Course: US01CPHY01

UNIT – 2 ELASTICITY – II

Introduction:
We discussed fundamental concept of properties of matter in first unit. This concept
will be more use full for calculating various properties of mechanics of solid material. In this
unit, we shall study the detail theory and its related experimental methods for determination
of elastic constants and other related properties.

Twisting couple on a cylinder or wire:

Consider a cylindrical rod of length l radius r and coefficient of rigidity . Its upper end
is fixed and a couple is applied in a plane perpendicular to its length at lower end as shown in
fig.(a)

consider a one hollow cylinder of radius x and radial thickness dx as shown in fig.(b). Let  is
Consider a cylinder is consisting a large number of co-axial hollow cylinder. Now,

the twisting angle. The displacement is greatest at the rim and decreases as the center is
approached where it becomes zero.
As shown in fig.(a), Let AB be the line parallel to the axis OO’ before twist produced and
on twisted B shifts to B’, then line AB become AB’.
Before twisting if hollow cylinder cut along AB and flatted out, it will form the
rectangular ABCD as shown in fig.(c). But if it will be cut after twisting it takes the shape of a

The angle of shear ∠ ′ = ∅

parallelogram AB’C’D.

From fig.(c) 
= ∅
From fig.(b) BB
= xθ
∴ ∅ = 

Page 1 of 20
 
∴ ∅= … … … … … … (1)


ℎ  !
= =
The modules of rigidity is

  ℎ "


∴ ! = ∙∅=


The surface area of this hollow cylinder = 2%&

∴ Total shearing force on this area


= 2%& ∙



= 2%  ' &



= 2%  ' & ∙ 
The moment of this force

2% (
=  ∙ &

Now, integrating between the limits x = 0 and x = r,
*
2% (
We have, total twisting couple on the cylinder

= )  &

+

*
2%
= )  ( &

+

2%  -
*
= , /
 4 +
∴ Total twisting couple
% -
= … … … … … … (3)
2

Then, the twisting couple per unit twist ( = 1) is

% -
1= … … … … … … (4)
2

This twisting couple per unit twist is also called the torsional rigidity of the cylinder or wire.

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Torsional Pendulum :
A heavy cylindrical rod or disc, suspended
from the end of a fine wire, whose upper end is
fixed, is called torsional pendulum.
The rod or disc is turned, the wire will twist
and when released, it execute torsional vibrations

Let  be the twisting angle. Then the

about the axis.

restoring couple set up in it is.

πηθr -
Cθ = … … … … … … (1)
2l

78
79
This produces an angular acceleration in the rod or the disc

dω
∴I = −Cθ (∵ τ = Iα)
dt

dω C
∴ = −B Cθ … … … … … … (2)
dt I
(- sign indicates the restoring couple)
Where, I is the moment of inertia of the rod or disc.
The motion of the rod or disc is simple harmonic. Its time period is given by

displacement
t = 2π D
angular acceleration

θ
= 2π P
C
Q Rθ
I

I
t = 2π D … … … … … … (3)
C

This is called the equation of time period for torsional pendulum.

Determination of the coefficient of rigidity (S) for a write :

(1) Statical Method :

This method is based on the direct application of the expression for the twisting couple

πηr -
c=
2l

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 Horizontal twisting apparatus for a rod :

The arrangement of the apparatus is

shown in fig. A rod of 50 cm in length and
about 0.25 cm in radius is fixed at one end
with block B1. A large pulley B2 attached to
the other end of the rod. A cord is wound
round the pulley and mass M suspended at
the other end. Hence couple acts on the rod
and twisting produced in it. The Pointer P1
and P2 are clamped on the rod a known
distance ‘l’. The twisting produced can be
measured with the help of scale S1 and S2.

If R is the radius of the pulley, than couple acting on the rod is MgR, where M is mass
suspended. This couple is balanced by the torsional couple due to rod and is equal to
=
πηr- θ' > θT 
2

Where, r is the radius of rod, and T and ' are the angles of twist produced at the two
pointers.
Equating the two couples, we have
πηr - θ' > θT 
 UV
2

2UV
∴  
πr - θ'
> θT 

the twist (' − T ). The slope of the straight line gives the mean of Q X Z R which is used in the
W YW
The experiment is repeated with different masses and a graph is plotted between M and
[
above expressions to find out .

