ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Dr. Prasenjit Adak

 Pollution
 Pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into the natural environment
that cause adverse change. Pollution can
take the form of chemical substances or
energy, such as noise, heat or light.
 Pollutants, the components of pollution.
They can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Some Important Types of Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Soil Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Radiation Pollution

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Air pollution
 Air pollution is said to exist if the levels of
gases, solids, or liquids present in the
atmosphere are high enough to harm humans,
other organisms, or materials.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Indoor Air Pollution:
 Indoor air pollution is the degradation of indoor air quality by
harmful chemicals and other materials.
 It can be up to 10 times worse than outdoor air pollution. This is
because contained areas enable potential pollutants to build up
more than open spaces.
 Major indoor air pollutants: Carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke,
Radon, Molds, Solvents, Pesticides
 Sources
 Building materials
 Combustion sources (gas stoves, kerosene stoves, smoking etc.)
 Asbestos as insulation
 Overcrowding
 Outside sources (e.g. pesticides, radon, outdoor pollution etc.)
 Household products and Personal care products
 Hobbies (such as welding, soldering etc.)
 Central heating and cooling devices
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Types of Air Pollutants
 Primary
 harmful chemicals that are released directly from a
source into the atmosphere.
 Examples: Particulate matter such as soil particles,
lead, and asbestos, Oxides of carbon and nitrogen and
sulphur dioxide, Hydrocarbons like methane and
benzene
 Secondary
 produced from chemical reactions involving the primary
pollutants.
 Example: Ozone, Sulphur trioxide, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl
Nitrate), Photochemical smog

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Primary Pollutants

CO CO2 Secondary Pollutants

SO2 NO NO2 SO3
Most hydrocarbons HNO3 H2SO4
Most suspended H2O 2 O3
particles
Most NO3– and SO42 – salts

Mobile
Natural
Sources Stationary

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Major Air Pollutants
 Carbon Monoxide
 Product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas,
coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon
monoxide.
 Causes carboxyhaemoglobin
 Carbon Dioxide
 A greenhouse gas emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital
to living organisms. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere.
 CFCs
 Source: Refrigerators, air conditioners, foam shaving cream,
spray cans and cleaning solvents
 Destroy ozone layer
 Ozone
 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3)
 Damages skin and many materials, constituent of smog
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Major Air Pollutants
 Nitrogen oxide
 Especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature
combustion. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the
formula N02. It is responsible for photochemical smog, acid rain etc.
 Sulphur dioxide
 SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes.
Since coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their
combustion generates sulphur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2,
usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and
thus acid rain.
 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
 Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or
fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas.
Sources of particulate matter can be manmade or natural. Increased
levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as
heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Causes of Air Pollution
 Natural Causes
 Natural disasters like volcanic eruption, cyclones, forest fires,
microbes(CH4)
 Natural emissions from animals, decaying organic matter
 Anthropogenic (Man made) Causes
 Industrial emissions
 Automobiles
 Thermal power stations
 Nuclear explosions
 Nuclear power plants
 Agricultural activities
 Disposal of garbage
 Mining activities

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Effects of Air Pollution
 Effects on Human Health
 Carboxyhaemoglobin
 Inflammation of lungs
 Damage to respiratory system, and blood vascular system,
 Cancer
 Effects on Plants
 Bleaching of the leaf pigment
 Development of necrotic spots
 Premature falling of leaves
 Effects on Climate
 Greenhouse effect and global warming
 Acid rain
 Ozone (O3) layer depletion

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Prevention and control of air pollution
 Air pollution can be prevented by
 Adopting cleaner technologies,
 Reducing pollution at the source,
 Implementing laws and regulations to make people
pollute less,
 Introducing appropriate transportation policies
 Making cleaner and fuel-efficient vehicles
 Air pollution can be controlled by
 Various Air Pollution Control (APC) devices
 Sprinkling water on soil that is being evacuated during
road construction

