Communication for social change

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Communication for social change, referred to as communication for sustainable social
change and development, involves the use of variety of communication techniques to address
inefficient systems, processes, or modes of production within a specific location that has not incurred
major technological advances. Different mediums and approaches are used to help individuals
among the targeted society to acquire new knowledge and skills. This will allow communities not
only to experience change but to guide it as well. [1]
A possible strategy in achieving sustainability and development places the people of the community
in the center of the communication process. This technique is also known as the participatory
approach where interpersonal communication is exercised through community media. The members
of the culture are agents of change as opposed to the outsiders who may provide any necessary
tools. Technology then becomes implemented by people in their social and economic contexts and
results in a major shaping process. The participatory approach can be combined with three other
types of communicative methods to effectively invoke social change. These include: behavior
change communication, mass communication, and advocacy communication.[2]
Different types of mediums can be used in achieving governance, health and sustainable
development. Old media can be combined with new media to educate specific
populations. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in addition to multi-media are able
to address visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners and prove to be an important contribution to
economic growth.[3] Questions need to be raised about who the stake holders, policy makers,
partners and practitioners are and what their goals might be for the community seeking sustainable
development. Oftentimes, those who set the agenda are the ones doing the funding for the project
and may include international agencies, bilateral agencies, national authorities, NGOs, and local
organizations.[4]
Prior to the project, decision makers consider if introducing new technology will disrupt religion,
language, political organization, economy, familial relations and social complexity of the targeted
society. Other factors have to be acknowledged as well and may include already present policies
and legislations, educational systems, service provisions, institutional and organizational
constructions (in the forms of corruption, bureaucracy, etc.), socio-demographic and economic
aspects, and the physical environment. [5]

Contents

 1MDGs
 2Latin America
o 2.1Setbacks for development
o 2.2Progress
 3Africa
 4India
 5References

MDGs[edit]
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are an official set of universal goals created by world
leaders and adopted by the United Nations to be completed within a specific time frame (2000–
2015). They address various aspects of human development and are categorized into eight
objectives:[6]

1. Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty

2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
4. Reduce Child Mortality
5. Improve Maternal Health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
 8. Develop a Global Partnership for Development
These goals tackle extreme poverty in multiple parts of the world but with already pre-existing
setbacks, their feasibility is questioned. Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan
Africa, and the Middle East and North Africa, combined, was a tenth met of the last agreed target. [7]

Latin America[edit]
Development in Latin America has been discussed since the early 1950s and began with
the diffusion of innovations concept where countries like Brazil and Colombia would incorporate
models brought by developed countries to foster economic growth, use media for technological and
scientific advancements, address local problems and manage processes of modernization. In the
1970s such type of development was criticized because it responded to the interests of the
wealthier, already developed countries. As development efforts continued to fail and socio-economic
and financial limitations surfaced, the 1980s were described as La Decada Perdida (The lost decade
in Latin America).[9]
Development in Latin America is not the same as for countries more economically advanced like the
United States. The differences are not only economic but social and cultural as well. Any intervention
has to take into account the context in which change can be implemented and address not only the
elite culture but the popular one as well. Interactive, digital, and participatory technology is
encouraged to take part in the development process more so to educate members of the community
and to encompass popular innovations and individual creativity. Public policies in information
technologies need to reflect local development in order to guide practices of change for other
regions. Concurrently, they need to promote members of the community to stimulate change by
finding their own meaning in applications that could potentially improve quality of life. In order to
reduce inequality First Human Development Report for Latin America & the Caribbean proposes that
policies must affect people (reach), address setbacks that cause poverty (breadth) and empower
people to create the change desired (ownership). [10] This type of thinking is a new approach to
development and may be one possible solution to combat the eight objectives of human
development in Latin America the Millennium Development Goals strive to address. [9]
Setbacks for development[edit]
World Bank classifies Latin America in the lower middle and upper middle income range. An
estimated 181 million individuals (33.2 percent of the population) live in poverty and seventy-one
million of these (12.9 percent) in indigence. [11] Between 2002 and 2008, forty-one million people were
able to sustain enough progress to no longer be characterized as poverty but with the current Global
recession, this number has decreased by nine million. [11] Ten of the 15 countries with the highest
levels of inequality are in the region. Women, indigenous populations and those of African descent
are most affected. Females in the region take a greater part in the informal economy and have
double the workload than males but are paid less for their efforts. When compared to those of
European descent, twice as many members of indigenous and African descended populations, on
average, live on US$1 per day.[10] Latin America still faces corrupt political, judicial, and security
institutions protective of the interests of the wealthy. The second edition of the Global Burden of
Armed Violence report by the Secretariat of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and
Development, released in October 2011, characterized El Salvador as being the "most violent
country in the world" during 2004–9, with an average annual violent death rate of over 60 per
100,000 people during that period, just ahead of Iraq. [12] During the first week of November (2011),
Manuel Melgar (the justice and public security minister of El Salvador) resigned from his post. The
region overall is second to South Africa in terms of levels of crime and violence. [13] Educational
practices are also being questioned across the region. Chile has been experiencing five months of
protests against the government's attempt to maintain the higher education's private sector model.
Students and teachers in opposition hope to revert to a state funded model, under an "Education for
All" slogan in fear of emerging from universities with debts and loans. These street demonstrations,
now catching congress' attention, are a threat to Chiles' 2012 budget. Without the proposed
spending, potential education, health, training and anti-poverty programs will cease.[14] In Latin
America, risks of inflation and excessive currency appreciation are a concern to the region's long-
term growth prospects and present instability in the financial sector. Current events such as
the European debt crisis, the slow recovery in the US, natural and nuclear disasters in Japan and
the implications from the political turmoil in the Middle East stall progress within the region and
foreshadow more difficult economic conditions.[15]
Progress[edit]
Growth in Latin America – not including the Caribbean region – is expected to average between 3.5
and 4.5 percent of GDP in 2011 (better than economic activity in some developed nations). Progress
is attributed to current macroeconomic management, a constant domestic demand, commodity
export boom, and the commodity increase in prices which have spurred investments in mining and
energy. Unemployment rates have dropped down to seven percent and current results are better
than in most North American areas and some wealthier European nations. In the fiscal year
2011, World Bank Group has produced $14.7 billion in funding for the region. Contributions have
been made by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International
Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Most of the funding was devoted to health, social,
transportation, and public administration services. Countries that received the most financial help
were Mexico ($2.7 billion), Brazil ($2.5 billion), and Argentina ($2.2 billion). [15] Funding stimulates
development which in turn promotes investment as the current case in Latin America.
UN's Economic Commission for Latin America (Eclac) calculated that foreign direct investment (FDI)
in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries totaled to US$82.65bn in the first half of 2011 (up
54% compared to the same period during 2010). These numbers are on the path to be a new
historic record in 2011.[14]
Countries with highest FDI increase

1. Brazil – Received US$44bn in FDI in the first six months of

2011 (an increase of 157% from the same 2010 period).
2. Colombia – FDI jumped 91%, to nearly US$7bn (more than it
received in all of 2010).
3. Venezuela – US$1.18bn in the first half of 2011
Progress in Latin America has also been attributed to higher employment rates. In Colombia alone,
700,000 jobs were created since Juan Carlos Echeverry took up presidency in 2010. The
government wants to create 2.5 million additional jobs by the end of 2014. [16] In addition to
employment opportunities, efforts to improve education are in progress. In February 2010, the World
Bank and Shakira's advocacy group ALAS Foundation launched a joint venture to improve Early
Childhood Development for low income children in Latin America. During the first year of the
program, more than half a million kids were provided with health care, adequate nutrition and early
education.[15]
Thirty-five percent of Belize's population is under the age of fourteen. The country has the
highest HIV prevalence in Central America and the third-highest in the Caribbean after the Bahamas
and Haiti, according to a 2007 study. UNAIDS estimates some 3,600 people are currently living with
HIV in Belize, 2,000 of which are women. As of December 2010, UNDP began implementing an
HIV/AIDS grant agreement designed by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, & Malaria. The
program aims to halt the spread of HIV in Belize by educating young people aged 15–24 about
implications, prevention and treatment. Global Fund and UNDP are also providing access
to condoms, subsidized referrals, testing, anti-retroviral drugs free of cost at all treatment points,
psychosocial support to people living with HIV, and specialized training to professional service
providers.[17]
Over the last 20 years Mexico experienced a number of reforms to increase representation
of indigenous peoples (13 percent of the country´s total population) in order to ensure their
participation in decision-making. The Mexican Government approved 28 indigenous territorial
boundaries and electoral districts which have been highlighted in the documentary Indigenous
Identity and Democracy in Mexico. UNDP is currently working with the Spanish Agency for
International Cooperation Development (AECID) to have government and indigenous groups
from Bolivia and Mexico share experiences in electoral and political participation. [18]
The region has also incurred technological advances to combat climate change. The Global
Environment Facility of UNDP in collaboration with the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and
Energy (MME), Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo (EMTU/SP) while
financed with resources from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and Financiadora de Estudos
e Projetos (FINEP) were able to create the first hydrogen-powered bus in Latin America. The
Brazilian Hydrogen-Cell-Fueled Bus project announced the finished product on July 1 of 2010. [19] The
city of São Paulo, Brazil, with eighteen million inhabitants, now has a hydrogen-powered bus fueled
by water that exudes clean vapor instead of fumes and carbon dioxide. The bus can carry 63
passengers and with hydrogen alone can run up to 300 km.[20]

Africa[edit]
Traditional media practitioners in Africa are making adaptive changes to keep up with the new, more
dynamic and interactive media era. Journalism in particular has grown exponentially, with bloggers
and citizen journalists advocating for good governance and other ideals.Although the technology and
methods of the media have changed dramatically over the past 15 years, society still expects the
media to play its traditional role of communication, education and entertainment. In Africa, the media
plays a more critical role in furthering the development and institutionalization of democracy,
because as the state assumes new responsibilities in today's globalized world, citizens must be
adequately educated and informed. The journalism that Africa needs in the process of its
modernization should not only innovate itself, but also support innovation. Can not only self-growth,
but also can promote the growth of others and social development; It can not only generate thinking
as the driving force of social transformation, but also preside over the debate caused by social
change.
Due to the lag of economic development, the development level of media in Africa is far behind that
in other parts of the world, but this undoubtedly provides a huge market for many foreign media,
especially western media. Beginning in the 1980s, various international channels began to enter and
gradually occupy the African television market. At present, most African countries lack experience
and capacity in program production and other fields, and there is a great demand for program mode
and program production. Their TV channels need to broadcast other countries' TV programs. In
some African countries, for example, international media outlets such as CNN and the BBC are often
heavily broadcast on television to fill the airtime gap.

