Data Structures

1. Question 1. What Is Data Structure?

Answer :
A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items
stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance knowledge about the
relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the
manipulation of data.
2. Question 2. What Are The Goals Of Data Structure?
Answer :
It must rich enough in structure to reflect the actual relationship of data in real
world. The structure should be simple enough for efficient processing of data.

RDBMS Interview Questions

3. Question 3. What Does Abstract Data Type Mean?
Answer :
Data type is a collection of values and a set of operations on these values.
Abstract data type refer to the mathematical concept that define the data type.
It is a useful tool for specifying the logical properties of a data type.
ADT consists of two parts
1) Values definition
2) Operation definition
Example:-The value definition for the ADT RATIONAL states that RATIONAL value
consists of two integers, second doesn’t equal to zero.
The operator definition for ADT RATIONAL includes the operation of creation
(make rational) addition, multiplication and test for equality.
4. Question 4. What Is The Difference Between A Stack And An Array?
Answer :
STACK:
i) Stack is a ordered collection of items.
ii) Stack is a dynamic object whose size is constantly changing as items are
pushed and popped.
iii) Stack may contain different data types.
iv) Stack is declared as a structure containing an array to hold the element of the
stack, and an integer to indicate the current stack top within the array.
ARRAY:
i) Array is an ordered collection of items.
ii) Array is a static object i.e. no of item is fixed and is assigned by the declaration
of the array.
iii) It contains same data types.
iv) Array can be home of a stack i.e. array can be declared large enough for
maximum size of the stack.
 Adv Java Tutorial
5. Question 5. What Do You Mean By Recursive Definition?
Answer :
The definition which defines an object in terms of simpler cases of itself is called
recursive definition.

DBMS Interview Questions

6. Question 6. What Is Sequential Search?
Answer :
In sequential search each item in the array is compared with the item being
searched until a match occurs. It is applicable to a table organized either as an
array or as a linked list.
7. Question 7. What Actions Are Performed When A Function Is Called?
Answer :
When a function is called
i) arguments are passed.
ii) local variables are allocated and initialized.
ii) transferring control to the function.
Core Java Tutorial   Adv Java Interview Questions
8. Question 8. What Actions Are Performed When A Function Returns?
Answer :
i) Return address is retrieved.
ii) Function’s data area is freed.
iii) Branch is taken to the return address.
9. Question 9. What Is A Linked List?
Answer :
A linked list is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, where the linear
order is given by pointers. Each node has two parts first part contain the
information of the element second part contains the address of the next node in
the list.

Core Java Interview Questions

10. Question 10. What Are The Advantages Of Linked List Over Array (static
Data Structure)?
Answer :
The disadvantages of array are:
i) unlike linked list it is expensive to insert and delete elements in the array.
ii) One can’t double or triple the size of array as it occupies block of memory
space.
In linked list
 i) each element in list contains a field, called a link or pointer which contains the
address of the next element.
ii) Successive element’s need not occupy adjacent space in memory.
C Tutorial
11. Question 11. We Apply Binary Search Algorithm To A Sorted Linked List,
Why?
Answer :
No we cannot apply binary search algorithm to a sorted linked list, since there is
no way of indexing the middle element in the list. This is the drawback in using
linked list as a data structure.

C Interview Questions
12. Question 12. What Do You Mean By Free Pool?
Answer :
Pool is a list consisting of unused memory cells which has its own pointer.

RDBMS Interview Questions

13. Question 13. What Do You Mean By Garbage Collection?
Answer :
It is a technique in which the operating system periodically collects all the deleted
space onto the free storage list.
It takes place when there is minimum amount of space left in storage list or when
CPU is ideal.
The alternate method to this is to immediately reinsert the space into free storage
list which is time consuming.

CSS Advanced Tutorial

14. Question 14. What Do You Mean By Overflow And Underflow?
Answer :
When new data is to be inserted into the data structure but there is no available
space i.e. free storage list is empty this situation is called overflow.
When we want to delete data from a data structure that is empty this situation is
called underflow.
15. Question 15. What Are The Disadvantages Array Implementations Of
Linked List?
Answer :
i) The no of nodes needed can’t be predicted when the program is written.
ii) The no of nodes declared must remain allocated throughout its execution.
Database Administration Interview Questions
16. Question 16. What Is A Queue?
 Answer :
A queue is an ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted at one
end (front end) and items inserted at the other end (rear end).
It obeys FIFO rule there is no limit to the number of elements a queue contains.

Maven Tutorial
17. Question 17. What Is A Priority Queue?
Answer :
The priority queue is a data structure in which the intrinsic ordering of the
elements (numeric or alphabetic)
Determines the result of its basic operation. It is of two types:
i) Ascending priority queue- Here smallest item can be removed (insertion is
arbitrary).
ii) Descending priority queue- Here largest item can be removed (insertion is
arbitrary).
CSS Advanced Interview Questions
18. Question 18. What Are The Disadvantages Of Sequential Storage?
Answer :
i) Fixed amount of storage remains allocated to the data structure even if it
contains less element.
ii) No more than fixed amount of storage is allocated causing overflow.
DBMS Interview Questions
19. Question 19. What Are The Disadvantages Of Representing A Stack Or
Queue By A Linked List?
Answer :
i) A node in a linked list (info and next field) occupies more storage than a
corresponding element in an array.
ii) Additional time spent in managing the available list.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design Tutorial
20. Question 20. What Is Dangling Pointer And How To Avoid It?
Answer :
After a call to free(p) makes a subsequent reference to *p illegal, i.e. though the
storage to p is freed but the value of p(address) remain unchanged .so the object
at that address may be used as the value of *p (i.e. there is no way to detect the
illegality).Here p is called dangling pointer.
To avoid this it is better to set p to NULL after executing free(p).The null pointer
value doesn’t reference a storage location it is a pointer that doesn’t point to
anything.
 Maven Interview Questions
21. Question 21. What Are The Disadvantages Of Linear List?
Answer :
i) We cannot reach any of the nodes that precede node (p).
ii) If a list is traversed, the external pointer to the list must be persevered in order
to reference the list again.
22. Question 22. Define Circular List?
Answer :
In linear list the next field of the last node contain a null pointer, when a next field
in the last node contain a pointer back to the first node it is called circular list.
Advantages – From any point in the list it is possible to reach at any other point.
23. Question 23. What Are The Disadvantages Of Circular List?
Answer :
i) We can’t traverse the list backward.
ii) If a pointer to a node is given we cannot delete the node.
Computer architecture Interview Questions
24. Question 24. Define Double Linked List?
Answer :
It is a collection of data elements called nodes,
where each node is divided into three parts:
1. An info field that contains the information stored in the node.
2. Left field that contain pointer to node on left side.
3. Right field that contain pointer to node on right side.
Adv Java Interview Questions
o Question 25. Is It Necessary To Sort A File Before Searching A
Particular Item ?
Answer :
If less work is involved in searching a element than to sort and then extract, then
we don’t go for sort.
If frequent use of the file is required for the purpose of retrieving specific element,
it is more efficient to sort the file.
Thus it depends on situation.
o Question 26. What Are The Issues That Hamper The Efficiency In
Sorting A File?
Answer :
The issues are:
1. Length of time required by the programmer in coding a particular
sorting program.
 2. Amount of machine time necessary for running the particular
program.
3. The amount of space necessary for the particular program .
Object Oriented Analysis and Design Interview Questions
o Question 27. Calculate The Efficiency Of Sequential Search?
Answer :
The number of comparisons depends on where the record with the argument key
appears in the table.
If it appears at first position then one comparison
If it appears at last position then n comparisons
Average=(n+1)/2 comparisons
Unsuccessful search n comparisons
Number of comparisons in any case is O (n).

