DIGITAL DEVICE

Chapter 3 (part 2)

TOPICS

• What is Digital System

• Difference between Analog and Digital system
• Boolean Algebra
• De Morgan’s Formula and its proof with truth table
• Simplification of Logic function
• Logic Gate and types of Logic Gate
• Universal gate and implementation of basic gates by
universal gates
• Formulating logical circuit from logical function
• Formulating logical function from logical circuit
• Encoder / Decoder
• Adder or Circuit of Summation
• Flip Flop
• Counter and it’s structure
• Register and types of Register

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 What is Digital System
Digital system is entirely the field in which digital signals is used. A signal carries
information. In digital signals the values in a particular band is same i.e constant.
Digital signals form the basis of digital circuit and digital electronics.The reason
behind this is analog signals are more likely to get affected by noise, while digital
signals are noise immune. Besides, the designing and operations of a digital circuit
is simpler than analog circuit. Thus, it is better to use digital signals if we need
accurate and precised operation of the devices.

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS

1. Easier Designing: The Digital systems can be easily designed as they involve
digital signals. These signals do not require exact value at a particular time but it
consists of range of particular values of voltage. Thus, it comprises of basically two
values 0 and 1 I.e high or low.
2. Noise Immune: Digital systems are noise immune because digital signal consists
of range of particular values. Thus, when noise is introduced in the medium and
digital signal and analog signal both passes through it. The analog signal will be
affected more because it varies continuous with time so it is difficult to identify that
noise has destroyed which value of voltage. While in case of digital system, noise
effect the particular range of the signal thus, it is clear to identify the particular
range of filtering is also easy in case of digital signals.
3. Information Storage is Simpler: The storage of information in digital systems is
easy. It can be stored by latching thus, the it can be stored for a long period of time.
4. High Accuracy And Precision: The digital signal offers high accuracy and
precision. This is because the processing of digital signal is done through the
switching circuit. While in case of analog signals the processing and its output is
highly dependant on circuit components. The accuracy obtained in analog circuits

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 is restricted to 3-4 digits while in case of digital signals the accuracy is far more
than the analog circuit.
5. Programmable: The digital systems are easily programmable but analog system
becomes complex when excessive programming of components is done.

Transistor
Transistor is an electronic switch having three terminals which is made of
Silicon or Germanium . it was first formed in 1948 .This small
semiconductor can amplify current signal and can be used as high speed
switch. The flowing of current in a transistor represents number. In a
transistor 0 indicates that the circuit is open that means current cannot flow
and 1 indicates the circuit is closed that means current can flow. A
transistor has thousands and lakhs of microprocessors.

In 1958 Jack kelby of Texas combines the idea of transistor and capacitor
and thus invented transistor.

IC ( Integrated Circuit)
IC is a shorter version of electric circuit made by setting transistor, diode,
register, capacitor on a silicon plate. It is also known as Microchip or chip.
In 1958 Jack kelby of Texas Instruments combines the idea of transistor
and capacitor and thus created first prototype of IC. Now nano technology
is used where billion transistors are set up inside 1 square inch area of IC

Why Machine works with Binary

The 0s and 1s in binary represent OFF or ON, respectively. In a transistor,
When a signal of 0V - 0.8V is given input it is considered as 0 and "0"
represents no flow of electricity, and a signal of 2V-5V represents "1" that
indicates electricity being allowed to flow. In this way, numbers are
represented physically inside the computing device, permitting calculation.
Any Logic like True/False , YES/NO can be expressed by binary 1 or 0.
That is why machine works with binary numbers

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Famous English Mathematician George Boole discussed Boolean Algebra in 1854 .

this algebra is based on two logics of True and False. The Boolean summations are
called Logical Addition or Logical Operation. In the aspect of Boolean Algebra the rules
are followed as

a. 0 + 0 = 0 0 . 0 = 0
b. 0 + 1 = 1 0 . 1 = 0
c. 1 + 0 = 1 1 . 0 = 0
d. 1 + 1 = 0 1 . 1 = 1

The general theorems of Boolean algebras are given below :

Commutative Law

(a) A + B = B + A (b) A B = B A

Associate Law

(a) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (b) (A B) C = A (B C)

Distributive Law
(a) A (B + C) = A B + A C (b) A + (B C) = (A + B) (A + C)

Identity Law

(a) A + A = A (b) A . A = A

Redundancy Law

(a)
(b)

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 Absorption Law

(a) A + A B = A (b) A (A + B) = A

Identity Law

(a) 0 + A = A (b) 0 . A = 0

Annulment Law

(a) 1 + A = 1 (b) 1 . A = A

Complement Law

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

De Morgan's Theorem

(a)

(b)

The proof of De Morgan’s theorem with truth table

A A’ B B’ A+B A.B ( A+B)’ A’ . B’ (AB)’ A’ + B’
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

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Logic Gate

Logic gate is the main foundation of digital electronics. Logic gate is formed of various
transistors. Integrating various logic gates, various electronic circuits are formed to get
various results from various inputs following the law of Boolean Algebra.

Intel 4004 processor, created by Intel in 1971, was composed of 2300 transistors.

BASIC LOGIC GATES

Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are
described below with the aid of truth tables.

AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its
inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in
mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB

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OR gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or
more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the
input at its output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A,
the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a
bar over the top, as shown at the outputs.

NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT

gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The

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symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.

NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.

The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.

XOR gate

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but
not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to
show the EOR operation.

XNOR gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will
give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The
symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.

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The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the
AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated.

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LOGIC GATE NUMBER TO IDENTIFY EACH OF BASIC GATES

7400 Quad 2 input NAND gates

7402 Quad 2 input NOR gates

7404 Hex NOT gates (Inverters)

7408 Quad 2 input AND gates

7432 Quad 2 input OR gates

7486 Quad 2 input XOR gates

747266 Quad 2 input XNOR gates

74133 Single 13 input NAND gate

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