India[edit]
This section is empty. You can help
by adding to it. (February 2012)

References[edit]
1. ^ FAO, Government of Italy, UNESCO, World Bank, IDRC, CTA
(2005).  Communication for Development Roundtable Report. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p.  12.
2. ^ FAO, Government of Italy, UNESCO, World Bank, IDRC, CTA ,
(2005).  Communication for Development Roundtable Report. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p.  29.
3. ^ Schreyer, Paul (22 March 2000).  "The Contribution of Information
and Communication Technology to Output Growth: A Study of the G7
Countries"  (PDF). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working
Papers 2000/2: 3.  doi:10.1787/151634666253. Retrieved 13
October  2011.
4. ^ Boyson, Jack K.  "Resources for Mobilizing Funding for Development
Projects". International Youth Foundation and the Small Grants
Program of the World Bank. World Bank. Retrieved  13 October 2011.
5. ^ "Factors of Change". Sociology Guide. Retrieved  14 October 2011.
6. ^ "Goals, Targets and Indicators". Millennium Development Goals.
Millennium Project. Retrieved 20 October  2011.
7. ^ Vandemoortele, Jan.  "Are the MDGs feasible?"  (PDF). United
Nations Development Programme. United Nations Development
Programme Bureau for Development Policy. Archived from the
original  (PDF)  on 25 April 2012. Retrieved  19 October 2011.
8. ^ R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, Which are the largest?
Why lists of major urban areas vary so greatly [dead link], Tijdschrift voor
economische en sociale geografie 100, 277 (2009), Table 4
9. ^ Jump up to:a b de Alcazar, Migdalia Pineda (2010). "The digital era and
alternatives for human and communications development in Latin
America". International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics.  6 (3):
283–293. doi:10.1386/mcp.6.3.283_1.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b UNDP (23 July 2010).  "First Human Development Report
for Latin America & the Caribbean". United Nations Development
Programme. Archived from the original  on 10 October 2011.
Retrieved 2 December 2011.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b Notas de Cepal. "Learning from Latin America".
Retrieved 3 November 2011.
12. ^ Geneva Declaration.  "Global Burden of Armed Violence 2011".
Geneva Declaration Secretariat. Retrieved  25 November  2011.
13. ^ UNODC. "International Homicide Statistics, United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime". Retrieved 3 November 2011.
14. ^ Jump up to:    LatinNews (October 2011). "Even more of a haven?
a b

Economy & Business".  LatinNews. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

15. ^ Jump up to:a b c World Bank.  "Latin America and the Caribbean Regional
Brief". The World Bank Group. Retrieved  4 November  2011.
16. ^ LatinNews (October 2011). "COLOMBIA: Bold
promises". LatinNews. Retrieved  17 November  2011.
17. ^ UNDP (2 August 2011).  "UNDP HIV programme aims to reach
youth in Belize".  United Nations Development Programme. Archived
from  the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved  2 December  2011.
18. ^ UNDP (19 May 2011). "Mexico and UNDP highlight indigenous
peoples' political participation".  United Nations Development
Programme. Archived from the original  on 3 September 2011.
Retrieved 3 December 2011.
19. ^ Portal Brasil (1 July 2010).  "Press releases – Brazil has first
hydrogen-fueled bus". brasil.gov.br. Retrieved  3 December  2011.
20. ^ UNDP (6 July 2009).  "Latin America's first water-powered bus on
the streets of São Paulo". United Nations Development Programme.
Archived from  the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 3
December 2011.
Introduction:

One cannot now deny the inevitability of communication for development in the
changing global perspective. With the radical change in the perception of
development and increased electronic media in the 90s, the role of
communication in development has increased tremendously. The term
‘development’ now connotes ‘human development’ or in other words,
development of human beings, through creating social and economic
opportunities for them and widening human choices to bring changes in their
lives. People must be at the center of human development. Development has to
be woven around people, not people around the economic development. It has to
be the development of the people, by the people, for the people with the role of
communication in the economic development of Bangladesh.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly being

recognized as a powerful enabler for economic and social development. ICT can
advance economic growth, enhance social inclusion, increase health and
education services and improve governance at all levels. The United Nations
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) recognize the potentials of ICT for
development and MDG 8 (Target 17) calls “to develop a global partnership for
development and, in cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies — especially information and communication
technologies.” Despite its potential, ICT is by no means a panacea. ICT can also
introduce new ways for fraud and corruption to occur, and its inappropriate
application can sometimes derail development outcomes. ICT can also deepen
existing inequalities and misdirect scarce resources. When thinking about ICT for
development, it is thus crucial to foster an enabling, trustworthy, transparent and
non-discriminatory environment that promotes the responsible and effective use
of ICT for development for the benefit of all.

Role of Communication in The Economic

Development of Bangladesh:
The role of communication plays a vital role in the economic development of
Bangladesh. They are given below:

Summary of Findings from 2006 World Bank Report on communication for

Development:

• Communication plays a vital role in advancing economic growth and reducing

poverty. A survey of firms carried out in 56 developing countries found that firms
that use Communication grow faster, invest more, and are more productive and
profitable than those that do not.

• Over the past 25 years, developing countries have considerably increased

Communication access, especially for telephone services. Between 1980 and
2005, the number of telephone subscribers in developing countries increased by
over 30 fold. In 1980, developing countries accounted for only 20 percent of the
world’s telephone lines. In 2005, 60 percent of telephone lines globally were in
developing countries. This expansion has been driven by the technological
revolution of mobile telephony, as well as by increased private sector
competition.

• Opening up to private sector competition has led to huge inflows of investment

from overseas. Between 1990 and 2003, 122 of 154 developing countries
received about USD $200 billion in foreign investment for telecommunications
alone.

• While the transition to well-regulated and competitive service provision is

important for increasing Communication access, there is some way to go in this
transition. For example, nearly half of countries globally retain monopolies on the
service provision of Communication.

• While the developing world has seen huge progress in the rollout of basic
Communication infrastructure, the picture is more mixed for the advanced use of
Communication. Worldwide, Internet use more than quadrupled between 2000
and 2005, but differences in the number of secure Internet servers, a proxy for
the availability of e-commerce, remain stark. While developed nations on
average reported more than 300 secure Internet servers per 1 million people,
developing nations reported less than 2.

• There is a continued need for government and private sector support of

initiatives that extend “access” to Communication. The report describes
innovative examples of public-private partnerships that can extend access to
Communication in rural and remote areas.

• A review of 40 national e-strategies from developing countries found that more

than 85 percent of these strategies aim to expand Communication use in
governments and schools, expand telecommunications infrastructure, and
provide for an adequate legal and regulatory framework.

Transport Communication:

The role of an efficient transport and communication system is extremely critical

for the socio- economic progress of a country. As physical infrastructure is
indispensable, a well-knit transport and communication network ensures a well
balanced distribution system for the means of production, efficient marketing of
produced commodities, maintaining stability of price and rapid industrialization. In
the current context of globalization and market economy, there is a critical need
for evolving a developed and well knit transport and communication system that
should be able to integrate Bangladesh with the international transport and
communication network. Realizing this importance, the concerned ministries and
their agencies continue to exert their concerted efforts to develop the system. In
the Revised Annual Development Programer (RADP) of FY 2004-05 there is an
allocation of TK. 4543.77 crore for transport and communication sector.  In FY
2004-05, the contribution of this sector to the GDP at constant prices is about
10.01 percent (provisional). The transport and communication network in
Bangladesh has evolved with roads, railway, and water and air transport as well
as post telecommunication and information technology.

Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Authority (JMBA)

Jamuna Bridge is playing a vital role in road transport system. The Bridge has
made the communication between eastern and northern region of the country
easier. As a result the producers are getting fair prices of their produces which
are encouraging them to produce more. This, in effect, is inducing increased
production. Beside, with the establishment of new industries economic activities
in the north west zone increased manifold. Therefore there is an increasing trend
toll collection. Because of construction of a dual gauge railway across Tangail
under Jamuna Rail link project, it was possible to set up a direct railway link
between the capital city Dhaka and Rajshahi and Khulna Division. Alongside
setting up fail and electricity line gas line has been set up over the bridge.
Other Projects for Construction of Bridge

To provide support to the development of transport infrastructure facilities in

Metropolitan Area Dhaka Transport Co-ordination Board (DTCB) was established
in 2001 by and Act. Its main objectives are to develop a planned and
environment friendly transport system in close cooperation between the public
and private sector.

Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC)

BRTC has a rich tradition as an entity. To establish a sound transport system

BRTC was established in 1961 by an Ordinance. Its main objectives are to:

1.    Ensure a cheap, speedy, secured, comfortable and modern transportation

       system.

2.    Help develop non-government transport system.

3.    Play an important role in controlling the transport quality and transport

       fare.

4.    Development skilled manpower in transport sector thorough training.

5.    Play a strategic intervention role for a sound and organized transport

       system.

Railway Communication:

Bangladesh Railway is regarded as a cheap and eco-friendly mode of transport.

In maritime trade, the Chittagong Sea Port plays a major role. Beside the role or
Mongla Sea port and Bangladesh Inland water Transport Authority is also
important in transporting passengers and freights. Bangladesh Shipping
Corporation is working to provide efficient shipping facilities on international
water route. The Department or Shipping performs its regulatory role by
enforcing relevant maritime laws and also protects the interest of the crews.
Public and private initiative is continuing in the infrastructure development of the
land ports established near the border areas or the country. Civil Aviation
Authority is responsible for establishment and development of the infrastructure
necessary for aircraft operation and at present, it is maintaining 3 international
and 5 domestic airports.

Rail transport is a public sector concern. Bangladesh Railway has a total 2,768
route kilometers at the end of the financial year 2000-01 and operates through
452 rail stations nationwide. About ninety percent of the country’s area is
accessible by railway.

Growth of Bangladeshi’s Software Sector

The growth of Bangladeshi’s software sector has been striking over the past
decade. In 2005–06, Bangladeshi’s software and related services industry, which
includes IT enabling services (ITES—including human resources, costumer care,
payment services, finance, etc), grew by 28 percent, accounting for 4.8 percent
of GDP compared with 0.5 percent in 1996–97. Services and software exports
remain the mainstay of the sector with an estimated export growth of over 32
percent for FY07. India is also the global leader in the provision of business
process outsourcing, exporting US$25 billion per year worth of these services, a
figure that is expected to rise to US$60 billion by 2010.

E-mail:

Electronic mail, popularly known as ‘e-mail’, is the communication of textual

messages via electronic means. Electronic mail communication is user to user
via the computer. E-mail is delivered to individual electronic mail boxes based in
computers. In order to operate an e-mail system, we need a personal computer,
a modem & a telephone connection. The world is getting so smaller & smaller
with the blessing of science. Now a man from one part of the world can
communicate with a person of another part of the world within a second. E-mail
has made this process easier. E-mail, communication in the latest invention in
the communication system. It helps all classes of people.

 An important advantage of e-mail is its ability to reduce the consumption of

paper in the office. Internal memos & reports can be exchanged electronically
without using paper. Being a computer based messaging system; files prepared
on computers can be instantly copied & easily exchanged as e-mail. This facility
has the potential of improving office efficiency considerably.

Being a person to person communication, e-mail turns out to be a cheaper

alternative to telephone conversation 7 eliminates the time spent in establishing
phone calls. For a telephone conversation to materialize both the caller & the
called must be present simultaneously. Some studies indicate that as much as
70 percent of the business phone calls during business hours do not succeed in
the first attempt due to unavailability of the party being called. E-mail permits
communication between two parties without the parties actually being present
simultaneously. Privacy is ensured as the mail is delivered to an individual’s mail
box which can be accessed or opened only by the intended recipient.

 E-mail has brought about a revolution in modern communication. Messages can

be transmitted from one country to another within seconds. It is far cheaper than
telephone calls. Trade & commerce has become greatly dependent on this
speedy mode of communication. It has, however, not reached every one,
especially in developing countries like ours, as most people can not afford to
have a personal computer. But even here people have started using
commercially operated e-mail facilities for important purposes.

Fax:
Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, “make similar”, i.e. “make a copy”)
is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of
documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone
network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for “make a copy at a
distance”, is also used as a synonym. Although fax is not an acronym, it is often
erroneously written as such (“FAX”). The device is also known as a telecopier in
certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes
have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly
instantaneous, yet its disadvantages in quality have relegated it to a position
beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document transferral.

Capabilities:

There are several different indicators of fax capabilities: Group, class, data
transmission rate, and conformance with ITU-T (formerly CCITT)
recommendations.Fax machines utilize standard PSTN lines and telephone
numbers.

Group:

         (a)Analog:

Group 1 and 2 faxes were sent in the same manner as a frame of analog
television, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal.
Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission
line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer
manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete
in July 1996.

 Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take six
minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 98 scan lines per inch.
Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
 Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.3. Group 2 faxes
take three minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 100 scan lines
per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured.
Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.
           (b)Digital:

Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats, and take advantage of digital
compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times.

 Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes
take between six and fifteen seconds to transmit a single page (not including the initial
 time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical
resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of fixed resolutions:
o Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch
 Vertical: 100 scan lines per inch
o Horizontal: 200 or 204 scan lines per inch
 Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per inch (‘Standard’)
 Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch (‘Fine’)
 Vertical: 400 or 391 (note not 392) scan lines per inch (‘Superfine’)
o Horizontal: 300 scan lines per inch
 Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch
Class:

Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates
how much processing is offloaded from the computer’s CPU to the fax modem.

 Class 1 fax devices do fax data transfer where the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30
session management are performed by software on a controlling computer. This is
described in ITU-T recommendation T.31.
 Class 2 fax devices perform T.30 session management themselves, but the T.4/T.6 data
compression is performed by software on a controlling computer. The relevant ITU-T
recommendation is T.32.
Data transmission rate:

Several different telephone line modulation techniques are used by fax

machines. They are negotiated during the fax-modem handshake, and the fax
devices will use the highest data rate that both fax devices support, usually a
minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Group 3 fax.

Fax paper:

As a security precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not admissible as

evidence in a court of law unless photocopied. This is because the ink used on
fax papers are delible, brittle and tend to come off over long periods of storage.

Document exchange through facsimile systems is emerging as a major

application of telecommunication due to its speed of transmission. A telephone
connection is necessary for operating it. The fax machine is capable of
transmitting & receiving printed matter, which may include graphics, drawing,
pictures, hand written texts etc. This it highly suitable for business & official
purposes which deal mostly with paper documents.

There are two types of Fax systems- the photographic & the document. In the
photographic fax, black & white as well as gray level information is transmitted &
printed. Typically there are 8 16 levels that can be recognized by the system. The
document system handles only black & white levels. Generally the document
facsimile is more popular than photographic system.

Fiber-Optic communications:

Abstract – This paper presents a technical overview of some of the underlying

principles of the modern telecommunication technology and the evolution of
microwave radio, satellite systems and various optical fiber based infrastructures.
Based on the proven superiority of fiber optics combined with the shortfalls of
and the complexities faced by the existing satellite systems due to particularly
unfavorable regional climatic conditions in and around Bangladesh, the need to
link that country to a global submarine optical fiber telecommunication system as
the backbone of choice for bulk information transport is underscored.

Satellite & Microwave Technology:

Since the introduction of modulated microwaves in the 1920’s for communication

between two distant points, this technology has gone through a tremendous
amount of development. However, these links were limited to distances within the
‘line of sight’ (roughly 30 kilometers). Thus, the need for orbiting satellites to relay
information over long distances was realized; pilot concepts evolved in the early
1950’s and were followed by the successful deployment of communication
satellites a decade later. Today satellites of all shapes and capabilities have
been launched to serve almost all the countries of the World. Most
communication satellites are in geo-stationary orbits (some 35,800 km above the
Earth’s surface) and are able to ‘see’ nearly one half of the Earth from this
vantage point. To provide continuous coverage to any point on Earth, only three
satellites in such an orbit are sufficient [1]. However, signals are weakened about
a hundred times after traveling these large link distances, thus necessitating the
usage of high gain antennas and powerful transmitters. A more pertinent
problem, however, is the delay and echo often experienced in long distance
phone calls that use these satellites.

Optical Fiber Technology:

Faced with the aforementioned fundamental shortfalls of a satellite-based

system, real interest in optical communication was aroused with the invention of
the laser in early 1960’s. Proposals for using optical fibers to avoid degradation
of the optical signal while propagating through the atmosphere were made
almost simultaneously in 1966 [2]. Early systems exhibited high attenuation
(1000 dB/km). Today, less than 40 years on, attenuation of less than 0.2 dB/km
is easily achieved for a carrier wavelength of 1.55m as shown in Figure 2. Figure
2: Loss characteristics of a silica optical fiber showing the three wavelengths of
interest. Thus the majority of the transmission and receiver systems are geared
for operation at this wavelength.