Core Java Interview Questions

o Question 28. Is Any Implicit Arguments Are Passed To A Function
When It Is Called?
Answer :
Yes there is a set of implicit arguments that contain information necessary for the
function to execute and return correctly. One of them is return address which is
stored within the function’s data area, at the time of returning to calling program
the address is retrieved and the function branches to that location.
o Question 29. Parenthesis Is Never Required In Postfix Or Prefix
Expressions, Why?
Answer :
Parenthesis is not required because the order of the operators in the postfix
/prefix expressions determines the actual order of operations in evaluating the
expression.

Standard Template Library (STL) Interview Questions

o Question 30. List Out The Areas In Which Data Structures Are
Applied Extensively?
Answer :
1. Compiler Design,
2. Operating System,
3. Database Management System,
4. Statistical analysis package,
5. Numerical Analysis,
6. Graphics,
7. Artificial Intelligence,
 8. Simulation.
o Question 31. What Are The Major Data Structures Used In The
Following Areas : Network Data Model & Hierarchical Data Model?
Answer :
RDBMS – Array (i.e. Array of structures)
Network data model – Graph
Hierarchical data model – Trees
o Question 32. If You Are Using C Language To Implement The
Heterogeneous Linked List, What Pointer Type Will You Use?
Answer :
The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types in its nodes and we
need a link, pointer to connect them. It is not possible to use ordinary pointers for
this. So we go for void pointer. Void pointer is capable of storing pointer to any
type as it is a generic pointer type.

Xml Publisher Interview Questions

o Question 33. Minimum Number Of Queues Needed To Implement
The Priority Queue?
Answer :
Two. One queue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing
priorities.

C Interview Questions
o Question 34. What Is The Data Structures Used To Perform
Recursion?
Answer :
Stack. Because of its LIFO (Last In First Out) property it remembers its ‘caller’ so
knows whom to return when the function has to return. Recursion makes use of
system stack for storing the return addresses of the function calls.
Every recursive function has its equivalent iterative (non-recursive) function. Even
when such equivalent iterative procedures are written, explicit stack is to be used.
o Question 35. What Are The Notations Used In Evaluation Of
Arithmetic Expressions Using Prefix And Postfix Forms?
Answer :
Polish and Reverse Polish notations.
o Question 36. Convert The Expression ((a + B) * C - (d - E) ^ (f + G)) To
Equivalent Prefix And Postfix Notations?
Answer :
Prefix Notation:
^ – * +ABC – DE + FG
postfix Notation:
AB + C * DE – – FG + ^
 Database Administration Interview Questions
o Question 37. List Out Few Of The Application Of Tree Data-
structure?
Answer :
The manipulation of Arithmetic expression, Symbol Table construction & Syntax
analysis.
o Question 38. List Out Few Of The Applications That Make Use Of
Multilinked Structures?
Answer :
Sparse matrix, Index generation.
o Question 39. What Is The Type Of The Algorithm Used In Solving The
8 Queens Problem?
Answer :
Backtracking.
o Question 40. In An Avl Tree, At What Condition The Balancing Is To
Be Done?
Answer :
If the ‘pivotal value’ (or the ‘Height factor’) is greater than 1 or less than –1.

CSS Advanced Interview Questions

o Question 41. There Are 8, 15, 13, 14 Nodes Were There In 4 Different
Trees. Which Of Them Could Have Formed A Full Binary Tree?
Answer :
 In general: There are 2n-1 nodes in a full binary tree. By the method of
elimination:
Full binary trees contain odd number of nodes. So there cannot be full binary trees
with 8 or 14 nodes, so rejected. With 13 nodes you can form a complete binary
tree but not a full binary tree. So the correct answer is 15.
o Question 42. In Rdbms, What Is The Efficient Data Structure Used In
The Internal Storage Representation?
Answer :
B+ tree. Because in B+ tree, all the data is stored only in leaf nodes, that makes
searching easier. This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf
nodes.