 Draw backs of the statical method :

(a) There being a pointer moving over the circular scale, an error is caused due to the
eccentricity of the axis of the rod with respect to it.
(b) Since the force is applied through the pulley, a side pull is produced on the rod. This
results in friction in the bearings which opposes the rod from twisting freely.

(2) Dynamical Method:

In this method, a disc or rod, which is suspended from the wire and performing
torsional vibrations about the wire and the time period of a body is determined.

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 Maxwell derived a method using which we can easily determined the moment of inertia
of a body without knowing the couple per unit twist.

Maxwell’s Vibrating needle method :

A hollow tube, open at both ends is suspended at the middle with the torsion wire
whose modulus of rigidity is to be measured.
It is suspended vertically from a support and a small piece of mirror attached to it, as
shown in figures.

As shown in fig.(a), two hollow and two solid cylinder of equal length fitted into tube
end to end. The solid cylinders are first into the inner position and hollow cylinders in the

IT
outer position as shown in fig.(a). The time period of a given system is given by

t T = 2π D … … … … … … (1)
C
Where I1 is the moment of inertia of the loaded tube and C is couple per unit twist of the
wire.
Now, the position of hollow and solid cylinder are interchanged as shown in fig.(b),

I'
Then ,time period t2 of second adjustment is given by

t ' = 2π D … … … … … … (2)
C
Where, I2 is the moment of inertia of the tube in new position.

Squaring equation (1) and (2) , we set

4π' IT
tT' = … … … … … … (3)
C

4π' I'
And t '' = … … … … … … (4)
C

4π'
Subtracting (3) from (4), we have
t ' − tT =
' ' (I' − IT ) … … … … … … (5)
C

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 Now, let m1 be the mass of each hollow cylinder and m2 be the mass of each solid

Let the length of tube be 2a. Hence, the length of each solid or hollow cylinder is ^2.
cylinder.

Then the centers of mass of the inner and outer cylinders lie at distance ^4 and 3^4.

from a distance ^4 to 3^4. Then using the principal of parallel axes, we have
Hence, in changing from first to second position an extra mass (m2 – m1) transferred

3a ' a '
I' = IT + 2(m' − mT ) ,B C − Q R /
4 4

9a' a'
= IT + 2(m' − mT ) , − /
16 16

a'
= IT + 2(m' − mT )
2

I' − IT = (m' − mT )a' … … … … … … (6)

Substituting this value of I2 – I1 in equation (5) we get

4π'
t '' − tT' = (m' − mT )a'
C

4π'
= (m' − mT )a'
πηr-^
2l
8lπ' a'
= (m' − mT )
πηr-

8πla' (m' − mT )
η= … … … … … … (7)
r - (t '' − t T' )

Thus, if we know l, a, m1, m2, t1, t2, and r, the modulus of rigidity (η) of the wire can be
determined.

 Advantage :
1. The total suspended mass from the wire remains same, hence value of C remains
unchanged.
2. There is no need to find the moment of inertia of the system, hence the question of
uncertainty does not arise.

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Determination of moment of inertia with the help of a torsional pendulum :

The apparatus used here is called the inertia

table. As shown in figure. It consists of a horizontal
aluminum disc D about 15 cm in diameter, which is
fitted with pair of small vertical pillars P with cross
bar B. The whole assembly is suspended by a thin
wire W from torsion head T inside frame F. The
frame is mounted on a heavy iron base. A small
piece of mirror M fixed on the cross bar B. The entire
apparatus is enclosed in a glass cover.
The disc D is set into torsional vibrations and
its time period to is measured. If I0 is the moment of
inertia of the inertial table and C is the twisting
couple per unit twist of the wire then,

Id
t d = 2π D … … … … … … (1)
C
The object whose moment of inertia I is to be determined is now placed centrally on the

(Id + I)
inertia table and its time period t1 is measured.

tT = 2π D … … … … … … (2)
C
The given body is replaced by an object of a known moment of inertia (I1) and the time