A.  Sub-marine Optical Fiber Based Long Haul Backbones

B.  Optical Metro Area Networks

C.  Fiber Optic Cables Installed on Overhead Power Transmission Lines

Status Of Telecommunication Network Infrastructures In Bangladesh:

A.  Satellite/Microwave Network

B.  Optical Fiber Network

C.  VSATs Users

D.  Cellular Phone Networks

Economic Benefits Of A Better Communication System:

The advantages and benefits that telecommunication can bring in education,

commercial, medical and governmental activities are too numerous to mention,
suffice it to say that its expansion plays an important role in the economic and
social development of a country. One important benefit of a penetrative telecom
infrastructure is that it can enhance instant communication between
Bangladeshis on the one hand and people in distant places around the globe on
the other. In other words, increasing the number of phone lines per inhabitant,
teledensity, can help put Bangladesh on the world map through enhanced
domestic and global trade. This will pave the way for a stronger economy.

Currently, Bangladesh is among the countries with the lowest teledensity.

Improving the telecom infrastructure will reduce the cost of local and international
phone calls to and from Bangladesh enabling Bangladeshis to join the
international community. Communication technology also serves as a “Market
maker”. Given the often intense economic competition among nations, missed
opportunities due to lack of communications access will have more dire
consequences in the future .

Unlike some of its predecessors, fiber optics technology has many unrivaled
advantages, some of which are listed below:

1. Enormous potential bandwidth: The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013
to 1014Hz offers the potential for a fiber information carrying capacity that is
many orders of magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cable or
wideband radio systems. This enables fibers to simultaneously carry voice, data,
image and video signals.

2. Small size and weight: an optical fiber is often no wider than the diameter of a
human hair; thus even after applying protective layers, they are far smaller and
much lighter than

corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon to alleviating duct

congestion in cities.

3. Immunity to interference and cross talk: they form a dielectric and are
therefore free from electromagnetic interference.

4. Signal security: as light from a fiber does not radiate significantly, a transmitted
optical signal cannot be obtained non-invasively, thus ensuring a high degree of
signal security.

Internet:

Internet is the largest discovery of science & the greatest advancement in the
field of communication. It is the computerized process with telephone set. To get
internet connection, it requires a modern telephone line & a different sort of
software for using the network system. Like telephone number internet is
maintained by its own number. There are two types of internet. They are on-line
internet & off-line internet. Internet usually gets connection from three networking
systems. They are LAN (Local Area Network). MAN (Metropoliton Area Network)
& WAN (World Wide Area Network). Now- a- days an internet is of great, use to
us. It has made the world smaller & brought the world within our reach. We can
get information on every matter within a very short time. It has widened our
knowledge & made us thirstier for the unknown. It is a miracle. It works like
Aladin’s magic Lamp.

Internet is a computerized network of information. The activities of the internet

are very smooth, easy & rapid. A man can dial a number from his computer & a
link to the internet will soon give him a connection in & outside the country
according to his expectation.

The first connectivity of internet was only in 1996. Though It was somewhat late,
over the past few years the growth is rapid. The government’s high internet tariff
is impeding the growth of this sector. Recently the government is decided to
reduce the tariff 50%.[3]

Internet country code: .bd

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): As of 2005 more than 180 Internet Service
Providers are operating in the country.ISP’s are regulated by the Bangladesh
telecommunication regulatory commission (BTRC).

Internet users: The number of internet users in Bangladesh is now

450,000(2007) compared to 100,000 in 2000.

 (a)Broadband Internet Access:

Though broadband internet access is available it charges high for high speed
connection than other south asian countries.Broadband internet and e-commerce
in Bangladesh is slowly progressing.WiMAX service is now available from some
internet service providers.

(b)Submarine cables:

SEA-ME-WE 4 or South-East Asia – Middle East – Western Europe 4 . The

landing site is Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.

Radio:

Characteristics of Radio:

Bangladesh Betar:
Bangladesh Betar (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ বেতার) is the state-owned radio
broadcasting organisation of Bangladesh. It was also known as Radio
Bangladesh between 1975 and 1996.

Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on

December 16, 1939. Initially, the station was located in old Dhaka. Later, the
station was relocated to Shahbag. It played an important role during the
Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. On March 26, 1971, the broadcasting center
of Radio Pakistan was used to transmit a declaration of independence, which
was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Chittagong Harbor and retransmitted.
During the war, it was known as Shwadhin Bangla Betar Kendro (Independent
Bengal Radio Station). Due to heavy shelling, the station had to be relocated
several times, and ultimately moved to Calcutta on May 25, from where it would
broadcast until the end of the war. On December 6, it was renamed Bangladesh
Betar.

Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999)

Radios: 6.15 million (1997)

The government owned Betar-Radio Bangladesh operates from Dhaka and other
local districts. Currently, the private FM radio channels are very popular. They
are trying to attract young people by broadcasting music and news. The
operating private radio channels include:

National

  Bangladesh Betar

FM Stations

  ABC (Coming Soon)

  Capital FM (Dhaka)

  Radio Amar (Uniwave) FM 101

  Radio Foorti FM 88.0

  Radio Today FM 89.6

  Radio Metrowave

They have limited coverage. They are broadcasting in Dhaka and its surrounding
areas.

Radio is an important entertainment source for the general people. We can get
great pleasure by hearing radio. Specially, now-a-days we are habituated to hear
FM radio. Most of the programs are much more standard.

We can get latest news from radio. We also get information about market price,
traffic Jam information, latest songs information, latest movies information,
celebrity information, food raspy, funny jokes, love story of an individual person,
new product information, political information, business information etc from radio
channels.Sometimes radio channels provide programs live telecast. That time
general people can send their SMS to express their opinion or what they think.
They also send questions for the celebrity to know about them

Satellite Channels:

The channels that go air world-wide & are telecast with the help of satellite are
satellite channels. Dish antenna is large sized & dish shaped. It is much
improved & more powerful version of the earlier antennas. Dish antenna has
brought about a revolutionary change in the world of showbiz. It can provide
thousand connections simultaneously. Through dish antenna now one can watch
any program of any channel on T.V.  Earlier, the views could watch only
domestic T.V.  programs. Sometimes, it was boring & dull. But the viewers had
no way out of this.

Now dish antenna has offered the viewers thousand options. One can watch
sports, movies, news & many other entertainment programs whenever he likes.
Dish antenna has world closer than it was before.

 There are many advantages of satellite channels. We can learn many types, of
educational things. We can also know about co curriculum works. It also
increases our creativity & brave. We can watch adventurous things by the
satellite.

We can use new types of channels through satellite channels. Our creativity will
be improved by satellite channels. Then our brave will be increased by satellite
channels.

Telecommunication:

Bangladesh Telephone Board

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Bangladesh Telephone Board
Type State Owned
Founded 1979
Headquarters 37/E, Eskaton Garden, Telegogajog Bhaban, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Industry Telecommunications
Products Telephone, Mobile Telephony, Fixed Lines, Internet
Website http://www.bttb.net

The Bangladesh Telephone (T&T) Department was created under the Ministry of
Posts & Telecommunications after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 to
run the telecommunication services on a commercial basis. In 1976, Bangladesh
T&T Department was converted into a corporate body.
In pursuance of an ordinance promulgated by the president on 24 February
1979, the department was restructured into Bangladesh Telephone and
Telegraph Board (BTTB) with a mandate to provide basic telecommunication
services throughout the country.

Today ‘BTTB’ provides land-line telephone services in the urban areas, domestic
long-distance and international services. Though the Bangladeshi government
has given out nationwide PSTN licences the lucrative Dhaka market (which
account for majority of the nationwide market) is still under the monopoly of
BTTB.

In 2004, BTTB forayed in to the mobile telephony market of Bangladesh by

launching a subsidiary company called Teletalk.

BTTB provides dial-up Internet access in all 64 districts of the country, making it
the most-accessible Internet service provider in the country.As of June 2008 its
total dial-up subscriber is 28659. It also handles the .bd domain.

As of March 2008 total subscriber of BTTB was 872.409 thousand.

Telecom System in Bangladesh:

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The Bangladesh telecommunications system contains several subsystems. A

general assessment of the telephone system is that it is totally inadequate for a
modern country.[citation needed]The domestic system is undergoing modernization.
Digital systems; trunk systems including VHF and UHF microwave radio relay
links, and some fiber-optic cable are being introduced in the cities. The
international system consists of two Intelsat satellites in geostationary orbit,
international radiotelephone communications and landline services to
neighboring countries.

Code System: The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly emerging.

  The area code has 1-4 digits.

  The Subscriber Number has 3-7 digits.

  The Trunk Prefix is “0”.

  The international prefix is “00”.

  The International code is “0088” or, “+88” (Bangladesh).

Calling Code: +880 – Sub Codes

     (a) PSTN: The PSTN operators in Bangladesh are:

     (i)BTTB

     (ii)Ranks Telecom Ltd.

     (iii)Tele Barta Ltd. – branded under the name Jubok phone.
     (iv)Jalalabad Telecom Ltd. – branded under the name Bijoy Phone.

     (v)Onetel Communication Ltd.

     (vi)National Telecom Ltd.

     (vii)Peoples Telecom Ltd.

     (viii)Westec Ltd.

     (ix)Dhaka Telephone Co. Ltd.

     (x)Sheba Phone Ltd. (ISL)

     (xi)S.A Telecom System Ltd.