Maven Interview Questions

o Question 43. What Is A Spanning Tree?
Answer :
A spanning tree is a tree associated with a network. All the nodes of the graph
appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized
so that the total edge weight between nodes is minimized.
o Question 44. Does The Minimal Spanning Tree Of A Graph Give The
Shortest Distance Between Any 2 Specified Nodes?
Answer :
No! Minimal spanning tree assures that the total weight of the tree is kept at its
minimum. But it doesn’t mean that the distance between any two nodes involved
in the minimal-spanning tree is minimum.
o Question 45. Difference Between Calloc And Malloc ?
Answer :
malloc: allocate n bytes.
calloc: allocate m times n bytes initialized to 0.
o Question 46. What Are The Major Data Structures Used In The
Following Areas : Rdbms, Network Data Model & Hierarchical Data Model?
Answer :
1. RDBMS Array (i.e. Array of structures)
2. Network data model Graph
3. Hierarchical data model Trees.
o Question 47. Which File Contains The Definition Of Member
Functions?
Answer :
Definitions of member functions for the Linked List class are contained in the
LinkedList.cpp file.
o Question 48. How Is Any Data Structure Application Is Classified
Among Files?
Answer :
A linked list application can be organized into a header file, source file and main
application file. The first file is the header file that contains the definition of the
NODE structure and the LinkedList class definition. The second file is a source
code file containing the implementation of member functions of the LinkedList
class. The last file is the application file that contains code that creates and uses
the LinkedList class.
o Question 49. What Member Function Places A New Node At The End
Of The Linked List?
Answer :
The appendNode() member function places a new node at the end of the linked
list. The appendNode() requires an integer representing the current data of the
node.
o Question 50. What Is Linked List ?
Answer :
Linked List is one of the fundamental data structures. It consists of a sequence of
? nodes, each containing arbitrary data fields and one or two (”links”) pointing to
the next and/or previous nodes. A linked list is a self-referential datatype because
it contains a pointer or link to another data of the same type. Linked lists permit
 insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list in constant time, but do not
allow random access.
o Question 51. What Does Each Entry In The Link List Called?
Answer :
Each entry in a linked list is called a node. Think of a node as an entry that has
three sub entries. One sub entry contains the data, which may be one attribute or
many attributes. Another points to the previous node, and the last points to the
next node. When you enter a new item on a linked list, you allocate the new node
and then set the pointers to previous and next nodes.
o Question 52. How Is The Front Of The Queue Calculated ?
Answer :
The front of the queue is calculated by front = (front+1) % size.
o Question 53. Why Is The Isempty() Member Method Called?
Answer :
The isEmpty() member method is called within the dequeue process to determine
if there is an item in the queue to be removed i.e. isEmpty() is called to decide
whether the queue has at least one element. This method is called by the
dequeue() method before returning the front element.
o Question 54. Which Process Places Data At The Back Of The Queue?
Answer :
Enqueue is the process that places data at the back of the queue.
o Question 55. What Is The Relationship Between A Queue And Its
Underlying Array?
Answer :
Data stored in a queue is actually stored in an array. Two indexes, front and end
will be used to identify the start and end of the queue.
When an element is removed front will be incremented by 1. In case it reaches
past the last index available it will be reset to 0. Then it will be checked with end. If
it is greater than end queue is empty.
When an element is added end will be incremented by 1. In case it reaches past
the last index available it will be reset to 0. After incrementing it will be checked
with front. If they are equal queue is full.
o Question 56. What Is A Queue ?
Answer :
A Queue is a sequential organization of data. A queue is a first in first out type of
data structure. An element is inserted at the last position and an element is
always taken out from the first position.
o Question 57. What Does Isempty() Member Method Determines?
Answer :
isEmpty() checks if the stack has at least one element. This method is called by
Pop() before retrieving and returning the top element.
o Question 58. What Method Removes The Value From The Top Of A
Stack?
Answer :
The pop() member method removes the value from the top of a stack, which is
then returned by the pop() member method to the statement that calls the pop()
member method.
o Question 59. What Method Is Used To Place A Value Onto The Top
Of A Stack?
Answer :
push() method, Push is the direction that data is being added to the stack. push()
member method places a value onto the top of a stack.
o Question 60. Run Time Memory Allocation Is Known As ?
Answer :
Allocating memory at runtime is called a dynamically allocating memory. In this,
you dynamically allocate memory by using the new operator when declaring the
array.
for example : int grades[] = new int[10];
o Question 61. How Do You Assign An Address To An Element Of A
Pointer Array ?
Answer :
We can assign a memory address to an element of a pointer array by using the
address operator, which is the ampersand (&), in an assignment statement such
as ptemployee[0] = &projects[2];
o Question 62. Why Do We Use A Multidimensional Array?
Answer :
A multidimensional array can be useful to organize subgroups of data within an
array. In addition to organizing data stored in elements of an array, a
multidimensional array can store memory addresses of data in a pointer array and
an array of pointers.

Multidimensional arrays are used to store information in a matrix form.

e.g; a railway timetable, schedule cannot be stored as a single dimensional array.
One can use a 3-D array for storing height, width and length of each room on each
floor of a building.
o Question 63. What Is Significance Of " * " ?
Answer :
The symbol “*” tells the computer that you are declaring a pointer. Actually it
depends on context.
In a statement like int *ptr; the ‘*’ tells that you are declaring a pointer.
In a statement like int i = *ptr; it tells that you want to assign value pointed to by
ptr to variable i.
The symbol “*” is also called as Indirection Operator/ Dereferencing Operator.
o Question 64. Is Pointer A Variable?
Answer :
Yes, a pointer is a variable and can be used as an element of a structure and as an
attribute of a class in some programming languages such as C++, but not Java.
However, the contents of a pointer is a memory address of another location of
memory, which is usually the memory address of another variable, element of a
structure, or attribute of a class.
o Question 65. How Many Parts Are There In A Declaration Statement?
Answer :
There are two main parts, variable identifier and data type and the third type is
optional which is type qualifier like signed/unsigned.
o Question 66. How Memory Is Reserved Using A Declaration
Statement ?
Answer :
Memory is reserved using data type in the variable declaration. A programming
language implementation has predefined sizes for its data types.
For example: 
in C# the declaration int i; will reserve 32 bits for variable i.
A pointer declaration reserves memory for the address or the pointer variable, but
not for the data that it will point to. The memory for the data pointed by a pointer
has to be allocated at runtime.
The memory reserved by the compiler for simple variables and for storing pointer
address is allocated on the stack, while the memory allocated for pointer
referenced data at runtime is allocated on the heap.
o Question 67. What Is Impact Of Signed Numbers On The Memory?
Answer :
Sign of the number is the first bit of the storage allocated for that number. So you
get one bit less for storing the number. For example if you are storing an 8-bit
number, without sign, the range is 0-255. If you decide to store sign you get 7 bits
for the number plus one bit for the sign. So the range is -128 to +127.
o Question 68. What Is Precision?
Answer :
Precision refers the accuracy of the decimal portion of a value. Precision is the
number of digits allowed after the decimal point.
o Question 69. What Is The Difference Between Null And Void Pointer?
Answer :
NULL can be value for pointer type variables.
VOID is a type identifier which has not size.
NULL and void are not same. Example: void* ptr = NULL;
o Question 70. What Is The Difference Between Array And Stack?
Answer :
STACK follows LIFO. Thus the item that is first entered would be the last removed.
 In array the items can be entered or removed in any order. Basically each member
access is done using index. No strict order is to be followed here to remove a
particular element.
Array may be multidiamensional or onediamensional but stack should be
onediamensional. but both are linear data structure.
o Question 71. Tell How To Check Whether A Linked List Is Circular ?
Answer :
Create two pointers, each set to the start of the list. Update each as follows:
while (pointer1) 
{
pointer1 = pointer1->next;
pointer2 = pointer2->next;
if(pointer2)pointer2=pointer2->next;
if (pointer1 == pointer2) 
{
print (”circularn”);
}
}

