Let’s Get Started (Diagnostic Test)

1. It delivers information to the map user.

A. Geographical Map
B. Mental Map
C. Spatial Maps
D. Reference Map

2. It is concerned with a particular theme or topic of interest.

A. Geographical Map
B. Geographical Positioning System (GPS)
C. Spatial Maps
D. Thematic Map

3. Simply Changeable or interactive representation of the earth.

A. Mental Map
B. Spatial Map
C. Geographic Map
D. Dynamic Map

4. It can be represented by text, a graphic, or some combination of the two.

A. Map
B. Topography
C. Text and Image
D. Map Scale

5. These are frameworks used to define unique positions.

A. Topography
B. Geographic Information System
C. Land Map
D. Coordinate System

6. A coordinate system that is mostly used to define locations on the three-

dimensional earth.

A. Topography
B. Geographic Information System
 C. Land Map
D. Geographic Coordinate System

7. The methods and procedures used to transform the spherical three-dimensional

earth into two-dimensional planar surfaces

A. Geographic Information System

B. Map Scale
C. Geographic Coordinate System
D. Map Projections

8. The process of moving from the “real world” to the world of maps.

A. Map Scale
B. Geographic Coordinate System
C. Map Projections
D. Map Abstraction

9. Refers to the process of explicitly defining and representing real-world features

on a map.

A. Map Scale
B. Geographic Coordinate System
C. Map Projections
D. Map Abstraction

10. Refers to resolving conflicts that arise on a map due to limited space, too many
details or too much information.

A. Geographic Coordinate System

B. Map Projections
C. Map Abstraction
D. Map Generalization
Let’s Get Started (Activity)
1. Go to the website of the USGS, read about the history and use of USGS maps,
and download the topographic map that corresponds to your place of residence.

Source: ( http://www.namria.gov.ph/3953-ITaclobanCity.html )

2. What features make a map “dynamic” or “interactive”? Are dynamic maps more
informative than static maps? Why or why not?
- The dynamic or interactive map are can change the map information when it
zoomed. It shows the accurate information of the places.
- Dynamic maps are informative than Static maps because when you zoom a
static map, it can’t change the information while Dynamic maps can give you
 informative information like the accuracy of places, roads, building landmarks
and etc.

Let’s Get Started (Activity)

1. Determine and discuss the most appropriate representative fractions for the
following verbal map scale description: individual, neighborhood, urban, regional,
national, and global.
- Map scale description is meant by “manageable” is open to discussion
and largely depends on the purpose and needs of the map at hand.
2. Go to the National Atlas website and read about map projections
(http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html). Define the following
terms: datum, developable surface, secant, azimuth rhumb line and zenithal.
 Datum - is a reference for the surface of the Earth. In surveying, a datum
is a reference system for computing or correlating the results of surveys.
There are two principal types of datums: vertical and horizontal. A vertical
datum is a level surface to which heights are referred. In the United
States, the generally adopted vertical datum for leveling operations is the
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The horizontal datum is used
as a reference for position. The North American Datum of 1983 is based
on the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) spheroid; it is an Earth-
centered datum having no initial point or initial direction. This is the
horizontal datum used for National Atlas map layers.
 Developable - A developable surface is a simple geometric form capable
of being flattened without stretching. Map projections can be grouped by
the developable surface they use: cylinder, cone, or plane.
 Secant - Cutting the sphere or spheroid along a line or lines. A secant
cone or cylinder intersects the sphere or spheroid along two separate
lines; these lines are parallels of latitude if the axes of the geometric
figures coincide. A secant plane intersects the sphere or spheroid along a
line that is a parallel of latitude if the plane is at right angles to the axis.
 azimuth rhumb line - The angle, measured in degrees, between a base
line radiating from a center point and another line radiating from the same
point. Normally, the base line points North, and degrees are measured
clockwise from the base line.
 Zenithal - A map projection in which the direction from a given central
point to any other point is shown correctly. Also called an azimuthal
projection.
3. Describe the general properties of the following projections: Universe Transverse
Mercator (UTM), State plane System, and Robinsons Projections.
Universe Transverse Mercator (UTM)

UTM is the acronym for Universal Transverse Mercator, a plane

coordinate grid system named for the map projection on which it is based
(Transverse Mercator). The UTM system consists of 60 zones, each 6-degrees of
longitude in width. The zones are numbered 1-60, beginning at 180-degrees
longitude and increasing to the east. The military uses their own implementation
of the UTM system, called the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS).
 Graticule - Transverse Mercator is a transverse cylindric
projection. The central meridian and antimeridian lines are
presented as one vertical line in the middle of the projection.
Northern parts of meridians 90° away the central meridian project
as a horizontal straight line through the North Pole, extending to
infinity when approaching the equator. Similarly, southern parts of
those meridians are projected as a horizontal line though the South
Pole, also extending to infinity.
 Distortion - Transverse Mercator is a conformal map projection. It
generally does not maintain true directions, but angles and shapes
are maintained at infinitesimal scale. Distances are accurate along
the central meridian if the scale factor is 1.0. If it is less than 1.0,
there are two approximately straight lines with accurate scale
equidistant from and on each side of the central meridian. Area,
distance, and scale distortions rapidly grow with distance from the
central meridian or the two standard lines as specified above.
 Deformations are enormous at the left and right map edges.
Distortion values are symmetric across the equator and the central
meridian.
 Usage - The transverse Mercator projection is appropriate for
mapping large-scale or smaller areas with predominantly north-
south trending extents. It is a very commonly used projection.
Various countries use it for their topographic maps and large-scale
coordinate systems. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM),
State Plane, and Gauss-Krüger coordinate systems all use this
map projection.

