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Pure bending in a beam

lab strength (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

___________________________________________________________________

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

Course :Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Wan Sulaiman Wan Mohamad
Group : G7
___________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: PURE BENDING IN BEAM

No NAME STUDENT ID
1. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN MUSTAFA KAMAL 2018410144
2. MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN MUHAMMAD 2017123345
ASRI NANDAN
3. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ BIN SHAHARUM 2018410368
4. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ RUSYAIDI BIN MOHD 2018695542
UZIR
5. MUHAMMAD SHAHIRAN BIN MOHD ANUAR 2018659636

REPORT SUBMISSION:

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : MUHAMMAD IRFAN B MUSTAFA KAMAL
2 : MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN B MUHAMMAD ASRI NANDAN
3 : MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ B SHAHARUM
4 : MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ RUSYAIDI B MOHD UZIR
5 : MUHAMMAD SHAHIRAN B MOHD ANUAR
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent
You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria.
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was 5 5 5 5 5
supportive
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts 5 5 5 5 5
effectively
I was able to lead discussions and provide 5 5 5 5 5
solutions
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:
Member 1:
Member 2:
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Member 4:

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Experiment 1
Title: Pure Bending in
Beam

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Abstract

The experiment was done to investigate the pure bending in a beam. Bending
stress is one of the vital elements that determine the design of a beam. Different type
of beam being used in this experiment to inspect the diverse of the bending in
different materials. Throughout this experiment, we compared the beam’s maximum
deflection by applying different loads on the beam to determine the elastic modulus
(E). Next, the data that been obtained being validate between the theoretical and
experimental values. The procedures had been followed by measuring the deflection,
y at every increment with the recorded loads (W). We collected all the data in a table
and construct a line graph in order to indicate the slope of linear equation. The
average elastic modulus of the beam being obtained by using the formula given. From
the data composed, mild steel had the highest elastic modulus which had the most
resistance of being deformed elastically compared to aluminium and brass beam. In
this experiment, there was slight difference between the experimental and theoretical
values. Some recommendations had to be taken in order to reduce the difference
between values. The position of the observer’s eye must be 90° perpendicular to the
focusing object. The experiment had to be taken at least three times to get the average
readings to lessen the inconsistencies between readings. Besides, it is essential to
ensure that the apparatus functioning well to get an accurate result.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING...........................................1
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT................................................................1
Marking Scheme................................................................................................1
Teamwork Assessment Form............................................................................2
Abstract.................................................................................................................4
1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................8
2.0 THEORY........................................................................................................9
2.0 APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.........................12
2.1 APPARATUS........................................................................................12
2.2 PROCEDURE........................................................................................15
3.0 DATA AND RESULTS............................................................................18
3.1 DATA........................................................................................................18
3.2 CALCULATION.......................................................................................19
3.3 RESULTS..................................................................................................20
4.0 DISCUSSION...........................................................................................22
6.0 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................23
7.0 REFERENCES.............................................................................................24

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Initial Dimensions of beam (mm).........................................18

Table 2: Deflection of beam (mm).....................................................18

Table 3: Modulus of elasticity, E........................................................20

Table 4: The comparison between average experimental value and

theoretical value..................................................................................20

Table 5: Graph load (N) against deflection of beam (y).....................21

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the preceding chapters, we have studied to determine the stresses in
prismatic members subjected to axial loads or to twisting couples. In pure bending, we
will analyse the stresses and strains in prismatic members subjected to bending.
Bending is a major concept used in the design of many machine and structural
components, such as beams and girders.
An example of pure bending is provided by the bar of a typical barbell as it is
held overhead by a weightlifter. The bar carries equal weights at equal distances from
the hands of the weightlifter. Because of the symmetry of the free-body diagram of the
bar in figure 1.0, the reactions at the hands must be equal and opposite to the weights.
Therefore, as far as the middle portion CD of the bar is concerned, the weights and the
reactions can be replaced by two equal and opposite 960-lb in. couples in figure 1.1,
showing that the middle portion of the bar is in pure bending.