o Question 72. Whether Linked List Is Linear Or Non-linear Data

Structure?
Answer :
1. According to Access strategies Linked list is a linear one.
2. According to Storage Linked List is a Non-linear one.
o Question 73. If You Are Using C Language To Implement The
Heterogeneous Linked List, What Pointer Type Will You Use?
Answer :
The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types in its nodes and we
need a link, pointer to connect them. It is not possible to use ordinary pointers for
this. So we go for void pointer. Void pointer is capable of storing pointer to any
type as it is a generic pointer type.
o Question 74. What Is A Node Class?
Answer :
A node class is a class that, relies on the base class for services and
implementation, provides a wider interface to users than its base class, relies
primarily on virtual functions in its public interface depends on all its direct and
indirect base class can be understood only in the context of the base class can be
used as base for further derivation can be used to create objects. A node class is
a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited
from its base class.
o Question 75. When Can You Tell That A Memory Leak Will Occur?
Answer :
A memory leak occurs when a program loses the ability to free a block of
dynamically allocated memory.
o Question 76. How Many Different Trees Are Possible With 10
Nodes ?
Answer :
1014 - For example, consider a tree with 3 nodes(n=3), it will have the maximum
combination of 5 different (ie, 23 - 3 =? 5) trees.
o Question 77. How Can I Search For Data In A Linked List?
Answer :
Unfortunately, the only way to search a linked list is with a linear search, because
the only way a linked list's members can be accessed is sequentially. Sometimes
it is quicker to take the data from a linked list and store it in a different data
structure so that searches can be more efficient.
o Question 78. Define Data Structures?
Answer :
Data Structures is defined as the way of organizing all data items that consider
not only the elements stored but also stores the relationship between the
elements.
o Question 79. Define Primary Data Structures?
Answer :
Primary data structures are the basic data structures that directly operate upon
the machine instructions. All the basic constants (integers, floating-point
numbers, character constants, string constants) and pointers are considered as
primary data structures.
o Question 80. Define Static Data Structures?
Answer :
A data structure formed when the number of data items are known in advance is
referred as static data structure or fixed size data structure.
o Question 81. List Some Of The Static Data Structures In C?
Answer :
Some of the static data structures in C are arrays, pointers, structures etc.
o Question 82. Define Dynamic Data Structures?
Answer :
A data structure formed when the number of data items are not known in advance
is known as dynamic data structure or variable size data structure.
o Question 83. List Some Of The Dynamic Data Structures In C?
Answer :
Some of the dynamic data structures in C are linked lists, stacks, queues, trees
etc.
o Question 84. Define Linear Data Structures?
Answer :
Linear data structures are data structures having a linear relationship between its
adjacent elements.
Eg; Linked lists.
o Question 85. Define Non-linear Data Structures?
Answer :
Non-linear data structures are data structures that don’t have a linear relationship
between its adjacent elements but have a hierarchical relationship between the
elements.
Eg; Trees and Graphs.
o Question 86. Define Linked Lists?
Answer :
Linked list consists of a series of structures, which are not necessarily adjacent in
memory. Each structure contains the element and a pointer to a structure
containing its successor. We call this the Next Pointer. The last cell’s Next pointer
points to NULL.

o Question 87. State The Different Types Of Linked Lists?

Answer :
The different types of linked list include singly linked list, doubly linked list and
circular linked list.
o Question 88. List The Basic Operations Carried Out In A Linked List?
Answer :
The basic operations carried out in a linked list include:
1. Creation of a list.
2. Insertion of a node.
3. Deletion of a node.
4. Modification of a node.
5. Traversal of the list.
o Question 89. List Out The Advantages Of Using A Linked List?
Answer :
1. It is not necessary to specify the number of elements in a linked list
during its declaration.
2. Linked list can grow and shrink in size depending upon the insertion
and deletion that occurs in the list.
3. Insertions and deletions at any place in a list can be handled easily
and efficiently.
4. A linked list does not waste any memory space.
o Question 90. List Out The Disadvantages Of Using A Linked List?
Answer :
 1. Searching a particular element in a list is difficult and time
consuming.
2. A linked list will use more storage space than an array to store the
same number of elements.
o Question 91. List Out The Applications Of A Linked List?
Answer :
Some of the important applications of linked lists are manipulation of
polynomials, sparse matrices, stacks and queues.
o Question 92. State The Difference Between Arrays And Linked Lists?
Answer :