(Id + IT )
period t2 is measured

∴ t ' = 2π D … … … … … … (3)
C
Now squaring equation (1) and (2) we get

4π' Id
t 'd = … … … … … … (4)
C

4π' (Id + I)
tT' = … … … … … … (5)
C

Dividing equation (5) by (4)

tT' Id + I I
' = Id
=1+
Id
td

I tT'
∴ = '−1
Id td

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 I tT' − t 'd
∴ = … … … … … … (6)
Id t 'd
Now squaring equation (3) we have

4π' (Id + IT )
t ''
= … … … … … … (7)
C
Dividing equation (7) by (4), we set

t '' Id + IT IT
' = Id
=1+
Id
td

IT t ''
∴ = '−1
Id td

IT t '' − t 'd
∴ = … … … … … … (8)
Id t 'd
Now, dividing equation (6) by (8), we have

I^
Id tT' − t 'd t 'd tT' − t 'd
= X =
IT t 'd t '' − t 'd t '' − t 'd
^I
d
I tT' − t 'd
∴ = '
IT t ' − t 'd

tT' − t 'd
∴ I = IT x … … … … … … (9)
t '' − t 'd

Using above equation, we can determine the moment of inertia of unknown object.

Bending of Beams :
A beam is a rod or a bar of uniform cross-section of a homogeneous, isotropic elastic
material whose length is very large compared to its thickness.
When a beam is fixed at one end and loaded at the other end as shown in figure (a)
within the elastic limit, it will bend and couple produced inside it. The upper surface of the
beam gets stretched and becomes a convex shape and lower surface gets compressed and
becomes a concave form.

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 All the longitudinal filaments in its upper half are extended and those in lower half are
compressed. The extension is maximum in the uppermost filament and the compression is
maximum in the lower most filaments. The amount of extension and compression decreases
towards the axis of the beam. Thus filament EF neither extended nor compressed. This surface
is called Neutral surface. The plane in which all filaments are bent to form circular arcs is
called the plane of bending. Thus in figure (b), plane ABCD is the plane of bending. The line
perpendicular to the plane of bending is called the axis of bending. Thus, line EF is the neutral
axis.

Bending Moment :

Let a beam AB be fixed at A and loaded at B as shown in figure (a). EF is the neutral axis
of the beam.
Let us consider a section PBCP’ cut by a plane PP’ at right angles to its length. An equal
and opposite reactional force W must be acting vertically upward direction along PP’. The
beam bend or rotate in clock wise direction. The couple produced in the beam due to the load
applied to the free end of the beam is called the bending couple and the moment of this
couple is called the bending moment.

This are subtending angle  at 0. Let R be the radius of curvature of this part of the neutral axis.
Let a small part of the beam bent in the form of a circular arc as shown in figure (b).

Let a’b’ be an element at a distance Z from the neutral axis.

∴ a
b
= (R + Z) ∙ θ
We know that , arc = Radius X angle subtended

The original length ab = R ∙ θ

∴ increase in length = a
b
− ab
= (R + Z) ∙ θ − R ∙ θ
=Z∙θ … … … … … … (1)

Change in length
Now, strain =
Original length

n∙ n
= = … … … … … … (2)
V∙ V

Now, consider a small area δa at a distance Z from the natural axis.

Hence, the strain is proportional to the distance from the natural axis.

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 Stress
Y=
Young’s modulus

Strain

∴ Stress = Y x Strain

F Z
∴ = Yx
δa R
Z
∴ sℎ t !   δa = Y x x δa … … … … … … (3)
R

Then, the moment of this force = Force x distance

Z
= Yx x δa x Z
R

Z'
= Yx x δa … … … … … … (4)
R

Then, the total moment of forces acting on all the filament is given by

Y ∙ δa ∙ Z' Y
u = u δa ∙ Z' … … … … … … (5)
R R

Here, ∑ δa ∙ Z' is called the geometrical moment of inertia Ig of the section.

∴ Iw = u δa ∙ Z' = ak ' … … … … … … (6)

Where ‘a’ is the area of the surface and ‘k’ is the radius of gyration.