     (xii)Banglaphone

The number of PSTN subscribers in Bangladesh as of March 2008 was 1.168

million[1

                 (b) Mobile Phone:

There are 6 mobile phone operators in Bangladesh. These are:

1.Grameenphone Ltd.(GP)

2.TMIB(Aktel)

3.Sheba Telecom Ltd.(Banglalink)

4.PBTL(Citycell)

5.Teletalk Bangladesh Ltd.(Teletalk)

6.Warid Telecom Int.(Warid Telecom (Bangladesh))

The number of mobile phone subscribers in Bangladesh as of March 2008 was

38.93 million.[2]

                   (c) Long Distance Operator (as per ILDTS Policy 2007):

6 licneses were issued by BTRC in 3 categories (IGW, ICX & IIG) through an
open auction in February 2008. The incumbant BTTB got the same licenses too.
Here is the list of all operators:

                     (i) International Gateway (IGW) Operators:

                    1. Banglatrack Limited

                    2. Mir Telecom Limited

                    3. Novotel Limited

                                   (ii) Interconnection Exchange (ICX) operators:

                     1. Getco Telcom

                     2. M&H

                                    (iii)International Internet Gateway (IIG) Operator

                     1. Mango Teleservices Limited

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We can express our all the opinion through telecommunication. That’s why most
of the telecommunication company has reduced their mobile service cost. We
can call to others, chat with others, send massages, browse, use internet, picture
messages etc. It is very cheap.

Television:

The word “Television” is derived from the Greek word “Tele” which means
distance & the Latin word “Visio” which means vision. It is one of the most
wonderful inventions of modern science. The idea of television first came to Paul
Nipkow, a German scientist. Later it was invented by Bayard, a British scientist in
1925. After the Second World War it has become very popular all over the world.
It is an audio- visual instrument & the most powerful medium for mass education,
recreation & advertisement.

Official Country Name: People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Region (Map name): East & South Asia

Population: 131,269,860

Language(s): Bangla (official known as Bengali), English

Literacy rate: 56.0%

Area: 144,000 sq km

GDP: 47,106 (US$ millions)

Circulation per 1,000: 254

Number of Television Stations: 15

Number of Television Sets: 770,000

Television Sets per 1,000: 5.9

 Number of Radio Stations: 26

Number of Radio Receivers: 6,150,000

Radio Receivers per 1,000: 46.9

Number of Individuals with Computers: 200,000

Computers per 1,000: 1.5

Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 100,000

Internet Access per 1,000: 0.8

Bangladesh has the dubious distinction of being the most densely populated
country in the world and one of the poorest. Roughly 85 percent of its population
lives in villages, where there is a frequent possibility of natural disasters such as
floods, severe storms or tidal waves. Around two-thirds of the people live on
agriculture and there is little industry. Illiteracy is at an unacceptable high; only
38.1 percent of the population, age 15 or older, can read and write. Of these, the
ratio of males to females is 2:1. The per capita income is $380, which may not
take account of lots of economic transactions in the countryside because they
are barter transactions or do not enter the government statistics.

Censorship:

All publications are subject to Press and Publication Act of 1973, which requires
four copies of each issue to be sent to a “designated government agency.” While
the government categorically denies the existence of censorship, in practice,
papers are “guided” by the advice and briefings of the Principal Information
Officer of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting as well as by the External
Publicity Division of the Ministry of External Affairs. The President’s Council of
Advisors controls the newspaper editors informally. In general, criticism of
economic policies is more likely to be tolerated than sensitive political issues.

List Of Television Stations:

The first television signal broadcast in Bangladesh was in 1964 by the state-
owned television network BTV. From then onwards BTV had a virtual monopoly
until the late 1990’s. Ever since then a number of stations had arrived. Many
have also shut down in the process.

Terrestrial networks

  Name Ownership Language(s) Established

1 Bangladesh Television State- Bengali December
(BTV) owned 25th, 1964
Satellite networks:Almost every channel is broadcast from the Telstar 10
satellite with the exception of ATN Bangla which is broadcast from Thaicom2/5

  Name Ownershi Language(s Genre Established

p )
1 ATN Bangla Private Bengali Entertainmen 2001
t
2 Banglavision Private Bengali Entertainmen 2005
t
3 BTV World State Bengali Entertainmen 2005
Owned t
4 Channel I Private Bengali Entertainmen 1998
t
5 Channel One Private Bengali Entertainmen 2006
t
6 CSB Private Bengali News/Curren 2007
News(defunct t Affairs
)
7          Desh TV          Private        Bengali      Test
Entertainment Transmissio
n
8 Diganta Private Bengali Entertainmen 2007
Television t
9 Ekushey Private Bengali Entertainmen April 14th
Television t 2000
10 Islamic TV Private Bengali Religious 2007
11 nTV Private Bengali Entertainmen 2003
t
12 Rtv Private Bengali Entertainmen 2005
t
13 Boishaki Private Bengali Entertainmen 2006
t
14 Falgun Music Private Bengali Music 2007

The number of private satellite channels is growing. The first private channel in
Bangladesh was ATN Bangla

List Of Bangladeshi Television Channel: Recent years have seen an upsurge

in Bangladeshi television channels, especially during the BNP-led four party
alliances. Below is a list of channels up linked from Bangladesh.

State Owned

  Bangladesh Television – Bangladesh’s only terrestrial tv channel. The satellite

version is BTV World.
General Entertainment

  ATN Bangla

  Banglavision

  Ruashi Bangla Television(Bangladesh)

  Channel I

  Channel 1

  Desh TV

  Diganto Media Corporation (DTV)

  Ekushey ETV

  NTV Bangladesh

  RTV

TV News

  CSB News

Religious

  Islamic TV

Television is a big media of entertainment. Any person can learn learning thing to
watch television. We can pass our leisure time by watching television. Drama,
songs, films, cultural programs, debating programs, Islamic programs can teach
us how to drive our life.

Telex:

Telex communication is also electronic in nature.  Telex communication is

terminal to terminal. In telex, messages designed to a number of users are sent
to the same terminal from where it is distributed in a printed from by an operator.

1) 2-ply and 3-ply

2) Size: different sizes available
3) Carbonless paper roll
4) Instant and clear copy image, which presents excellent optical density and
light
resistance;
5) Good dimensional stability and curl control for converting;
6) High surface strength, can not smear or rub off onto hands or clothes.

Many companies have been providing Telex services to its international

customers. As the use of telex services declines around the world this
companies remain committed to its long term provision. Save costs with no need
for server software, desk top licenses, modems, hardware, telex lines or
expensive maintenance contracts. This companies also provides internet Telex
solutions. They are given below:

Wireless Communication:

Wireless Connectivity:
Wireless – Term describing communication that requires no wire between two
communicating points.
Connectivity – The ability to connect communications systems to exchange data
or share resources.
Wireless Connectivity – Wireless connectivity involves all the new wireless
devices and technology. It brings in all the new ways of collaboration, mobile, so
that now we can manipulate, share and shape our digital content from anywhere,
with anyone totally mobility.

Wireless can be divided into some groups such as:

*  Fixed wireless — the operation of wireless devices or systems in homes and

offices, and in particular, equipment connected to the Internet via specialized
modems

*  Mobile wireless — the use of wireless devices or systems aboard motorized,

moving vehicles; examples include the automotive cell phone and PCS (personal
communications services)

*  Portable wireless — the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless

devices or systems outside the office, home, or vehicle; examples include
handheld cell phones and PCS units

*  IR wireless — the use of devices that convey data via IR (infrared) radiation;
employed in certain limited-range communications and control systems

Wireless LAN:
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the linking of
two or more computers without using wires. WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum
technology based on radio waves to enable communication between devices in a
limited area, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the mobility to
move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.

Wireless Network Types

When we look at Wi-Fi specifically, which is what most of the jobs out there
pertain to today, and the newest and hottest technology, there are 4 major types
of wireless choices.
1999 – 802.11b
As of right now, 802.11b costs the least, and is the type that is most common on
college campuses, homes and businesses. Has a range of about 150 feet, and
transfers at 11 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz. 32 users per access point. (LOTS OF AP’s for
COLLEGES). AP: $55-160 Card: $30-90
2001 – 802.11a

Not compatible with 802.11b, range of 75 feet. 64 users per access point. Not
widely used. Most used in large corporation, where many users can access a AP
in a small area. AP $100-130 card $100

2003 – 802.11g
Backwards compatible with 802.11b, 64 users per ‘g’ access point. G AP’s have
a range of 150 feet. ‘G’ spots are not very popular since the technology is new,
but the g card can be used at 802.11b spots. Big Benefit. AP: $130-200 Card:
$80-130
2003 – 802.11a/g
a/g spots have the largest load of 128 users per AP. The a/g card is backwards
compatible with b, a, and g since it houses all the technologies in one card. a/g
spots are rare, but the card is backwards compatible with every Wi-Fi technology.
Most expensive technology, but well worth it. AP: $300 Card: $100

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for
low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 meter, 10
meters, 100 metres) based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each
device. Bluetooth lets these devices communicate with each other when they are
in range. The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have
to be in line of

 sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, so long as the received
transmission is powerful enough.

Class Maximum Permitted Maximum Permitted Range

Power (mW) Power (dBm) (approximate)
Class 100 mW 20 dBm ~100 meters
1
Class 2.5 mW 4 dBm ~10 meters
2
Class 1 mW 0 dBm ~1 meter
3

Bluetooth is in a variety of new products such as phones, printers, modems, and

headsets. Bluetooth is acceptable for situations when two or more devices are in
close proximity with each other and don’t require high bandwidth. Bluetooth is
most commonly used with phones and hand-held computing devices, either
using a Bluetooth handset or transferring files from phones/PDAs to computers.
Since Bluetooth uses short-range radio frequencies, it is not as effective for
setting up networks that can be accessed from remote locations as Wi-Fi is.
Cell Phones: 

A mobile or cellular telephone is a long-range, portable electronic device for

personal telecommunications over long distances.

