third increase in allowable stresses by separate
load factors (γ) for dead, live, wind/wave/current and earthquake
loads and resistance factors (φ) which vary for pile capacity, beam
bending, axial compression, etc.
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Design for In-place Conditions
The platform should be designed to resist
➢ Gravity loads
➢ Wind, wave and current loads
➢ Earthquake loads &
➢ Accidental loads occurring during its service life.
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Design for Construction Conditions
• The offshore platform in general is fabricated on the shore and is
transported to the desired offshore location by mean of a launch
barge. The load effects that occur during the operation of moving the
platform components and installing at the site are to be considered
during the design. In the case of WSD method, basic allowable
stresses for member design may be increased by 1/3 in keeping with
normal allowable stress condition, for installation forces.
• The dynamic loading involved during the installation should also be
considered, in design of platform.
Load factors for dynamic effects
WSD LFRD
Open, Exposed Sea 1.35 1.3
Sheltered location, or lift onshore 1.15 1.15
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Design for Construction Conditions
All the structural components should be analyzed and designed for
➢ Gravitational Loads
➢ Inertial and
➢ Hydrodynamic loads
➢ Large jacket platforms will generally extend beyond the launch barge
and will usually be subjected to submersion during tow. In that case,
the effects like slamming buoyancy and collapse forces due the
submersion are to be considered.
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Strength and Stability Check
The strength and stability checks involved are
❖ Axial Tension
❖ Axial Compression
❖ Column Buckling
❖ Bending
❖ Shear
❖ Hoop Buckling Stress
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Axial Tension
Allowable stress for axial tension
LRFD WSD
Allowable Stress φt Fy 0.6 Fy
φt = resistance factor for axial tension=0.95
Fy = nominal yield strength and ft ≤ allowable stress
Where, ft is the axial tensile stress due to factored loads
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Axial Compression
LRFD WSD
Kl/r < Cc ⎡ (Kl / r )2 ⎤⎥ F
λ< 2 Fcn = [1.0 − 0.25 λ ]F
2
y
1/ 2
Fa =
⎢1 −
⎢⎣ 2C c 2 ⎥⎦
y
2 3(Kl / r ) (Kl / r )3
Cc =
⎡12π E ⎤
⎢ ⎥ 5/ 3 + −
⎢⎣ Fy ⎥⎦ 8C c 8C 3c
1
Fy 12π 2 E
λ≥ 2 Fcn = 2 Kl / r ≥ Cc Fa =
λ 23 (Kl / r ) 2
0.5
Kl ⎡ Fy ⎤
Where, λ =column slenderness parameter = ⎢ ⎥
π r ⎣⎢ E ⎦⎥
E = Young’s Modulus of elasticity
K = effective length factor
l = unbraced length
r = radius of gyration
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Column Buckling
LRFD WSD
Elastic Local Buckling Fxe = 2CxE (t/D) Fxe = 2CE (t/D)
Inelastic Local D / t ≤ 60 Fxc = Fy Fxc = Fy
Buckling D / t > 60 Fxc = [1.64 – 0.23 (D/t)1/4]Fy Fxc = [1.64 – 0.23 (D / t)1/4] Fy
≤ Fxe
where Fxe = nominal elastic local buckling strength
C and Cx = critical elastic buckling coefficient
(The theoretical value of Cx is 0.6. However, a reduced value of Cx = 0.3 is recommended for
use to account for the effect of initial geometric imperfections within API Spec 2B tolerance
limits. )
D = Outside diameter
t = wall thickness
x = subscript for member longitudinal axis
Fxc = nominal inelastic local buckling strength
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Bending
LRFD WSD
D/t ≤ 10340 / Fy Fbn = (Z / S)* Fy Fb = 0.75 Fy
10340 / Fy < D / t ≤ 20680 / Fy Fbn = ⎡ Fy D ⎤⎛ Z ⎞ Fb = ⎡ Fy D ⎤
⎢1.13 − 2.58 ⎥⎜ ⎟Fy ⎢0.84 − 1.74 ⎥ Fy
⎢⎣ Et ⎥⎦⎝ S ⎠ ⎢⎣ Et ⎥⎦
20680 / Fy< D / t ≤ 300 Fbn = ⎡ Fy D ⎤ ⎛ Z⎞ Fb = ⎡ Fy D ⎤
⎢0.94 − 0.76 ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ Fy ⎢0.72 − 0.58 ⎥ Fy
⎣⎢ Et ⎦⎥ ⎝S⎠ ⎣⎢ Et ⎦⎥
For LRFD:
fb < = φb Fbn and φb = 0.95
where, fb = M/S, bending stress due to factored loads, M < = Mp
when M > My, fb is the equivalent elastic bending stress
S =elastic section modulus
M = applied bending moment
Mp and My are plastic and elastic moments
φb = resistance factor for bending strength
Fbn = nominal bending strength