 
o Question 93. Define A Stack?
Answer :
Stack is an ordered collection of elements in which insertions and deletions are
restricted to one end. The end from which elements are added and/or removed is
referred to as top of the stack. Stacks are also referred as piles, push-down lists
and last-in-first-out (LIFO) lists.
o Question 94. List Out The Basic Operations That Can Be Performed
On A Stack ?
Answer :
The basic operations that can be performed on a stack are
1. Push operation.
2. Pop operation.
3. Peek operation.
4. Empty check.
5. Fully occupied check.
o Question 95. State The Different Ways Of Representing Expressions?
Answer :
The different ways of representing expressions are
1. Infix Notation.
2. Prefix Notation.
3. Postfix Notation.
o Question 96. State The Advantages Of Using Infix Notations?
Answer :
1. It is the mathematical way of representing the expression.
2. It is easier to see visually which operation is done from first to last.
o Question 97. State The Advantages Of Using Postfix Notations?
Answer :
 1. Need not worry about the rules of precedence.
2. Need not worry about the rules for right to left associativity.
3. Need not need parenthesis to override the above rules.
o Question 98. State The Rules To Be Followed During Infix To Postfix
Conversions?
Answer :
1. Fully parenthesize the expression starting from left to right. During
parenthesizing, the operators having higher precedence are first
parenthesized.
2. Move the operators one by one to their right, such that each operator
replaces their corresponding right parenthesis.
3. The part of the expression, which has been converted into postfix is to
be treated as single operand.
4. Once the expression is converted into postfix form, remove all
parenthesis.
o Question 99. State The Rules To Be Followed During Infix To Prefix
Conversions?
Answer :
1. Fully parenthesize the expression starting from left to right. During
parenthesizing, the operators having higher precedence are first
parenthesized.
2. Move the operators one by one to their left, such that each operator
replaces their corresponding left  parenthesis.
3. The part of the expression, which has been converted into prefix is to
be treated as single operand.
4. Once the expression is converted into prefix form, remove all
parenthesis.
o Question 100. State The Difference Between Stacks And Linked
Lists?
Answer :
The difference between stacks and linked lists is that insertions and deletions
may occur anywhere in a linked list, but only at the top of the stack.
o Question 101. Mention The Advantages Of Representing Stacks
Using Linked Lists Than Arrays?
Answer :
1. It is not necessary to specify the number of elements to be stored in a
stack during its declaration, since memory is allocated dynamically at
run time when an element is added to the stack.
2. Insertions and deletions can be handled easily and efficiently.
3. Linked list representation of stacks can grow and shrink in size
without wasting memory space, depending upon the insertion and
deletion that occurs in the list.
 4. Multiple stacks can be represented efficiently using a chain for each
stack.
o Question 102. Define A Queue?
Answer :
Queue is an ordered collection of elements in which insertions are restricted to
one end called the rear end and deletions are restricted to other end called the
front end. Queues are also referred as First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Lists.
o Question 103. Define A Priority Queue?
Answer :
Priority queue is a collection of elements, each containing a key referred as the
priority for that element. Elements can be inserted in any order (i.e., of alternating
priority), but are arranged in order of their priority value in the queue. The
elements are deleted from the queue in the order of their priority (i.e., the
elements with the highest priority is deleted first). The elements with the same
priority are given equal importance and processed accordingly.
o Question 104. State The Difference Between Queues And Linked
Lists?
Answer :
The difference between queues and linked lists is that insertions and deletions
may occur anywhere in the linked list, but in queues insertions can be made only
in the rear end and deletions can be made only in the front end.
o Question 105. Define A Deque?
Answer :
Deque (Double-Ended Queue) is another form of a queue in which insertions and
deletions are made at both the front and rear ends of the queue. There are two
variations of a deque, namely, input restricted deque and output restricted deque.
The input restricted deque allows insertion at one end (it can be either front or
rear) only. The output restricted deque allows deletion at one end (it can be either
front or rear) only.
o Question 106. Why You Need A Data Structure?
Answer :
A data structure helps you to understand the relationship of one data element
with the other and organize it within the memory. Sometimes the organization
might be simple and can be very clearly visioned.
Eg; List of names of months in a year –Linear Data Structure, List of historical
places in the world- Non-Linear Data Structure. A data structure helps you to
analyze the data, store it and organize it in a logical and mathematical manner.
o Question 107. What Do You Mean By Shortest Path?
Answer :
A path having minimum weight between two vertices is known as shortest path, in
which weight is always a positive number.
o Question 108. What Do You Mean By Articulation Point?
 Answer :
If a graph is not biconnected, the vertices whose removal would disconnect the
graph are known as articulation points.
o Question 109. Define Biconnectivity?
Answer :
A connected graph G is said to be biconnected, if it remains connected after
removal of any one vertex and the edges that are incident upon that vertex. A
connected graph is biconnected, if it has no articulation points.
o Question 110. What Do You Mean By Back Edge?
Answer :
If w is the ancestor of v, then vw is called a back edge.
o Question 111. What Do You Mean By Tree Edge?
Answer :
If w is undiscovered at the time vw is explored, then vw is called a tree edge and v
becomes the parent of w.
o Question 112. Differentiate Bfs And Dfs?
Answer :