Mobile phones and the network they operate under vary significantly from
provider to provider, and nation to nation. However, all of them communicate
through electromagnetic radio waves with a cell site base station, the antennas of
which are usually mounted on a tower, pole, or building.

The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the
nearest cell sites, usually 5 to 8 miles (approximately 8 to 13 kilometres) away.
When the cellular phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile
telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and will then be alerted
by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset
constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding
base stations. As the user moves around the network, the mobile device will
“handoff” to various cell sites during calls, or while waiting (idle) between calls it
will reselect cell sites.
Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio
transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between
the mobile handsets and the switch.

Experience of GrameenPhone in Bangladesh

Since it first launched its services in Bangladesh in 1997, GrameenPhone has
contributed to the country’s social and economic development by fostering
mobile penetration. Through its low pricing strategy, the company was able to
increase competition, quickly bring down prices in the telecommunication sector
and help increase mobile penetration from 0.3 percent in 1997 to over six percent
in 2004. Besides connecting previously remote and unconnected areas, the
company’s Village Phone (VP) Program has allowed mainly low income women
in rural areas to borrow enough money to buy a handset, a subscription and
cover incidental expenses so as to start their own pay telephone service. The
idea of the VP Program, which is implemented by Grameen Telecom (GTC) in
cooperation with Grameen Bank, a micro credit lending institution is simple: Once
the women have received training about the technical operations and tariffs, they
are set to start up their own business. The average earning of a Village Phone
Operator is about BDT* 5000 per month, which is more than twice the country’s
per capita income. GrameenPhone has also had a major macroeconomic impact
and created new employment opportunities. In addition to employing over 1,000
people, the company has created more than 100,000 jobs, including for dealers,
agents, contractors, suppliers, and Village Phone operators. GrameenPhone is
also one of Bangladesh’s largest private sector investors, as well as one of
largest taxpayers in the country. By 2004, its contribution to the government
represented 0.4 percent of the country’s entire GDP.

* BDT refers to Bangladesh’s currency (taka)

Source: International Telecommunications Union (2006).

VOIP

Voice over Internet Protocol, also called VOIP, IP Telephony, Internet

telephony, Broadband Telephony, Broadband phone & voice over
broadband is the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any
other IP-Based Network.

Skype users essentially make telephone calls and video calls through their
computer using Skype software and the internet. The basis of the system is free
communication between users of Skype software; however the product also
allows Skype users to communicate with users of regular landline and mobile
telephones. This software is currently available free of charge and can be
downloaded from the company website, but the software is proprietary and the
Skype protocol is unpublished.

The main difference between Skype and other VoIP clients is that Skype
operates on a peer-to-peer model, rather than the more traditional server-client
model. The Skype user directory is entirely decentralised and distributed among
the nodes in the network, which means the network can scale very easily to large
sizes (currently just over 100 million users) without a complex and costly
centralised infrastructure.

Bangladeshi Telecommunication:

The entire world uses cellphones, most of the cellphone providers in Bangladesh
use 2.5G GSM except for Citycell which uses CDMA. The rest of the world has
sort of moved on to higher speeds on phones using 3G which transfers at
1.5mbps per second onwards. Although Bangladesh is coming up to faster
speeds with EDGE which is 384 kbps to 1.5mbps. Cell phone providers major
subscribers are mostly lower class people so they cannot afford to buy cell
phones with video calls and other multimedia features. Bangladesh ISP’s also
provide wireless connections to people in remote places with high speed internet
connections. Wireless LAN also plays a big role on the impact for education in
Bangladesh. Two examples of schools in Bangladesh using wireless LAN in
education are International School Dhaka and American International School
Dhaka. These schools use WLAN to promote research in the classrooms and to
share multimedia and work over a network. Voip is also another emerging
development in Bangladesh, some companies are selling calling cards and they
provide calls with VOIP on their servers.

The mobile phone industry in Bangladesh is growing rapidly, and is making a

significant contribution to economic development and employment generation.
The number of mobile subscribers increased to 11 million in 2006, from 3.85
million in 2004, registering an impressive growth of 186%. Consequently, the
country’s mobile telecom density went up to 6.7% from 2.75% during these few
years. Among the five companies that are currently operating, Grameen Phone
(in partnership with Telenor of Norway), which has the highest market share,
more than doubled its customer base to over 6 million during this period. Other
companies, which include Aktel, Banglalink, CityCell, and Teletalk, also
experienced robust growth in terms of number of subscribers and customer
revenue. A sixth operator, Warid Telecom, is preparing to enter the market after
obtaining an operating license in December 2005.

Cell Phones

Wireless LAN & Internet:

GrameenPhone, the largest mobile phone company in Bangladesh, pioneered a

successful project to bring mobile phones to the country’s villages and is now
moving on to providing Internet access. After a successful pilot project, the
company decided this month to set up 500 Internet access points, which it is
calling community information centers, across Bangladesh by year-end

The announcement came a week after the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to
Grameen Bank, the parent company of one of GrameenPhone’s two corporate
owners. The other is Telenor, the Norwegian telecommunications company.

The centers will be run by local entrepreneurs who will either invest their own
money or be given access to small loans to cover set-up costs, which
GrameenPhone estimates will be $800 to $1,400. The centers will be positioned
to serve 15 villages and about 40,000 people and will have a computer, a Web
cam, a printer, a scanner and other basic equipment. The Internet access will
come by way of a connection to GrameenPhone’s GSM mobile phone network,
which can download data at about 128 kilobits per second, not quite broadband
but faster than a dial-up connection.

Conclusion:

The role of communication in the economic development of Bangladesh, which is

to be communicated, how and why-are key question in communication. In
disseminating the message, selection of appropriate media is as important as
language. Wrong selection of media and inadequate and improper
communication supports lead to failure in development.

Reference/Bibliography

(1) Lecture of our honorable respected course teacher.

(2) Basic Business Communication.

                                      – Raymaond V. Lesiker, ph.D.

                                        EMERITUS, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY.

                                   – Maric E. Flatley, ph.D

Role and Importance of Communication in the Development

Economic development depends on accessible information and communication to

everyone in the nation; even it is required to all levels. Therefore, the governments should try to

ensure that traditional as well as new information technologies are available to everyone in the

nation. Communication also lies at the heart of marketing system, distribution and sharing

information as well as good governance, where governments are responsive, accountable and

capable of fulfilling their functions with the active engagement of civil society.

1) Social Interaction: Communication activities can help people to communicate each

other‟s even from different social groups within a community, to share information and

exchange ideas in a positive and productive fashion. Rural radio too can be a popular

forum where local people do most of the talking about technical and cultural topics.

These activities can lead to a serious diagnosis of problems and a search for solutions.

2) Communication and Sustainable Development: Communication and Sustainable

Development that has been identified as one of the key issues to be discussed at the

World Congress on Communication for Development (WCCD) in October 2006. It is

conceived as the planned and participatory use of communication methods and tools that

facilitate the sharing of knowledge and information, participation and change of attitude

and practices aiming at achieving development goals agreed among all stakeholders.

3) Economic Planning: According to Human Development Report 1993, Communication

is central to this task in many ways. For example, it enables planners, when identifying

and formulating development programmes, to consult with people in order to take into

account their needs, attitudes and traditional knowledge. Only with communication will

the project beneficiaries become the principal actors to make development programmes

successful.

4) Agricultural Development : Development communication can play a significant role in

educating, influencing, persuading the farmers, in winning over the groups who are

resistant to change and to speed up the pace of agricultural, development in order to bring

social and economic change. There are two perspectives viz., communicator's needs and

audience's needs for which we need communication for development.

5) Circulation of Knowledge: Media plays an important role in development

communication through circulation of knowledge, providing forum for discussion of

issues, teach ideas, skills for a better life and create a base of consensus for stability of

the state

6) Education: Today television in our country is also used as a medium for social

education, weapon against ignorance and awareness among the people, through is

difference programs like Educational Television (ETV), Countrywide Classroom (CWC),

Teleconferencing etc.

7) Awareness to Development: Many social institutions and the government agencies as

well as social activists trying to sharing difference types of messages to change the socio-

economic condition of people. These messages are designed to transform the behaviour

of people or for improving their quality of life. Therefore, development communication

can be defined as the use of community to promote development.

8) Public Health Advocacy: Communication plays significant role to aware people

regarding health. It is engaging and empowering, and provides individuals and

populations with evidence-based options for positive action are critical to enhancing

health literacy in society. The Human Rights Commission; Ministry of Health & Family

Welfare [MHFW], Ministry of Women and Child Development [MWCD]; National

Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD); National Rural

Health Mission trying to public health through various means of communication in India.

9) Communication, Entertainment and Human Resources: Today life is full of stress

and anxiety and especially in metropolitan cities situation is the worst which adversely

affecting on efficiency of human resources. Hence, there in need of entertainment;

Entertainment plays a huge importance in human life, because entertainment does not

only provide us with an awesome free time, but it also influences us. It can give us ideas

and it will make us ponder on certain things. Stimulation of the mind by a subject that

interests a person is entertainment. However, entertainment and communication goes

hand in hand therefore the communication means plays significant role in the

entertainment activities.