Fb = allowable bending stress and
Z = plastic section modulus
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Shear
1. Beam Shear
For LRFD: fv ≤ φ Fvn
where Fvn = nominal shear strength, Fy/ , in stress units
fv =maximum shear stress due to factored loads
V =beam shear due to factored loads
A = cross sectional area and Fv = allowable beam shear stress
2. Torsional stress
For LRFD: fvt≤φv Fvtn
where fvt = torsional shear stress due to factored loads
fvtn = nominal torsional strength Fy/
Ip = polar moment of inertia and
Mt = torsional moment and
Mvt = torsional moment due to factored load
Fvt = allowable torsional shear stress
LRFD and WSD
Beam Shear 2V
fv = A
Torsional Shear M vt ( D / 2)
fvt = I p
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Hoop Buckling Stress
LRFD WSD
Elastic Buckling Fhc = Fhe @ Fhe ≤ 0.55 Fy Fhc = Fhe @ Fhe ≤ 0.55 Fy
0.4
Fhe = 0.7 Fy ⎡F ⎤ Fhc = 0.45Fy + 0.18Fhe @ 0.55Fy < Fhe ≤ 1.6Fy
Inelastic Buckling ⎢ he ⎥ ≤ Fy
⎢⎣ Fy ⎥⎦
1.31Fy
(
Fhc = 1.15 + F / F
y he ) @ 1.6Fy < Fhe ≤ 6.2Fy
@ Fhe > 0.55 Fy
Fhc = Fy @ Fhe > 6.2Fy
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Member Interaction Ratios
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MINIMUM DECK CLEARANCE
• When waves strike a platform’s deck and equipment, large forces
exerted on it. To avoid this force, the bottom of the lowest deck
should be located at an elevation, which will clear the calculated
crest of the design wave with adequate allowance for safety.
• The wave crest elevations, above storm water level including
guideline storm tide, should be computed from appropriate wave
theories.
• A safety margin, or air gap, of at least 1.5m should be added to the
crest elevation to allow for unexpected platform settlement, water
depth uncertainty, and for possibility of extreme waves.
• An additional air gap should also be provided for any known or
predicted long-term seafloor subsidence.
• When it is needed to position any component below the lower deck in
the designated air gap, then design wave crest pressure should also
be considered in their design.
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STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
The structural materials to be used in the offshore structures should be selected
based on the recommendations provided by
▪ American Petroleum Institute (API),
▪ American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) and
▪ Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
Many offshore structural components are made of hollow steel pipes. The
minimum requirement for fabrication and service should satisfy API, ASTM
A139, ASTM A252, ASTM A381 or ASTM A671 codes.
The concrete material are to be selected with due attention to their strength and
durability in the marine environment. The concrete mix to be selected on the
basis of shear strength, bond strength and workability for underwater
placement including cohesiveness and flowability. At any cases, the water
cement ratio should be less than 0.45.
In general, all structural material should be selected with due consideration to
chemical resistance, mechanical resistance and corrosion resistance.
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CORROSION
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TRANSPORTATION AND INSTALLATION
Transportation and installation procedure for a typical template structures
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Effect of Marine growth
Thickness of Limiting wave height (m) causing failure Ratio of wave
marine LRFD Percentage WSD Percentage height for
growth reduction reduction LRFD & WSD
(mm)
0 24.815 - 24.286 - 1.022
50 24.00 3.2 23.476 3.3 1.022
100 23.276 6.2 22.8 6.1 1.021
150 22.626 8.8 22.16 8.8 1.021
250 21.478 13.4 21.04 13.4 1.021
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Effect of Flooding of Main legs
Wave height (m) causing the Ratio of Wave height causing
failure of the jacket failure of the jacket for
Flooded condition to Non-
Flooded condition
Main legs Main legs
Flooded Non-Flooded
LRFD 25.872 24.193 1.07
WSD 25.443 23.586 1.08
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