Figure 1.0 Figure 1.1

Bending characterises the behaviour of a slender structural element subjected

to external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. In this
experiment, the beam is subjected to pure bending at the central section. The bending
moment is constant and shear force is zero. The maximum deflection y at the mid
span of the beam will be measured. The elastic modulus of the beam’s material will be
determined from the flexure formula E = M R / I.

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The objective of this experiment is to determine the elastic modulus (E) of

beam specimen by method of deflection of Mild Steel, Aluminium and Brass and to
validate the data between experimental and theoretical values.

2.0 THEORY

A steel I-beam
is subjected to a point load at both ends of it. The beam is loaded within the elastic
limit. The assumptions made are that the beam is subjected to pure bending at the
central section, the bending moment is constant and shear force is zero. The material
are also homogeneous and isotropic and the resultant force of the applied loads lies in
the plane of symmetry. The elastic limit of the object is nowhere exceeded, and E is

The elastic modulus of the beam’s material will be determined from the flexure
formula;

Where E is the elastic modulus, M the moment, R is the radius and I the second
moment of inertia.

Due to pure bending the beams deflects into the shape of an arc of a circle radius, R;

By simplifying and ignoring the small terms;

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The radius of curvature R of the beam is as given as;

Where, E is the beam’s elastic modulus and I is the moment of inertia about neutral
axis. In terms of the measured quantities we can use that;

Another approach to obtaining the formula to calculate the bending in the beam by
differential equations.

Bending moment at a cut section x to the right O is -M, a constant where M=Wd
The differential equations;

The boundary conditions at both supports;

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Therefore, the deflection of curve is;

The maximum deflection measured using the dial gauges at x=L/2 is then;

Hence the final formula;

The pure bending occurred only because of coupling at the ends of the beam which
means that there are no shear forces that acts on the cross-section of the beam. In case
of non-uniform bending the presence of shear forces produces warping or distortion in
the cross-section of the beam thus a section that is plane before bending in no longer
plane after bending. Usually there are shear forces that acts on the beam, but it is not
significantly affects the flexure formula and that we can use it to calculate the normal
stresses in cases of non-uniform bending.

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2.0 APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

2.1 APPARATUS

1. Mild Steel, Aluminium, and Brass beams

Figure: 3 type of beam

2. The cantilever beam setup

Figure: The cantilever beam setup

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3. Vernier caliper

Figure: Vernier caliper

4. Dial gauge

Figure: Dial gauge

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5. 1-m steel ruler

Figure: 1m steel ruler

6. Load hangers

Figure: Load hangers

7. Load Weights

Figure: Load weights

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2.2 PROCEDURE
NU STEPS FIGURE
M
1 The equipment for this experiment was
setup.

2 The beam was measured to get the

dimension.

3 The beam was put on the support and

measurement of 100mm away from
support for both side was marked.

4 The dial gauge was setup and the needle

of the dial gauge was put at the center of
the beam.

5 The load hanger was put at the marked

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point.

6 The load holder was placed at the load

hanger on both side.

7 The dial gauge was set to zero.

8 The 2N load was placed at the load holder

at the both side.

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9 The reading on the dial gauge was taken

and recorded.

10 Steps 7 to 9 was repeated by using load of

4N, 6N, 8N, 10N, 12N, 14N, and 16N.

For aluminium beam:

1. Steps 1 – 10 was repeated, but the beam was replaced by aluminium beam.

For brass beam:

1. Steps 1 – 10 was repeated, but the beam was replaced by brass beam.

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3.0 DATA AND RESULTS

3.1 DATA

Materials Length Width Thickne

ss
Aluminium 998 19.30 6.52
Brass 1005 20.00 6.00
Mild Steel 999 20.36 4.00
Table 1: Initial Dimensions of beam (mm)

LOA Materials
D
(N) Aluminium Brass Mild Steel
0 0 0 0
2 0.15 0.12 0.19
4 0.32 0.24 0.42
6 0.48 0.35 0.63
8 0.64 0.47 0.84
10 0.8 0.59 1.05
12 1.06 0.7 1.26
14 1.12 0.82 1.47
16 1.28 0.94 1.68
Table 2: Deflection of beam (mm)