10) Communication for Poverty Reduction: Recent advances in information

communication technology (ICT) infrastructure can help alleviate poverty in rural

communities. It will primarily focus on the issue of how to build local capacity, which

has been widely identified as one of the most pressing issues in poverty reduction

globally. Through the means of communication we can provide required information to

them.

7.2.4 Role of Communication: Some Views of Wilbur Schramm

Wilbur Lang Schramm (August 5, 1907 – December 27, 1987) is sometimes called the
"father of communication studies," and had a great influence on the development of

communication research in the United States, and the establishing of departments of

communication studies in US universities. According to Wilbur Schramm, the role of media in

development can be divided into three parts i.e. (i) to inform (ii) to instruct and (iii) to

participate.

 To inform: for the development of the society, correct social, political and economic

influence is the main criteria. This information should be both national and international.

People should be aware of the areas or facts which hamper the development process. The

communication system makes aware the peoples about it.

 To instruct: Mass literacy is an essential criteria to development. This is possible by

imbibing basic skills among the people. Mass media plays an important role in this becaue

it can instruct people and educate them.

 To participate: Voluntary and steady participation of the citizen of the country is

necessary for its overall development. Such participation is possible in a liberal society.

Such awareness is possible through debate, conflict and discussion.

7.2.5 Means of Communication

Communication is the sending and receiving of spoken or written messages between

people and places. Traditionally letters are the most common means of communication. The

means of communication assist us to send our messages and ideas from one place to another and

one person to another person. In the modern world the means of communication have become

very important because of busy schedule of human every one want to faster means of

communication which may save time and money along with efficiency and quality of massage.

In old days it was very difficult to send our messages and receive messages from remote places

due to the lack of connectivity and non-availability of efficient means of communication. In

modern times we can communicate with far off places easily and quickly due to the support of

technology and innovative ideas in the communication sector. In this unit we study the

traditional and modern means of communication.

7.2.5.1 Traditional Means of Communication

Traditional means of communication are those which used since long back by the human

to communicate each other. These are also called as local means which based on use of local

materials and methods of communication and based on the daily lives of ordinary people. The

term traditional means of communication refers to methods used in a specific culture for

communication of ideas and dissemination of information. Sometimes traditional media are

closely linked with folk media, alternative media or folklore. We shall examine some of the

important characteristics of traditional means of communication. According to Lan Mc Donad

and David Hearle (1984) Defined traditional channels of communication as “Those

communication methods which have been used for centuries in rural areas. Such as songs, plays,

stories, puppet shows etc. They are often neglected, though in many societies they may be most

powerful ways of communicating. There are following traditional means of communication;

1. Human Communication:

Human communication is an intentional act performed by a human agent for the purpose of

causing some effect in an attentive human recipient. Our ability to use language to build

words, combine these into meaningful sequences. It is referred to as verbal, as it

encompasses all spoken words, conversation, folk-tables, proverbs, riddles and jokes, songs,

town criers etc explaining how message is disseminated verbally. Human communication is

the act of conveying a message to another. Talking is the most common form of

communication. However there are also non-verbal communication methods such as facial

expressions and body language.

2. Symbolic Communication:

Symbolic communication is exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events.

Symbolic communication refers to communication that involves a shared message between

the sender and the receiver. Examples of symbolic communication include speech, sign

language, writing (print or braille), picture communication systems, and tactile

communication systems. A number of times communication goes on without anybody

necessarily opening his/her mouth to say a word

3. Letters & Telegrams

Letters are a written form of communication which is used in domestic communication as

well as commercial. These can be sent or received by individuals or organisations. Written

messages in the form of letters can be delivered to the receivers through special messenger,

post offices or private couriers. Telegrams are also a form of written communication by

which messages can be sent rapidly to remote places. It is generally used when there is an

urgency of communicating any important message. However, due to availability of cellular

services in remote areas now telegram communication is almost closed.

4. Folkmedia:

Folk media is an effective means of communication in today‟s world since it not only helps

connect people with their cultures but also revives the lost culture of the society. Folk music

is yet another popular form of folk media. Music is governed by the language, colloquial

accent, and instruments used by the local people. Thus, each territorial area has a distinct folk

music of its own. Folk-Media to be used as a most effective way of rural community

development communication. A folk-media can be defined as the ways of transferring the

knowledge and the wisdom to new generation from the past generation. Flokmedia consists

Folk songs, Folk dances, folk dramas, skits and role plays etc.

5. Pigeon Post:

Pigeon (Kabutar) post is the use of homing pigeons to carry messages. Pigeons were

effective as messengers due to their natural homing abilities. The pigeons were transported to

a destination in cages, where they would be attached with messages, then naturally the

pigeon would fly back to its home where the owner could read his mail. The first known use

of pigeons as postal messengers was in ancient Egypt. In 2900 B.C.E. in Egypt, incoming

ships released pigeons as an announcement of important visitors. Even, During World War I,

The American army kept several thousand homing pigeons. The pigeon post which was in

operation while Paris was besieged during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 is

probably the most famous. There are number of evidences in the Indian history shows that

Mughals and Maratha Kings was used Pigeon post services in their states.

6. Horses Messengers:

Relays of horses were used for long distance postal services, to keep the Caliphate and the

invaders posted about the happenings throughout their vast territory; There is mention of

frequent use of the horse-collar, the breast strap, the cross-bow, the stirrup, and even the

wheelbarrow for rendering the horse service swift.

7. Printing:

History of print media and written communication follows the progress of civilization which,

in turn, moves in response to changing cultural technologies. The transfer of complex

information, ideas and concepts from one individual to another, or to a group is easy with

printed material. The invention of printing was preceded by the manufacturing of paper.

Printing was first invented in China in 846 B.C. The Chinese used wooden plates for

printing. A method of printing for decoration and ornaments existed in India already in 200

BC. Printing is one of the best methods for transferring massage. Even, this method is very

useful in the business as well as domestic sector. Now there are various type of printing

methods available i.e. Offset printing, Offset printing, Digital printing, Flex printing etc.

8. Postal Communication:

Postal communication is one of the important communication service provided by the public

and private sector in India. This is very rational method of communication in ancient as well

as modern India. Even this means are common in the rural as well as urban areas of the

Indian peoples. Today almost all communications are performaed based on postal services in

India. One of the earliest evidence of a systematic postal service using foot messengers is

found during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.). A courier service between
the capital and the outlying provinces of the vast kingdom served the needs of intelligence

gathering and collection of revenue data, whence regular messengers, doots (emissaries) and

pigeons were used for conveying the royal communication. The origin of the postal system

during the Muslim rule can be traced to the conquest of Sind by the Arab ruler of Iraq,

Mohammad bin Qasim, in 712 A.D. The Arab chiefs established many territories which

necessitated maintenance of a regular line of communication with the Caliph of Bagdad, for

military intelligence and administrative instructions. The special horse couriers carried letters

from Caliph to Qasim on every third day and from Iraq to Sind in seven days.

The British East India Company opened a post office in Bombay in 1688 under the

name “Company Mail”, followed by similar offices in Calcutta and Madras. Although

courier services connected larger towns with their regional seats of government, there was no

integrated postal service operating before 1837; existing services were not generally intended

for personal mail Lord Clive established a postal plan (known as Jamidara Pratha) on 24

March 1766 in West Bengal. The system was reorganised and made available for public use

on 31 March 1774, in 1778 in Madras and 1792 in Bombay. Now, the Government of India

has a department of Posts and Telegraphs. It has thousands of post offices all over the

country. The postal department carries our mail, money orders and parcels to all parts of

India and the world and delivers it to our friends and relatives for whom they are meant. As

of 31 March 2011, the Indian Postal Service have 1,54,866 post offices, of which 1,39,040

(89.78 percent) were in rural areas and 15,826 (10.22 percent) in urban areas. Mail is

collected from 573749 letter boxes in the country. This is processed by a network of 387

Mail Offices, and conveyed by road, rail and airlines all over the country.

Major Highlights of Postal Services in India

 India has the largest Postal Network in the world with 1,54,866 Post Offices

 On an average, a Post Office serves an area of 21.23 Sq. Km. and a population of 7,814

people.

 Mail is collected from 573749 letter boxes in the country.

 Speed Post service was introduced in 1986 to provide fast and time bound delivery

service between seven major cities in the country.

 Instant Money Order (IMO) is an online domestic money transmission service intended

for a market clientele requiring instant money remittance.

 The Department of Posts launched Electronic Money Order-eMO on 10.10.2008.

Electronic Money Order is a system that facilitates remittance of MOs electronically

 Money Order Videsh facilitates remittances to foreign countries and receipt of

remittances from foreign countries through the medium of Post Office

 India Post launched a pilot project for e-Commerce business with the brand name „e-Post

Office‟.

 There is a separate wing called the Army Postal Services (APS) to take care of postal

needs of the Armed forces.