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Air Pollution
 Air Pollution Control (APC) devices
 Particulate Matter
 Cyclone separator
 Bag house filter
 Scrubbers
 Electrostatic precipitators
 Gaseous pollutants (Adsorption and Absorption)
 Venturi scrubbers
 Packed bed scrubbers
 Spray towers

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Ill Effects of Fireworks
 Fire Hazards: Fireworks can set fire to huts, heaps of
dry grass and even houses.
 Noise Pollution: Firecrackers make more noise than
the allowed decibel limit.
 Air Pollution: Components of the smog caused by
firecrackers are harmful when inhaled. Such as,
 Copper causes irritation in the respiratory tract. Cadmium
causes anemia.
 Lead in the body has a harmful effect on the nervous
system.
 Magnesium: Magnesium and zinc fumes cause metal fume
fever.
 Smokes from fireworks causes reduced visibility.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water Pollution
 The addition of various organic and
inorganic substances that change the
physical and chemical properties of water
thereby leading to detrimental effects on
living organisms and reducing water
usability is termed as water pollution.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Causes of Water Pollution
 Natural Causes-
 Soil erosion due to rain, floods, high speed wind.
 Deposition of dead and decaying remains of plants and animals.
 Man-made Causes-
 Sewage and other wastes: Includes papers, cloth, soap,
detergents, waste.
 Industrial waste: effluents such as oil, grease, plastic, metals,
acids and other toxic chemicals.
 Agricultural waste: fertilizers, pesticides.
 Human activities: bathing, washing clothes (use of synthetic
detergents).
 Customs and traditions: disposal of dead bodies, immersion of
idols of gods.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Sources of water pollutants
 Point sources
 Pollutants enter the water at a single point.
Examples: sewage treatment plant and
factories. These can be regulated through law.
 Non point source
 pollutants enter the water over large areas.
Examples: Surface run off, mining wastes,
municipal wastes, acid rain and soil erosion

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water Pollutants and its effects
 Sediments: Excessive amounts of soil particles carried by flowing
water, when there is severe soil erosion. Sediments cloud the water
and reduces photosynthesis, destroys feeding ground of fishes, clogs
reservoirs and channels.
 Oxygen-demanding wastes (BOD and COD): Organic waste such as
animal manure and plant debris that are decomposed by bacteria,
from sewage, animal feedlots, paper mills, and food processing
facilities. These bacteria deplete the oxygen and causes death of fish.
 Infectious microorganisms (Pathogens): Parasitic worms, viruses
and bacteria from infected organisms as well as human and animal
wastes. They are responsible for water borne diseases.
 Synthetic chemicals: Synthetic chemicals from industrial effluents,
surface runoff, and cleaning agents. These chemicals causes health
problems for humans and harm fishes.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water Pollutants and its effects
 Inorganic nutrients: Substances like nitrogen and phosphorus from
animal waste, plant residues, and fertilizer runoff. These nutrients
causes eutrophication.
 Radioactive substances: Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear
weapons production, mining and refining uranium and other ores.
Such substances causes cancer and birth defects.
 Thermal pollution: Hot water from industrial processes. Heat lowers
oxygen demand and makes aquatic life more vulnerable to diseases,
parasites. Thermal shock in aquatic organisms.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Effects of Water Pollution
 Effect on human health
 Infectious diseases can be spread through contaminated water. These
water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria (Typhoid, Cholera,
diarrhoea etc. ) or by viruses (Infectious Hepatitis)
 Pesticides – can damage the nervous system and cause cancer.
 Mercury – Minamata disease
 Chlorides can cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
 Nitrates – are especially dangerous to babies that drink formula milk. It
restricts the amount of oxygen in the brain and cause the “blue baby”
syndrome.
 Lead – can accumulate in the body and damage the central nervous
system.
 Arsenic – causes liver damage, skin cancer and vascular diseases
 Flourides - in excessive amounts can make your teeth yellow and cause
damage to the spinal cord.
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Effects of Water Pollution
 Effects on animals
 Loss of aquatic biodiversity: Harmful chemicals and pollutants in
water effect survival of aquatic organisms
 Effects on plants
 Eutrophication of water bodies: Nitrate and phosphate fertilizer
used to increase nitrogen and phosphate content of soil goes in
water and increases the growth of certain plants on surface of
water body.
 Polluted water contains high concentration of heavy metals
becomes toxic for plants.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Pollution of Groundwater
 Excessive extraction of groundwater leads
to the natural pollution of groundwater.
Examples are fluoride and arsenic
contamination.
 Groundwater receives pollutants from
septic tanks, landfills, hazardous waste
dumps, and underground tanks containing
petrol, oil, chemicals, etc.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Eutrophication
 Enrichment of a standing water body by
nutrients, such as phosphorus and
nitrogen.
 Increased photosynthetic activity.
 Excessive algae die, they fall to the bottom
and gets decomposed. This process
requires dissolved oxygen, some fish
species die.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Biomagnification
 Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of a
substance, such as the pesticide, that occurs in a food
chain. The pollutant enters the first organism in a food
chain. When the second organism in the chain consumes
the first one, the pollutant too moves into the second
organism.
 As we go up the levels of the ecological pyramid, there
is energy loss. Hence, at each succeeding level, the
predator consumes more of the prey. As a result, the
organisms at higher levels have greater concentrations
of the pollutant.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Control of Water Pollution
 Treatment of domestic and industrial waste in order to
reduce toxicity.
 Control on excess use of fertilizers and pesticides in
agriculture
 Human activities such as bathing, washing ; throwing
dead bodies should be stopped.
 Non- biodegradable waste material such as plastic
should not be disposed in water bodies.
 Strict enforcement of rules
 Public awareness