 
o Question 113. What Do You Mean By Breadth First Search (bfs)?
Answer :
BFS performs simultaneous explorations starting from a common point and
spreading out independently.
o Question 114. List The Two Important Key Points Of Depth First
Search?
Answer :
i) If path exists from one node to another node, walk across the edge – exploring
the edge.
ii) If path does not exist from one specific node to any other node, return to the
previous node where we have been before – backtracking.
o Question 115. Define Graph Traversals?
Answer :
Traversing a graph is an efficient way to visit each vertex and edge exactly once.
o Question 116. Name Two Algorithms Two Find Minimum Spanning
Tree?
Answer :
1. Kruskal’s algorithm.
2. Prim’s algorithm.
o Question 117. What Is A Minimum Spanning Tree?
 Answer :
A minimum spanning tree of an undirected graph G is a tree formed from graph
edges that connects all the vertices of G at the lowest total cost.
o Question 118. What Are The Two Traversal Strategies Used In
Traversing A Graph?
Answer :
1. Breadth first search
2. Depth first search
o Question 119. When Is A Graph Said To Be Weakly Connected?
Answer :
When a directed graph is not strongly connected but the underlying graph is
connected, then the graph is said to be weakly connected.
o Question 120. What Is Meant By Strongly Connected In A Graph?
Answer :
An undirected graph is connected, if there is a path from every vertex to every
other vertex. A directed graph with this property is called strongly connected.
o Question 121. What Is An Acyclic Graph?
Answer :
A simple diagram which does not have any cycles is called an acyclic graph.
o Question 122. What Is A Cycle Or A Circuit?
Answer :
A path which originates and ends in the same node is called a cycle or circuit.
o Question 123. What Is A Simple Path?
Answer :
A path in a diagram in which the edges are distinct is called a simple path. It is
also called as edge simple.
o Question 124. Define Path In A Graph?
Answer :
The path in a graph is the route taken to reach terminal node from a starting node.
o Question 125. Define Indegree Of A Graph?
Answer :
In a directed graph, for any node v, the number of edges which have v as their
terminal node is called the indegree of the node v.
o Question 126. Define Outdegree Of A Graph?
Answer :
In a directed graph, for any node v, the number of edges which have v as their
initial node is called the out degree of the node v.
o Question 127. What Is A Weighted Graph?
Answer :
A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a weighted graph.
o Question 128. What Is A Simple Graph?
 Answer :
A simple graph is a graph, which has not more than one edge between a pair of
nodes than such a graph is called a simple graph.
o Question 129. What Is A Loop?
Answer :
An edge of a graph which connects to itself is called a loop or sling.
o Question 130. What Is A Undirected Graph?
Answer :
A graph in which every edge is undirected is called a directed graph.
o Question 131. What Is A Directed Graph?
Answer :
A graph in which every edge is directed is called a directed graph.
o Question 132. Define Adjacent Nodes?
Answer :
Any two nodes which are connected by an edge in a graph are called adjacent
nodes. For example, if an edge x ε E is associated with a pair of nodes (u,v) where
u, v ε V, then we say that the edge x connects the nodes u and v.
o Question 133. Define Graph?
Answer :
A graph G consist of a nonempty set V which is a set of nodes of the graph, a set
E which is the set of edges of the graph, and a mapping from the set for edge E to
a set of pairs of elements of V. It can also be represented as G=(V, E).
o Question 134. What Is The Need For Path Compression?
Answer :
Path compression is performed during a Find operation. Suppose if we want to
perform Find(X), then the effect of path compression is that every node on the
path from X to the root has its parent changed to the root.
o Question 135. What Do You Mean By Union-by-weight?
Answer :
Keep track of the weight ie; size of each tree and always append the smaller tree
to the larger one when performing UNION.
o Question 136. List The Abstract Operations In The Set?
Answer :
Let S and T be sets and e be an element.
 SINGLETON(e) returns {e}.
 UNION(S,T) returns S Ụ T.
 INTERSECTION(S,T) returns S ∩ T.
 FIND returns the name of the set containing a given element.
o Question 137. Define A Set?
Answer :
 A set S is an unordered collection of elements from a universe. An element cannot
appear more than once in S. The cardinality of S is the number of elements in S.
An empty set is a set whose cardinality is zero. A singleton set is a set whose
cardinality is one.
o Question 138. What Do You Mean By Disjoint Set Adt?
Answer :
A collection of non-empty disjoint sets S=S1,S2,….,Sk i.e;each Si is a non-empty
set that has no element in common with any other Sj. In mathematical notation
this is: Si∩Sj=Ф. Each set is identified by a unique element called its
representative.
o Question 139. List The Applications Of Set Adt?
Answer :
 Maintaining a set of connected components of a graph.
 Maintain list of duplicate copies of web pages.
 Constructing a minimum spanning tree for a graph.
2. Question 140. Define An Equivalence Relation?
Answer :
An equivalence relation is a relation R that satisfies three properties:
o (Reflexive) aRa, for all a ε S.
o (Symmetric) aRb if and only if bRa.
o (Transitive) aRb and bRc implies that aRc.
o Question 141. Define A Relation?
Answer :
A relation R is defined on a set S if for every pair of elements (a,b), a,b ε S, aRb is
either true or false. If aRb is true, then we say that a is related to b.
o Question 142. Mention One Advantage And Disadvantage Of Using
Quadratic Probing?
Answer :
Advantage: The problem of primary clustering is eliminated.
Disadvantage: There is no guarantee of finding an unoccupied cell once the table
is nearly half full.
o Question 143. List The Limitations Of Linear Probing?
Answer :
o Time taken for finding the next available cell is large.
o In linear probing, we come across a problem known as
clustering.
o Question 144. What Is The Need For Extendible Hashing?
Answer :
If either open addressing hashing or separate chaining hashing is used, the major
problem is that collisions could cause several blocks to be examined during a
Find, even for a well-distributed hash table. Extendible hashing allows a find to be
performed in two disk accesses. Insertions also require few disk accesses.
o Question 145. What Do You Mean By Rehashing?
Answer :
If the table gets too full, the running time for the operations will start taking too
long and inserts might fail for open addressing with quadratic resolution. A
solution to this is to build another table that is about twice as big with the
associated new hash function and scan down the entire original hash table,
computing the new hash value for each element and inserting it in the new table.
This entire operation is called rehashing.
o Question 146. What Do You Mean By Double Hashing?
Answer :
Double hashing is an open addressing collision resolution strategy in which
F(i)=i.hash2(X). This formula says that we apply a second hash function to X and
probe at a distance hash2(X), 2hash2(X),….,and so on. A function such as
hash2(X)=R-(XmodR), with R a prime smaller than Tablesize.
o Question 147. What Do You Mean By Secondary Clustering?
Answer :
Although quadratic probing eliminates primary clustering, elements that hash to
the same position will probe the same alternative cells. This is known as
secondary clustering.
o Question 148. What Do You Mean By Quadratic Probing?
Answer :
Quadratic probing is an open addressing collision resolution strategy in which
F(i)=i2. There is no guarantee of finding an empty cell once the table gets half full
if the table size is not prime. This is because at most half of the table can be used
as alternative locations to resolve collisions.
o Question 149. What Do You Mean By Primary Clustering?
Answer :
In linear probing collision resolution strategy, even if the table is relatively empty,
blocks of occupied cells start forming. This effect is known as primary clustering
means that any key hashes into the cluster will require several attempts to resolve
the collision and then it will add to the cluster.
o Question 150. What Do You Mean By Linear Probing?
Answer :
Linear probing is an open addressing collision resolution strategy in which F is a
linear function of i, F(i)=i. This amounts to trying sequentially in search of an
empty cell. If the table is big enough, a free cell can always be found, but the time
to do so can get quite large.