 Department of Posts has introduced a number of business products and services such as

Speed Post, Express Parcel Post, Business Post, Bill Mail, ePost, Direct Post, Logistic

Post, Retail Post, eBill Post etc

9. Newspapers and Magazines

Newspapers are the oldest kind of communication but it is most important mean of

communication in the every country. The earliest newspaper was issues in 17th century

Europe when printed periodicals began rapidly to replace the practice of hand-writing

newssheets. In the world of magazine The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731,

in London, is considered to have been the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave,

who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first

to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse of varied materiel,

originally derived from the Arabic makhazin "storehouses". However, The history of

newspaper in India began in 1780, with the publication of the Bengal Gazette from

Kolkata. The first Marathi fortnightly newspaper 'Darpan' was started by Balshastri

Jambhekar on 6th January 1832. On 27th April 1832 'Darpan' became weekly, which was

having 8 pages But it was closed on 26 June 1840. First Marathi daily 'Dyanprakash' was

started on 12 Feb. 1849. On 2nd Jan 1881, 'Mahratta' in English and on 4th Jan 1881

'Kesari' were founded by Lokmanya Tilak. Kesari & Mahratta were founded as a mean to

educate people against the slavery of British Rule. Now there are number newspapers and

magazines published in various languages in India i.e. Sakal, Loksatta, Times of India,

Indian Express, Navbharat Times etc. and Magazines like Business India, Economic and

Political Weekly (EPW), India Today, Readers Digest, Lokprabha, Baliraja etc. India has

four news agencies namely, the Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of India (UNI),

Samachar Bharti and Hindustan Smachar. Newspapers and magazines in India are

independent and usually privately owned. About 5,000 newspapers, 150 of them major

publications, are published daily in nearly 100 languages. Over 40,000 periodicals are also

published in India. These newspaper and magazines contribute a great deal to the

development of our knowledge and information regarding various issues as well as current

affairs. Through valuable and subtle critical and commentary articles on culture, social

civilization, new life style we learn a lot of interesting things. Newspapers and magazines
supply us with a variety of news every day. They keep us informed of the political situation

of the world.

7.2.5.2 Modern Means of Communication

In the modern world the means of communica-tion have become very important. In old

days it was very difficult to send our messages and receive messages from far off places. This

sending and receiving of messages and ideas is known as communication. In modern times we

can communicate with far off places easily and quickly.

1. Radio Broadcasting

Radio is a scientific device that functions as an effective auditory instrument for communication.

It also plays an important role in education. It is not only informs, but also inspires human being

for learning more and more. The concept of the radio first came about in 1879 however it was

not really perfected until 1922 when the first radiobroadcast occurred in 1922 in Pittsburgh.

Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM- and FM stations. AM

broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using Amplitude Modulation-AM. AM was the

first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today. FM

broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses

Frequency Modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio.

2. Cinema

Cinema is the most effective mass media instrument which is transmitting massage efficiently in

the society. Besides proving cheap entertainment for masses, it can easily become a means of

mass instruction and mass education in all over the world. The social and moral values are

conveyed through the medium of cinema. This is proved as instrument of change of society and

passing massage and instruction to the masses.

3. Television

Television has been given considerable importance in many countries especially in India as a

source and a tool of teaching and communicating to masses. The television is used for formal,

non-formal and informal education in India. To support formal education, television usually

function as supportive and reinforcement tool. Television act for communicate information, idea,

skills and attitudes etc.

4. Telegraph & Fax

Telegraph is the long-distance transmission of messages without the physical exchange of an

object bearing the message. The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir

Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke, and its use began on April 9, 1839. Morse

successfully demonstrated this system on September 2, 1837. Fox sends exact copy of a printed
message or picture to another machine located anywhere in any part of the world which is

connected with telephone line or other networking system. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain

worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic

signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843. Fax machine is

basically connected to telephone line and it having scanner which scan the paper inserted in the

fax machine and send its digital image to intend fax machine located in another side. Machine

located at another side receive digital image and print it on another page. Using a fax machine is

much faster than sending an item through the Postal or courier service.

5. Telephone:

A telephone is a device for communications that transmits and receives sound. Telephones are a

point-to-point communication system based on digital technology whose most basic function is

to allow two people to talk to each other from different locations. This technology was developed

by Alexander Graham Bell in the mid-1870s. In an analog telephone network, the caller is

connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The

switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is

determined electronically when the caller dials the number.

6. Satellite telephone:

A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to

orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. They provide similar functionality to terrestrial

mobile telephones; voice, short messaging service and low-bandwidth internet access are

supported through most systems. Satellite phones send and receive signals from satellites

orbiting the earth. The biggest advantage of a satellite phone is that subscriber can make calls in

remote locations there is no need of coverage of towers of cellular service providers because it

works through satellite directly. The satellite phones are capable of making and receiving calls

anywhere in the world excluding those areas restricted by the governments. But is not used by

everyone because it is costly than common cellular service.

7. Mobile Phone/Cell Phone:

A mobile phone also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone; is a device that

can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic

area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator,

allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only

within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile

phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email,

Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business

applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general
computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was

demonstrated by John F. Mitchelland Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset

weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be

commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from

12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the

bottom of the economic pyramid.

 This devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity

(IMEI) number

 It works based on SIM- Subscriber Identity Module card it is a small microchip

 A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards.

 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is

a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile

phones.

 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various

radio communication technologies.

 In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which

may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message.

 General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G

and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications

(GSM).

 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS

(EGPRS). It is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission

rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio

technology

8. 3G & 4G Mobile Telecommunications

3G, short for third Generation, is a term used to represent the 3rd generation of mobile

telecommunications technology. Also called Tri-Band 3G. This is a set of standards used for

mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services and networks that comply with the

International Mobile. In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile

communications standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system

provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless

modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Conceivable applications include

amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video

conferencing and 3D television. In India, Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using
TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.

9. Videotelephony:

The development of Videotelephony involved the historical development of several technologies

which enabled the use of live video in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of

Videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe.

Video telephony is full-duplex, real-time audio-visual communication between or among end

users. It is two-way communication comprising both audio and video elements. Participants in a

video telephone call can both see and hear each other in real time. Now, fast telecommunication

services like 3G or 4G are enabled these services in most of cities in India.

10. Websites:

Websites are one of the advanced methods of communication. Using websites we can place the

information or data to intend users or precipitants. There are two types of websites one is

informative website which only provides information and another is interactive website which

interactive web page is such a web page that allows it's visitors to communicate with it. Visitors

are allowed to make actions related to web page's content.

11. Electronic Mail-email

Electronic mail, commonly referred to as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital

messages from one account to another account. Email account is digital account which is unique

account for specific person or sender of mail which offer mailing service through the internet.

With the use of email we can send text massage and any digital attachment like word, excel, PPT

file, video, image, music file and other specified digital items other than software. Email ID and

password are important things for sending email, we cannot open email account and send or read

email without proper email ID and password. There are number of email service providers in the

world i.e. Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo mail, AOL Mail, Pobox, Inbox, Fast mail etc.

12. Teleconferencing:

Teleconferencing in the innovative idea of communication; it is fully based on modern

communication technology. Through this method meeting conducted by using internet,

telephones or cell phones without requiring attendees to be physically present in the same

physical area. In the teleconferencing audio or audio-visual meeting conducted between

geographically separated persons or parties connected by advanced telecommunication networks

such as telephones or internet. Teleconferencing allows discussions and meetings between two or

more than two (multiple) parties in different locations.

13. Audio Teleconferencing

Audio Teleconferencing is meeting or communication based on telephone or cellular technology

of communication. It is based on vice transferring system only there is no video or visual

appearance of the parties involved in the meeting. Audio Teleconferencing earliest version of

conferencing where telephone, cellphones and other electronic devices are used conferencing.

14. Video Teleconferencing

Video conferencing is one of the advanced versions of teleconferencing where either parties or

multiple parties can listen and watch each other‟s through video cameras or web cameras

connected through internet and communication technology. Video Teleconferencing avails

parties to make face to face contact with video or visual effects. Sometime it called Internet

based Teleconferencing also. The web/internet conferencing service allows users from multiple

locations across the world to join a single conference and collaborate at the same time. Now

there are various communication service providers are providing these type of services to their

clients i.e. Skype, iChat, Video chat by Gmail, VSee etc.

15. Other Internet Based Means of Communication

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate

with each other using the Internet Protocol. Now, there are various means of communication are

available to communicate persons or group of persons some examples are given below;

 Facebook- Facebook is one of the social networking services based on internet. Now it

has become the medium to connect with people all across the world. Through the

facebook we can connect with our friends, family members, business partners, relatives

or who are registered their account at facebook. We can send massage, share video,

images, and comments and also chat with them including face to face appearance with

the help of webcams. It is not only used for social networking but also for marketing and

business purpose. Facebook is a social networking service launched in February 2004. It

was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard

University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris

Hughes. As on September 2012, Facebook has over one billion active users.

 BlogSpot - Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows private or multi-user blogs

with time-stamped entries. It was created by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in

2003. Generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at a subdomain of blogspot.com. Blogs

are just like personal webpage through this person can pursue massage to intended users.

Blogger can easily be used to create the personal or corporate pages to communicate

peoples, customers and fans etc.

 Google Talk – Google Talk is an instant messaging service that provides both text and

voice communication. Using Google talk service registered member can chat with other
Audio Conferencing

Video Conferencing

registered members. User can see real-time availability and status of friends online, send

instant text messages, and easily go from text to voice chat and chat right from your

desktop or from Gmail. Now it is possible to place and receive phone calls from within

gmail by using Google Talk.

 Skype – Skype is one of the important services for video conferencing. The service

allows users to communicate with peers (who are using Skype) by voice using a

microphone, video by using a webcam, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone

calls facility also available with Skype user can call to recipients on the traditional

telephone networks.

7.2.6 Public and Private Communication Service Providers

A communication service