Y
∴ The moment of forces = ∙ ak '
R
Y
= ∙ Ig … … … … … … (7)
R

∴ The bending moment M of beam is

This is called the restoring couple or the bending moment of the beam.

Y
M= ∙ Ig … … … … … … (8)
R

Here, the quantity Y ∙ Iw = Y ∙ ak ' is called the flexural rigidity of the beam.

 For rectangular cross section, a = b x d, and k ' =

7X
T'

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 d' bd(
∴ Iw = ak ' = bd x =
12 12

∴ The bending moment for rectangular cross section

Ybd(
M= … … … … … … (9)
12R

 For circular cross section, a = πr ' and k ' =

|X
-

r' πr-
∴ Iw = ak ' = πr ' x =
4 4

Y ∙ πr -
∴ M= … … … … … … (10)
4R

From above equation it is clear that, the bending moment M is directly proportional to
the Young’s modulus (Y) of the beam.

The cantilever :
A beam fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other end is called cantilever.

 When the weight of the beam is ineffective :

Let AB be the natural axis of the cantilever of length
L as shown in Figure. It is fixed at end and loaded at
B with a weight W. Then the end B is depressed into
the position B’ and the natural axis takes up the
position AB’. Consider a section P of the beam at a

The bending moment = W x PB

distance ‘x’ from the fixed end A.

= W (L − )

∴ We can write
Since the beam is in equilibrium.

YIw Yak '

W (L − x) = = … … … … … … (1)
R R

Where, R is the radius of curvature.

PQ = R ∙ dθ
Thus, for point Q at a small distance dx from P, we have

∴ dx = R ∙ dθ
dx
∴R=
dθ

∴ Equation (1) becomes,

Page 11 of 20
 Y. ak ' . dθ
W (L − x) =
dx

W (L − x). dx
∴ dθ = … … … … … … (2)
Y. ak '

dy = (L − x)dθ
Now, the depression of Q below P is equal to CD or equal to&ƒ, then

(… − x) ∙ †(… − x) ∙ &x
=
‡ˆ '

† ∙ (… − x)' ∙ &x
dy = … … … … … … (3)
‡ˆ '

‰ ‰
W (L − x)' dx
Now, the total depression

y = ) dy = )
Y ∙ ak '
Š Š

‰
W
= )(L' − 2Lx + X ' )dx
Y ∙ ak '
Š

W x' x(
‰
= ,L x − 2L + /
'
Y ∙ ak ' 2 3 Š

W L(
= ,L(
− L(
+ /
Y ∙ ak ' 3

WL( WL(
∴ y= = … … … … … … (4)
3Yak ' 3YIw

Depression of a beam supported at the ends

(When the beam is loaded at the center):
Let a beam be supported on two knife edges
at its two ends A and B, and let it be loaded in the
middle at C with weight W as shown in figure.
Since the middle part of the beam is
horizontal, then the beam may be considered as

loaded at ends A and B by weight W^2.

equivalent to two inverted cantilevers, fixed at C and

length of each cantilever is L^2.

If L is the length of the beam AB, then the

Page 12 of 20
 Then the depression of C below A and B is given by

‹W^2Œ ∙ ‹L^2Œ
(

y=
3 ∙ Y ∙ ak '

WL( WL(
∴y= = … … … … … … (1)
48 Y ∙ ak ' 48 Y ∙ Iw

If the beam is having a circular cross section,

πr-
then, Iw = ak ' =
4

WL( 4 WL(
y= ∙ - = … … … … … … (2)
48 ∙ Y πr 12 πr - ∙ Y
Where, r is the radius of cross section. If the beam is having a rectangular cross section,

bd(
then, Iw = ak =
'
12

WL( 12 WL(
y= ∙ ( = … … … … … … (3)
48 ∙ Y bd 4Y ∙ bd(

Solved Numerical

when it is twisted through an angle0.6+ . The coefficient of rigidity for the material of the
Ex:1 Calculate the twisting couple on a solid shaft of length 1.5 m and diameter 120 mm

shaft may be taken to be 93 x 109 N/m2.