o Question 151. What Do You Mean By Probing?
Answer :
Probing is the process of getting next available hash table array cell.
o Question 152. What Are The Types Of Collision Resolution
Strategies In Open Addressing?
 Answer :
o Linear probing.
o Quadratic probing.
o Double hashing.
o Question 153. What Do You Mean By Open Addressing?
Answer :
Open addressing is a collision resolving strategy in which, if collision occurs
alternative cells are tried until an empty cell is found. The cells h0(x), h1(x), h2(x),
…. are tried in succession, where hi(x)=(Hash(x)+F(i))mod Tablesize with F(0)=0.
The function F is the collision resolution strategy.
o Question 154. Write The Disadvantages Of Separate Chaining?
Answer :
o The elements are evenly distributed. Some elements may have
more elements and some may not have anything.
o It requires pointers. This leads to slow the algorithm down a bit
because of the time required to allocate new cells, and also essentially
requires the implementation of a second data structure.
o Question 155. Write The Advantage Of Separate Chaining?
Answer :
More number of elements can be inserted as it uses linked lists.
o Question 156. What Do You Mean By Separate Chaining?
Answer :
Separate chaining is a collision resolution technique to keep the list of all
elements that hash to the same value. This is called separate chaining because
each hash table element is a separate chain (linked list). Each linked list contains
all the elements whose keys hash to the same index.
o Question 157. What Are The Collision Resolution Methods?
Answer :
o Separate chaining or External hashing.
o Open addressing or Closed hashing.
o Question 158. What Do You Mean By Collision In Hashing?
Answer :
When an element is inserted, it hashes to the same value as an already inserted
element, and then it produces collision.
o Question 159. Write The Importance Of Hashing?
Answer :
o Maps key with the corresponding value using hash function.
o Hash tables support the efficient addition of new entries and
the time spent on searching for the required data is independent of the
number of items stored.
o Question 160. What Do You Mean By Hash Function?
Answer :
 A hash function is a key to address transformation which acts upon a given key to
compute the relative position of the key in an array. The choice of hash function
should be simple and it must distribute the data evenly. A simple hash function is
hash_key=key mod tablesize.
o Question 161. What Do You Mean By Hash Table?
Answer :
The hash table data structure is merely an array of some fixed size, containing the
keys. A key is a string with an associated value. Each key is mapped into some
number in the range 0 to tablesize-1 and placed in the appropriate cell.
o Question 162. Define Hashing?
Answer :
Hashing is the transformation of string of characters into a usually shorter fixed
length value or key that represents the original string. Hashing is used to index
and retrieve items in a database because it is faster to find the item using the
short hashed key than to find it using the original value.
o Question 163. What Do You Mean By The Term "percolate Down"?
Answer :
When the minimum element is removed, a hole is created at the root. Since the
heap now becomes one smaller, it follows that the last element X in the heap
must move somewhere in the heap. If X can be placed in the hole, then we are
done.. This is unlikely, so we slide the smaller of the hole’s children into the hole,
thus pushing the hole down one level. We repeat this step until X can be placed in
the hole. Thus, our action is to place X in its correct spot along a path from the
root containing minimum children. This general strategy is known as percolate
down.
o Question 164. What Do You Mean By The Term "percolate Up"?
Answer :
To insert an element, we have to create a hole in the next available heap location.
Inserting an element in the hole would sometimes violate the heap order property,
so we have to slide down the parent into the hole. This strategy is continued until
the correct location for the new element is found. This general strategy is known
as a percolate up; the new element is percolated up the heap until the correct
location is found.
o Question 165. What Are The Applications Of Priority Queues?
Answer :
o The selection problem.
o Event simulation.
o Question 166. What Do You Mean By Heap Order Property?
Answer :
In a heap, for every node X, the key in the parent of X is smaller than (or equal to)
the key in X, with the exception of the root (which has no parent).
o Question 167. What Do You Mean By Structure Property In A Heap?
 Answer :
A heap is a binary tree that is completely filled with the possible exception at the
bottom level, which is filled from left to right. Such a tree is known as a complete
binary tree.
o Question 168. What Are The Properties Of Binary Heap?
Answer :
o Structure Property.
o Heap Order Property.
o Question 169. What Is The Need For Priority Queue?
Answer :
In a multiuser environment, the operating system scheduler must decide which of
the several processes to run only for a fixed period of time. One algorithm uses
queue. Jobs are initially placed at the end of the queue. The scheduler will
repeatedly take the first job on the queue, run it until either it finishes or its time
limit is up and place it at the end of the queue if it does not finish. This strategy is
not appropriate, because very short jobs will soon to take a long time because of
the wait involved in the run.
Generally, it is important that short jobs finish as fast as possible, so these jobs
should have precedence over jobs that have already been running. Further more,
some jobs that are not short are still very important and should have precedence.
This particular application seems to require a special kind of queue, known as
priority queue. Priority queue is also called as Heap or Binary Heap.
o Question 170. What Are The Applications Of B-tree?
Answer :
o Database implementation.
o Indexing on non primary key fields.
o Question 171. What Do You Mean By 2-3-4 Tree?
Answer :
A B-tree of order 4 is called 2-3-4 tree. A B-tree of order 4 is a tree that is not
binary with the following structural properties:
o The root is either a leaf or has between 2 and 4 children.
o All non-leaf nodes (except the root) have between 2 and 4
children.
o All leaves are at the same depth.
o Question 172. What Do You Mean By 2-3 Tree?
Answer :
A B-tree of order 3 is called 2-3 tree. A B-tree of order 3 is a tree that is not binary
with the following structural properties:
o The root is either a leaf or has between 2 and 3 children.
o All non-leaf nodes (except the root) have between 2 and 3
children.
o All leaves are at the same depth.
o Question 173. Define B-tree Of Order M?
Answer :
A B-tree of order M is a tree that is not binary with the following structural
properties:
o The root is either a leaf or has between 2 and M children.
o All non-leaf nodes (except the root) have between [M/2] and M
children.
o All leaves are at the same depth.
o Question 174. What Is The Minimum Number Of Nodes In An Avl
Tree Of Height H?
Answer :
The minimum number of nodes S(h), in an AVL tree of height h is given by
S(h)=S(h-1)+S(h-2)+1. For h=0, S(h)=1.
o Question 175. Define Heap?
Answer :
A heap is defined to be a complete binary tree with the property that the value of
each node is atleast as small as the value of its child nodes, if they exist. The root
node of the heap has the smallest value in the tree.
o Question 176. List The Types Of Rotations Available In Splay Tree?
Answer :
Let us assume that the splay is performed at vertex v, whose parent and
grandparent are p and g respectively. Then, the three rotations are named as:
Zig: If p is the root and v is the left child of p, then left-left rotation at p would
suffice. This case always terminates the splay as v reaches the root after this
rotation.
Zig-Zig: If p is not the root, p is the left child and v is also a left child, then a left-
left rotation at g followed by a left-left rotation at p, brings v as an ancestor of g as
well as p.
Zig-Zag: If p is not the root, p is the left child and v is a right child, perform a left-
right rotation at g and bring v as an ancestor of p as well as g.
o Question 177. What Is The Idea Behind Splaying?
Answer :
Splaying reduces the total accessing time if the most frequently accessed node is
moved towards the root. It does not require to maintain any information regarding
the height or balance factor and hence saves space and simplifies the code to
some extent.
o Question 178. Define Splay Tree?