 Limitations - Two points on the equator exactly 90° away the

central meridian cannot be projected on the Transverse Mercator
NGA 2014 variant. Transverse Mercator and Transverse Mercator
complex variants are limited to project data only within 45° and 80°
respectively from the central meridian and do not display the
antimeridian due to instability in the implementations' equations.
Transverse Mercator NGA 2014 projects a much larger portion of
the globe, including areas along the antimeridian, but it is also
limited at the left and right edges of the map.

 Parameters
Transvers Mercator parameters are as follows:
- False Easting
- False Northing
- Central Meridian
- Scale Factor
- Latitude of Origin
State Plane System

The State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS), which is only used in the
United States, is a plane coordinate system (north-south and east-west lines are
perpendicular) in which each individual state has between one to six zones,
depending on the state's size and shape. This coordinate system’s high level of
accuracy is achieved through the use of relatively small zones.
 Shape
- Conformal
- Accurate representations of small shapes
- Minimal distortion of larger shapes within the zone

 Area - Minimal distortion within each UTM zone

 Direction - Local angles are true

 Distance - Scale is constant along the central meridian but at scale
of 0.9996 to reduce lateral distortion with each zone. With this false
factor, lines lying 180 km east and west of and parallel to the
central meridian have a scale factor of 1.
Robinsons Projections

Robinson called this the orthophanic projection (which means “right

appearing”), but this name never caught on. In at least one reference book, this
projection is termed the Pseudocylindrical Projection with Pole Line, which is
highly descriptive (the “pole line” comes from the fact that the North and South
Poles on a Robinson projection are shown as lines and not points), but so
unwieldily that it is not surprising that this name also failed to gain much
acceptance.
 Graticule - Robinson is a pseudocylindric projection. The meridians
are regularly distributed curves mimicking elliptical arcs. They are
concave toward the central meridian and do not intersect the
parallels at right angles. The parallels are unequally distributed
straight lines. The equator, both poles, and the central meridian are
projected as straight lines. The central meridian is 0.5072 times the
length of the projected equator and pole lines are 0.5322 as long as
equator. The graticule is symmetric across the equator and the
central meridian.

 Distortion - The Robinson projection is neither conformal nor

equal-area. It generally distorts shapes, areas, distances,
directions, and angles. The distortion patterns are similar to
common compromise pseudocylindrical projections. Area distortion
grows with latitude and does not change with longitude. High
latitude areas are exaggerated. Angular distortion is moderate near
the center of the map and increases toward the edges. Distortion
values are symmetric across the equator and the central meridian.
  Usage - The Robinson projection is primarily appropriate for
general world maps. National Geographic used it for their world
maps for about a decade until 1998.

 Limitations - Both variants support spheres only. For an ellipsoid,

the Robinson variant uses an authalic radius and the Robinson
ArcInfo variant uses the semimajor axis for the radius.

 Parameters
Robinsons parameters are as follows:
- False Easting
- False Northing
- Central Meridian

4. What are the scale, projection and contour interval of the USGS topographic map
that you downloaded for your place of residence?

Tacloban
- Scale: 1:50,000
- Projection: Luzon Datum
- Contour Interval: 20 meters

5. Find the latitude and longitude of your hometown. Explain how you can convert
the coordinate from DD to DMS or vice versa.
- Latitude and longitude of my home town: 11.2543° N, 124.9617° E

DD DMS
11.2543° N 11° 15' 15.48" N
124.9617° E 124° 57' 42."12 E

For Example, I compute the latitude of my hometown which is 11.2543° N(DD)

1. I determine the value of a degree which is 1hour

2. I determine the value of the equivalent minutes of 1 hour which is 60mins
3. I determine the value of the equivalent seconds of 1 hour which is 3600secs
4. I separate the whole number and the floating number to have the day value
which is 11
11 (the degree value) | .2543
5. I multiply the floating number by 60 which is 15.256. I separate the whole
number and the floating number to have the minutes value
.2543 x 60 = 15.258
 15 (the minutes value) | .258
6. I multiply the remaining floating value which is .258 by 3600 to have the
seconds value.
.258 x 3600 = 15.48 (the seconds value)
7. The result of DD to DMS is 11° 15' 15.48" N

Let’s Get Started (Activity)

1. Examine an online map of where you live. Which forms of map generalization
were used to create the map? Which three elements of generalization would
you change? Which three elements are the most effective?

-Google Maps
The google map uses lines as representing for roads and the polygon
representing the formation of the place. It has a digital image to project the
place appearance none of the three elements I would like to change because
all of them are useful. The most effective elements are polygon and line.

2. If you were to start a GIS project on deforestation, what terms would need to
be explicitly defined, and how would you define them?