Sol:

% ' 
1=
2

Here,  = 0.6+ = TŽd x 0.6 radian



l = 1.5 m

r = ' = 60 mm = 0.06 m

 = 93 x 109 N/m2

% × 93 × 10‘ × (0.06)- × 0.6 %

∴ 1=
2 × 1.5 × 180

∴ 1 = 1.322 × 10- ’ “

Page 13 of 20
Ex: 2 A sphere of mass 0.8 kg and radius 0.03 m is suspended from a wire of length 1 m and
radius 5 x 10-4 m. If the period of torsional oscillations of this system is 1.23 sec.
Calculate the modulus of rigidity of the wire.
Sol:

I
Here,

t = 2π D
C

2
I= MR' for sphere
But

% -
and,
1=
2

4UV ' 
∴ ” = 2% D
5% -

16%UV ' 
Squaring,
” =
'
5 -

16%UV ' 
∴ =
5” '  -
Here, M = 0.8 kg
R = 0.03 m
l=1m
r = 5 x 10-4 m
t = 1.23 sec.

16% × 0.8 × (0.03)' × 1

∴ =
5 × (1.23)' × (5 × 10Y- )-

∴  = 7.654 × 10Td ’⁄“'

Ex: 3 A cylindrical rod of diameter 14 mm rests on two knife – edges 0.8 m apart and a load of
1 kg is suspended from its mid-point. Neglecting the weight of the rod, calculate the
depression of the mid-point if Y for its material be 2.04 x 1011 N / m2.

Sol:
We know that the depression y of the mid-point of a beam of circular cross-section,
supported at the ends loaded in the middle is given by

WL(
y=
12 πr - ∙ Y

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 Here, L = 0.8 m,
r = 0.014/2 = 0.007 m,
W = 1 x 9.81 N
And, Y = 2.04 x 1011 N/m2

So that the depression of the mid-point of the beam is given by

9.81 × (0.8)(
ƒ= = 0.000272 “ = 0.272 ““
12 × % × (0.007)- × 2.04 × 10TT

Ex: 4 A brass bar 1 cm square in cross section is supported on two knife edge 100 cm apart. A
load of 1 kg at the center of the bar depresses that point by 2.51 mm. What is Young’s
modulus for brass?
Sol: We know that the depression of the mid – point of the bar is given by

WL(
y=
48 Y ∙ Iw

∴b d3 = 1
Now, for a bar of rectangular cross – section, lg = b d3 / 12
Here, b = d = 1 cm,
W = mg= 1000 x 981 dynes
L = 100 cm
y = 2.51 mm = 0.251 cm
Therefore,

†…( †…(
ƒ= =
48 ‡ × – & ( / 12 4 ‡ × – &(

†…( 981 × 10‘

∴‡= = = 9.77 × 10TT &ƒ/t“'
4 ƒ × – &( 4 × 0.251

Ex:5 A square metal bar of 2.51 cm side, 37.95 cm long, and weighing 826 gm is suspended
by a wire 37.85 cm long and 0.0501 cm radius. It is observed to make 50 compete
swings in 335.7 sec. What is the rigidity coefficient of the wire ?
Sol:
Here, time period of the bar
t = 335.7 / 50 = 6.714 sec.
L=37.95 cm, B= 2.51 cm , M=826 gm, r=0.0501 cm and l=37.85 cm

” = 2% ˜™⁄1 ,
Now, time period of a body executing a torsional vibration is given by
……………….(1)

The moment of inertia of rectangular bar is ™ = U Q R

šX ›œ X
T'

”ℎ' + –&”ℎ' (37.95)' × (2.51)'

∴ ™ = “  ž = 826 ×
12 12

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 1446.3
∴ ™ = 826 × = 99540 “ t“'
12

Substituting the value of periodic time t and moment of inertia I in equation (1),

∴ 6.714 = 2%˜99540 / 1
We have,

Squaring which, we have

1 = 4 % ' × 99540 / (6.714)'

1 =  % - / 2 
 %  - 4 % ' × 99540
But,
∴ =
2 (6.714)'

 × %(0.0501)- 4 % ' × 99550

∴ =
2 × 37.85 (6.714)'

Then, coefficient of rigidity,

8 % × 99540 × 37.85
= = 3.357 × 10TT &ƒ / t“'
(0.0501)- × (6.714)'