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Waste water treatment
 Primary treatment
 Grit removal
 Sedimentation
 Floatation
 Secondary treatment
 Trickling filters
 Activated sludge process
 Rotating biological contactor
 Tertiary treatment
 Chlorination
 Anaerobic treatment: Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Reactor
 Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Thermal Pollution
 Causes of thermal pollution
 Heat producing industries (thermal power plants, nuclear power
plants, refineries, steel mills etc.)
 Effects of Thermal Pollution
 The dissolved oxygen content of water is decreased.
 The composition of flora and fauna changes
 Metabolic activities of aquatic organisms increase at high
temperature and require more oxygen, whereas oxygen level
falls under thermal pollution.
 Toxicity of pesticides, detergents and chemicals in the effluents
increases with increase in temperature
 High temperature becomes a barrier for oxygen penetration into
deep cold waters
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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Thermal Pollution
 Control of Thermal Pollution
 Cooling ponds
 Cooling towers
 Cooling Ponds
 Spray Ponds
 Cooling Towers
 Wet cooling tower
 Dry cooling tower

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Marine Pollution
 Sources of marine pollution
 Rivers, Catchment area, coastline, oil drilling
and shipment.
 Pollutants
 sewage sludge, industrial effluents, synthetic
detergents, agrochemicals, solid wastes,
plastics, metals and waste heat

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
  Control of marine pollution

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Soil Pollution
 Any change in the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of soil due to natural or anthropogenic
activities that leads to adverse effects on human health,
plants, animals or environment is known as soil pollution.
 Major Soil Pollutants and their effects
 1) Heavy Metal (Mercury, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium)
 2) Chemical waste
 3) Pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural products
 5) Radioactve waste