3.2 CALCULATION

 The area moment of inertia, I

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1 3
I = 12 b h

For brass, IBr

1
IBr = 12 (0.02)¿

IBr = 3.6 ×10−10 m4

For aluminium, IAl
IAl = 4.45778 × 10−10 m4
For mild steel, ISt
ISt = 1.086 ×10−10 m4

 By using 2N weight, determine modulus of elasticity of each beam using

this equation:

( )( )
E=
W
y
d L2
8I

For brass, EBr

EBr¿ ( 0.12 ×10
2
)¿ −3

EBr = 92.59 Gpa

For aluminium,
EAl = 59.82 Gpa

For mild steel,

ESt = 193.85 Gpa

3.3 RESULTS

LOAD Materials

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(N) Mild Steel Aluminium Brass

2 193.87 59.82 92.29
4 175.41 56.08 92.29
6 175.41 56.08 92.54
8 175.41 56.08 94.56
10 175.41 56.08 94.16
12 175.41 50.89 95.24
14 175.41 56.08 94.85
16 175.41 56.08 94.56
Table 3: Modulus of elasticity, E

Materials AVG. EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL MODULUS OF

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ELASTICITY
Aluminium 55.89 69
Brass 94.22 97
Mild Steel 177.72 207
Table 4: The comparison between average experimental value and theoretical value

Graph Load (N) against Deflection of Beam (y)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Load, N

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Deflection of Beam, y

Aluminium Brass Mild Steel

Table 5: Graph load (N) against deflection of beam (y)

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 Percentage error:
Error = | E Theoretical |
E Experimental −ETheoretical
× 100 %

Percentage error for brass:

Error = |94.22−97
97 |× 100 %
Error = 2.87%

Percentage error for aluminium:

Error = 19%

Percentage error for mild steel:

Error = 14.14%

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4.0 DISCUSSION
The experiment that been conducted was to determine the pure bending in beam.
Different type of beam being used to collect data needed. Based on the findings, the
deflection of the beam, y increase when the load (W) increase. This showed that the
relationship between the load (W) and the deflection of the beam, y is direct
proportional. From each deflection of the beam can be calculated the modulus of
elasticity (E) by using the equation that been given. Experimental value modulus of
elasticity (E) obtained through calculation can be compared with theoretical value
from textbook. There are slight margins between the values due to some errors during
the experiment. Some errors may occur during placing the load. The load holder may
move slight little from its original place which 100mm at the load hanger. Next, the
arrow in dial gauge may not be placing at the initial, 0. Other possible errors that
occurred resulting to such differential values may because of our eye level are not at
90° perpendicular to the focusing object when taking a reading. These results are to be
expected due to error that been made by human. There are so many things that should
be considered if perfect results are to be obtained. The goals are to minimise the errors
so the experimental value could get to the closest of theoretical value.

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6.0 CONCLUSION
The deflection on a beam will occur when load been applied on either single
point or distributed along the beam. This deflection that occurs can be mathematically
determined or through experimental procedure. From the experiment, the data shows
the aluminium had the lowest value of modulus of elasticity, E compared to brass and
mild steel. Assuming there will errors during designing a beam, a factor of safety and
through testing should be taken into account before the designing a beam. It is very
important testing a beam to ensure its safety before being used in industrial structure.

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7.0 REFERENCES

1. Beer, F. P., Johnston, Jr, E. R., DeWolf, J. T., & Mazurek, D. F. (2012).
Mechanics Of Materials. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Beer, F. P., Johnston, Jr, E. R., & DeWolf, J. T. (2002). Mechanis Of
Materials. Texas Tech University: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Korsunsky, A. M. (2017). Inelastic Bending of Beams. A Teaching Essay On
Residual Stresses and Eigenstrains.
4. E P Popov, Sammurthy Nagarajan, Z A Lu, “Mechanics of materials”
Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976 2nd ed p.119, Pure Bending of
Beams

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