Exercise

(1) A uniform metal disc of diameter 0.1 m and mass 1.2 kg is fixed symmetrically to the
lower end of a torsion wire of length 1 m and diameter 1.44 x 10-3 m whose upper end
is fixed. The time period of torsional oscillations is 1.98 sec. Calculate the modulus of
the rigidity of the material of the wire.
( Ans. : 3.579 x 1010 N / m2 )

(2) What couple must be applied to a wire, 1 meter long, 1 mm diameter, in order to twist
one end of it through 900, the other end remaining fixed? The rigidity modulus is 2.8 x
1011dynes cm-2.
( Ans. : 4.3 x 106 dynes cm )

(3) What couple must be applied to a wire 1 meter long and 2 mm in diameter in order to

Given  = 5 x 1011 dynes / cm2.

twist one of its ends through 450 when the other remains fixed.
( Ans. : 6.1 x 105 dynes cm )

Page 16 of 20
 Question Bank

Multiple Choice Questions:

(1) The twisting couple per unit twist of a cylinder depends on __________
(a) Young’s modulus (b) Bulk modulus
(c) Modulus of rigidity (d) Poisson’s ratio
(2) If the material of a beam is _____, no bending should be produced.
(a) Homogenous (b) Isotropic
(c) Elastic (d) Plastic
(3) The unit of twisting couple is __________
(a) dynes/cm (b) N ⋅ m
(c) 2
N ⋅m (d) N⋅m2
(4) On which of the followings the twisting couple per unit twist of a cylinder
depends?
(a) Young’s modulus (b) Bulk modulus
(c) Modulus of rigidity (d) Poisson’s ratio

1 ™
(5) The time period of the torsional vibrations(pendulum) is given by __________

” = 2% D ” = 2πD
(a) (b)

™ C

™ 1
” = 2% D ” = 2% D
(c) (d)

‡ Ÿ
(6) A rectangular beam is bent into the arc of a circle, the strain produced in the
beam is ________
(a) Extensional only (b) Compression only
(c) Both (d) Shearing
(7) In which part of cantilever the extension is maximum?
(a) Lowermost (b) Uppermost
(c) Middle (d) None of these
(8) The line of intersection of the plane of bending with the neutral surface
perpendicular to is called the _________
(a) Neutral surface (b) Plane of bending
(c) Neutral axis (d) Axis of bending
(9) The material of a beam should not be __________
(a) Homogenous (b) Isotropic
(c) Elastic (d) Plastic
(10) The bending moment of a beam depends on only ________
(a) Young’s modulus (b) Bulk modulus
(c) Modulus of rigidity (d) Poisson’s ratio
(11) Let y is depression produced in the free end of cantilever when weight W is
loaded at other end of the beam. If the weight is doubled, the depression y will be
(a) y/2 (b) Y
(c) 2y (d) 4y

Page 17 of 20
(12) Let y is depression produced in the free end of cantilever when weight W is
loaded at other end of the beam. If the length of the beam is doubled, the
depression y will be _______
(a) y/8 (b) 2y
(c) 8y (d) 4y
(13) Let y is depression produced in the free end of cantilever when weight W is
loaded at other end of the beam. If the length of the beam is reduced to L/2 and
weight W/2, the depression y will be _________

(a) y/16 (b) 8y

(c) 16y (d) 4y

Y (b) Y ¡
 w
(14) The torsional rigidity of a cylinder is equal to ________
¡  w
(a)
(c) Y x R×Ig (d) None of above
(15) The twisting couple per unit twist of wire or cylinder is also called __________
(a) Young Modulus (b) Modulus of rigidity
(c) Bulk Modulus (d) Torsional rigidity
(16) The twisting couple is equal and opposite to the _______
(a) Force (b) Pure shear
(c) Work (d) Restoring couple
(17) The periodic time of torsional pendulum depends on _________
(a) Young Modulus (b) Torsional rigidity
(c) Bulk Modulus (d) Amplitude of the oscillation
(18) The time period of a torsional pendulum is directly proportional to the square
root of ___________
(a) Distance (b) Vibrations
(c) Moment of inertia (d) Force
(19) The upper end of a wire of radius 4 mm and length 100 cm is clamped and its
other end is twisted through an angle of 300. Then angle of shear is _______
(a) 120 (b) 0.120
(c) 1.2 0 (d) 0.0120