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Soil Pollution
 Causes of Soil Pollution
 Industrial waste
 Mining
 Agricultural waste
 Domestic waste
 Radioactive wastes
 Effects of Soil Pollution
 Reduces the fertility of the soil
 Causes an increase in the number of mosquitoes and flies, which are
vectors of several deadly diseases
 Reduces the aesthetic value of land
 Radioactive elements present in polluted soil enter human body and
cause a number of adverse health effects such as cancer, deformities in
bones, etc.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Soil Pollution
 Control of Soil Pollution
 Treatment of industrial waste before being disposed to reduce
soil pollution.
 Garbage from urban waste should be segregated into
biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste products.
Biodegradable waste can be used for production of manures and
biogas, non-biodegradable waste can be recycled and reused.
 Planting of trees must be encouraged.
 Reduction in the amount of radioactive materials released in the
soil
 Reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Solid waste can be used for electricity generation.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Introduction
 Solid waste is that material (such as
domestic trash, garbage, metal scrap etc.)
which arises from various human activities
and which is normally discarded as useless
or unwanted. It is responsible for land
pollution in urban and industrial areas.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Some common terms
 Garbage refers to the putrescible solid waste (Solid waste that
contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by
microorganisms easily) constituents produced during the
preparation or storage of meat, vegetables, etc.
 Rubbish is the non-putrescible solid waste constituents, either
combustible or non combustible. Combustible waste includes paper,
wood, wood scrap, rubber, leather, etc. Non-combustible wastes are
metals, glass, ceramics etc.
 Refuse means all decomposing and non-decomposing combustible
and non-combustible solid wastes such as garbage, ashes, paper,
cans, wood scraps, plastic etc.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Important source of solid waste
 Domestic garbage refers to household wastes such as plastic, paper, glass
pieces, metal objects etc.
 Pathological wastes include dead animals and human waste.
 Industrial wastes generally include chemicals, paints, sand, metal ore
processing, fly ash, sewage treatment sludge, etc.
 Agricultural wastes contain mainly farm animal manure and crop residues.
 Municipal Solid waste (MSW) is commonly known as trash or garbage and
consists of everyday items such as product packaging, furniture, bottles etc.
 Mining wastes result from mining activities. Eg. Heavy metals.
 Radioactive wastes: Nuclear explosions, nuclear testing, use of radioactive
substances in medical and scientific research etc.
 Hospital wastes (BMW) includes disposable needles, syringes, blades,
tissues etc.
 E-waste refers to electrical and electronic equipment wastes.

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Effects of Solid Waste
 Solid waste helps disease-causing organisms such as mosquitoes,
flies, etc., to thrive freely and increase in population.
 It runs off with rainwater and mixes with the nearby water bodies
causing water pollution.
 Burning of solid waste leads to air pollution.
 Radioactive substances present in solid waste cause a number of
diseases in human beings.
 Solid waste reduces the aesthetic value of land.
 Non-biodegradable solid wastes such as polythene, plastic, rubber,
etc., release toxic gases when burnt hence causing air pollution.

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Solid waste management
 Indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes-
especially of hazardous waste causes
adverse environment effects.
 The main objective of solid waste
management is to minimize these adverse
effects before it becomes too difficult to
rectify in the future.

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Solid waste management
 Main Functional Elements:
 Waste generation
 Waste management
 Storage
 Collection
 Transfer/transport
 Processing/recovery
 Disposal

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Solid waste management
 Solid waste management (SWM) is a
three-step process:
 Collection of solid waste
 Transportation of solid waste
 Disposal of solid waste

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12/03/19
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 Collection of solid waste
 Large number of dustbins must be provided to
enable proper collection of solid wastes
according to categories.
 Door to door collection of domestic garbage, is
the most common and popular practice.
 Rag pickers contribute to waste management.
They segregate recyclable materials from other
wastes and hence save the cost and time.

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Transportation of solid waste
 Transportation of solid wastes from urban
areas to the dumping grounds with the help
of tractors, trucks etc.
 Transfer station
 Reduces transportation
cost, vehicular emission,
maintenance cost.
 Break-even point

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12/03/19
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 Transportation of solid waste

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Processing/Recovery of solid
waste
 Reduction of the use of raw materials
 Reuse of waste materials
 Repair
 Recycling of materials
 Reformation of old products
 Formation of new products

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12/03/19
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 Disposal of solid waste
 Open dumping
 Land fill
 Ocean dumping
 Burning (Incineration)
 Composting
 Reduction at source