W2L( 3WL(
(20) The depression produced in the free end of a cantilever is ________
y= y=
3 ‡ Iw ‡ Iw
(a) (b)

WL (
LW (
y= y=
3 ‡ Iw 3 ‡ Iw
(c) (d)

(21) Mathematical expression of flexural rigidity is ________

(a) Y2ak (b) Ya2k
(c) Ya2k2 (d) Yak2
(22) The geometrical moment of inertia is given by _________
(a) Ig = a2k (b) Ig = ak2
(c) 2
Ig = a /k (d) Ig = k/ a2

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Short Questions

(1) Define torsional pendulum and write the expression of its time period.
(2) Write the expression of torsional rigidity of wire.
(3) What is statical method?
(4) What is dynamical method?
(5) State the drawbacks of statical method of determination of modulus of rigidity.
(6) List the methods of determination of modulus of rigidity of a cylindrical rod or a
wire.
(7) Discuss advantages of dynamical method for determination of modulus of
rigidity.
(8) Define and explain bending moment.
(9) Define: cantilever and bending of beam.
(10) Explain the basic assumptions for the theory of bending.
(11) What is cantilever? Write expressions for depression of cantilever when the load
is fixed at the center for rectangular and circular bar.
(12) Write name of the two experimental methods to determine (i) Young’s modulus
and (ii) modulus of rigidity.
(13) The upper end of a wire of radius 4 mm and length 100 cm is clamped and its
other end is twisted through an angle of 300. Calculate the angle of shear.
(14) Define and discuss the terms ( i) bending of a beam and (ii) Bending moment.
(15) Write only the equations for the depression of the mid-point of rectangular and
cylindrical beams loaded at the centre and supported at ends.

Long Questions:

(1) Derive an expression for torsional rigidity of the cylinder or a rod of uniform
circular section.
(2) Derive the equation for the couple per unit twist produced in a cylindrical wire or
shaft with the help of necessary figures.
Derive an expression for periodic time of a torsional pendulumT = 2 π¢ .
(3)  
£
Discuss applications of torsional pendulum.
(4) Define torsional pendulum and derive the equation for its time period.
(5) Explain the statical method of determination of modulus of rigidity and also
mention its drawbacks.
(6) Describe dynamical method for determination of modulus of rigidity. Also discuss
advantages of this method.
(7) What is inertia table? With the help of necessary figure explain how it can be
used to determine the moment of inertia of an object.
(8) Describe statical method (horizontal twisting apparatus for a rod) of determination of
modulus of rigidity. Discuss drawbacks of the method.
(9) Describe dynamical method (Maxwell’s vibrating needle method) of
determination of modulus of rigidity.
(10) What is cantilever? Derive the equation for the depression produced in the free
end of the cantilever if the weight of the beam is ineffective.
(11) What is bending moment? Derive the equation for the bending moment of beams

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 having rectangular and circular cross-sections.
(12) Derive an expression for the depression of free loaded end neglecting weight of
cantilever.

What is bending moment? Show that the bending moment of a beam is M = Iw .

¤
(13) Explain the concept of bending moment on the basis of theory of banding.
¡
(14)
(15) Derive an expression for the depression of free loaded end neglecting weight of
cantilever.
(16) Prove that the bending moment of beam is directly proportional to the Young
Modulus.
(17) Obtain the formula for the depression of a beam supported at the ends and
loaded at the centre.
(18) Derive an expression for depression of cantilever, when the load is fixed at the
center. Also find the expression for rectangular and circular cross sections.
(19) Derive the expression bending of a tube supported at the 2 ends & loaded in the
middle.

Answer key of MCQ:

(1) (c) (2) (d) (3) (b) (4) (c)
(5) (b) (6) (c) (7) (b) (8) (c)
(9) (d) (10) (a) (11) (a) (12) (c)
(13) (a) (14) (a) (15) (d) (16) (d)
(17) (b) (18) (c) (19) (b) (20) (c)
(21) (d) (22) (b)

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