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12/03/19
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 Disposal of solid waste
 Sanitary landfill
 Garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered with clay/plastic foam
 Bottom is covered with impermeable linings to prevent the percolation of
leachates.
 When the landfill is full, it is covered with clay, sand and gravels
 Monitoring wells are drilled near the landfill area
 Landfill gas (Methane) is produced.
 Composting
 It is done due to the shortage of landfill area
 Decomposed in oxygen-rich medium
 Nutrient rich manure is produced
 Incineration
 Burning of waste in very high temperature
 Initial cost is very high
 Dioxin, furan, lead, cadmium etc. can be released. So, battery or plastics should be removed
before burning

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12/03/19
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 Noise Pollution
 Noise: Unpleasant/ unwanted sound
 Noise pollution: The noise propagates through the atmosphere that
leads to discomfort and health hazards is known as noise pollution.
 Noise measurement is expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
 SPL is a logarithmic ration of sound pressure to a reference
pressure.
 International reference pressure is 2 X 10 -5 Pa. (average threshold of
hearing)
 Unit of SPL is decibel.
 Threshold of pain is 130 dB
 Types of noise: Continuous, Intermittent, Impact/Impulsive

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Sources of Noise Pollution
 Natural phenomena such as violent volcanic eruptions,
thunder, fierce storms, etc.
 Domestic appliances such as mixers, washing machines,
telephones, etc.
 Industries such mills and factories
 Automobiles –music system n constant honking by
drivers.
 Noise by Trains, ships, and aircrafts
 Bursting of crackers and playing loud music during social
 gatherings and festivals.
 Entertainment devices such as radio, television, etc.
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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Effects of Noise pollution
 Auditory effects:
 Temporary or permanent hearing loss
 Non-auditory effects:
 Heart problems
 Change in blood pressure
 Loss of working efficiency
 Insomnia
 Emotional and behavioral change
 Effects on wildlife
 Habitat loss
 Problems in laying eggs
 Damage in vocal chords
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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Control of Noise Pollution
 Control at source
 Designing, fabricating and using quieter machines to replace the
noisy ones
 Proper lubrication and better maintenance of machines
 Installing noisy machine in soundproof chamber
 Using vibration dampener
 Using silencers in automobiles
 Control in transmission
 Noise barrier
 Control at receptor
 Ear-protection aids like earplugs, noise helmets, headphones etc.

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Control of Noise Pollution
 Other methods
 Acoustic Zoning
 Planting of Trees
 Legislative measures

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12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Radiation Pollution
 Radiation pollution is the emission of any form of ionizing
(alpha and beta) or non-ionizing (gamma) radiation as a
result of natural or human activities.
 Radioactive decay
 Radioactive decay occurs in unstable atomic nuclei – that is, ones
that don't have enough binding energy to hold the nucleus
together due to an excess of either protons or neutrons.
 Half life
 The term half-life is defined as the time it takes for one-half of the
atoms of a radioactive material to disintegrate.
 Half-lives for various radioisotopes can range from a few
microseconds to billions of years.
 Bismuth-209 : 1.9×1019 years, Uranium-235 : 2.34 x 107 years
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Radiation Pollution
 Causes
 Natural
 Cosmic rays from outer space
 Radioactive Radon-222
 Soil, rock, water, air and food may contain
radioactive materials
 Anthropogenic
 Nuclear power plants
 Nuclear accidents
 Medical X-rays, test laboratories
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Radiation Pollution
 Unit of radioactive exposure
 Rem (Roentgen equivalent man)
 Effects of Radiation Pollution
 Somatic Effects (Change in body cells)
• skin cancer
• bone cancer
• reduction of life span
• premature ageing
 Genetic Effects (Change in DNA)
• Defect in child birth
• Infant mortality

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Radiation Pollution
 Control of Radiation pollution
 Dense trees should be planted around atomic power plants.
 Proper management of radioactive waste should be ensured.
 Unnecessary X-ray examination should be avoided. Lead shields
should be used by workers.
 During nuclear installations, various aspects must be considered
• Site selection
• Design
• Construction process
• Operating conditions
• Precautionary measures and preparedness for disasters

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

12/03/19
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.