Answer :
A splay tree is a binary search tree in which restructuring is done using a scheme
called splay. The splay is a heuristic method which moves a given vertex v to the
root of the splay tree using a sequence of rotations.
o Question 179. What Do You Mean By Balance Factor Of A Node In
Avl Tree?
Answer :
The height of left subtree minus height of right subtree is called balance factor of
a node in AVL tree.The balance factor may be either 0 or +1 or -1.The height of an
empty tree is -1.
o Question 180. What Are The Categories Of Avl Rotations?
Answer :
Let A be the nearest ancestor of the newly inserted nod which has the balancing
factor ±2. Then the rotations can be classified into the following four categories:
Left-Left: The newly inserted node is in the left subtree of the left child of A.
Right-Right: The newly inserted node is in the right subtree of the right child of A.
Left-Right: The newly inserted node is in the right subtree of the left child of A.
Right-Left: The newly inserted node is in the left subtree of the right child of A.
o Question 181. What Do You Mean By Balanced Trees?
Answer :
Balanced trees have the structure of binary trees and obey binary search tree
properties. Apart from these properties, they have some special constraints,
which differ from one data structure to another. However, these constraints are
aimed only at reducing the height of the tree, because this factor determines the
time complexity.
Eg: AVL trees, Splay trees.
o Question 182. Define Avl Tree?
Answer :
An empty tree is height balanced. If T is a non-empty binary tree with TL and TR as
its left and right subtrees, then T is height balanced if
o TL and TR are height balanced and
o │hL - hR│≤ 1
Where hL and hR are the heights of TL and TR respectively.
o Question 183. Define Left-in Threaded Tree?
Answer :
Left-in threaded binary tree is defined as one in which each NULL pointers is
altered to contain a thread to that node’s inorder predecessor.
o Question 184. Define Right-in Threaded Tree?
Answer :
Right-in threaded binary tree is defined as one in which threads replace NULL
pointers in nodes with empty right sub-trees.
o Question 185. What Is An Expression Tree?
Answer :
 An expression tree is a tree which is build from infix or prefix or postfix
expression. Generally, in such a tree, the leaves are operands and other nodes are
operators.
o Question 186. What Is The Use Of Threaded Binary Tree?
Answer :
In threaded binary tree, the NULL pointers are replaced by some addresses. The
left pointer of the node points to its predecessor and the right pointer of the node
points to its successor.
o Question 187. Why It Is Said That Searching A Node In A Binary
Search Tree Is Efficient Than That Of A Simple Binary Tree?
Answer :
In binary search tree, the nodes are arranged in such a way that the left node is
having less data value than root node value and the right nodes are having larger
value than that of root. Because of this while searching any node the value of the
target node will be compared with the parent node and accordingly either left sub
branch or right sub branch will be searched. So, one has to compare only
particular branches. Thus searching becomes efficient.
o Question 188. Define Ancestor And Descendant ?
Answer :
If there is a path from node n1 to n2, then n1 is the ancestor of n2 and n2 is the
descendant of n1.
o Question 189. What Do You Mean By General Trees?
Answer :
General tree is a tree with nodes having any number of children.
o Question 190. Define A Binary Search Tree?
Answer :
A binary search tree is a special binary tree, which is either empty or it should
satisfy the following characteristics:
o Every node has a value and no two nodes should have the
same value i.e) the values in the binary search tree are distinct.
o The values in any left sub-tree is less than the value of its
parent node.
o The values in any right sub-tree is greater than the value of its
parent node.
o The left and right sub-trees of each node are again binary
search trees.
o Question 191. State The Demerits Of Linked Representation Of
Binary Trees?
Answer :
o Given a node structure, it is difficult to determine its parent
node.
 o Memory spaces are wasted for storing null pointers for the
nodes, which have one or no sub-trees.
o It requires dynamic memory allocation, which is not possible in
some programming language.
o Question 192. State The Merit Of Linked Representation Of Binary
Trees?
Answer :
Insertions and deletions in a node involve no data movement except the
rearrangement of pointers, hence less processing time.
o Question 193. State The Demerit Of Linear Representation Of Binary
Trees?
Answer :
Insertions and deletions in a node take an excessive amount of processing time
due to data movement up and down the array.
o Question 194. State The Merits Of Linear Representation Of Binary
Trees?
Answer :
o Storage method is easy and can be easily implemented in
arrays.
o When the location of a parent/child node is known, other one
can be determined easily.
o It requires static memory allocation so it is easily implemented
in all programming language.
o Question 195. What Are The Tasks Performed During Postorder
Traversal?
Answer :
o Traverse the left sub-tree.
o Traverse the right sub-tree.
o Process the root node.
o Question 196. What Are The Tasks Performed During Inorder
Traversal?
Answer :
o Traverse the left sub-tree.
o Process the root node.
o Traverse the right sub-tree.
o Question 197. What Are The Tasks Performed During Preorder
Traversal?
Answer :
o Process the root node.
o Traverse the left sub-tree.
o Traverse the right sub-tree.
o Question 198. What Are The Tasks Performed While Traversing A
Binary Tree?
 Answer :
o Visiting a node.
o Traverse the left sub-tree.
o Traverse the right sub-tree.
o Question 199. What Are The Different Binary Tree Traversal
Techniques?
Answer :
o Preorder traversal.
o Inorder traversal.
o Postorder traversal.
o Levelorder traversal.
o Question 200. What Is Meant By Binary Tree Traversal?
Answer :
Traversing a binary tree means moving through all the nodes in the binary tree,
visiting each node in the tree only once.
o Question 201. State The Properties Of A Binary Tree?
Answer :
o The maximum number of nodes on level n of a binary tree is
2n-1, where n≥1.
o The maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of height n is
2n-1, where n≥1.
o For any non-empty tree, nl=nd+1 where nl is the number of leaf
nodes and nd is the number of nodes of degree 2.
o Question 202. Define A Right-skewed Binary Tree?
Answer :
A right-skewed binary tree is a tree, which has only right child nodes.
o Question 203. Define A Complete Binary Tree?
Answer :
A complete binary tree is a tree in which every non-leaf node has exactly two
children not necessarily to be on the same level.
o Question 204. Define A Full Binary Tree ?
Answer :
A full binary tree is a tree in which all the leaves are on the same level and every
non-leaf node has exactly two children.
o Question 205. Define Non-terminal Nodes In A Tree?
Answer :
All intermediate nodes that traverse the given tree from its root node to the
terminal nodes are referred as non-terminal nodes.
o Question 206. Define Terminal Nodes In A Tree?
Answer :
A node that has no children is called a terminal node. It is also referred to as leaf
node.
o Question 207. Define A Path In A Tree?
Answer :
A path in a tree is a sequence of distinct nodes in which successive nodes are
connected by edges in the tree.
o Question 208. Define A Binary Tree?
Answer :
A binary tree is a finite set of nodes which is either empty or consists of a root and
two disjoint binary trees called the left sub-tree and right sub-tree.
o Question 209. Define Forest?
Answer :
A tree may be defined as a forest in which only a single node (root) has no
predecessors. Any forest consists of a collection of trees.
o Question 210. What Do You Mean By Level Of The Tree?
Answer :
The root node is always considered at level zero, then its adjacent children are
supposed to be at level 1 and so on.

Here, node A is at level 0, nodes B and C are at level 1 and nodes D and E are at
level 2.
o Question 211. Define Depth And Height Of A Tree?
Answer :
The depth of the tree is the depth of the deepest leaf. The height of the tree is
equal to the height of the root. Always depth of the tree is equal to height of the
tree.
o Question 212. Define Depth And Height Of A Node?
Answer :
For any node ni, the depth of ni is the length of the unique path from the root to ni.
The height of ni is the length of the longest path from ni to a leaf.
o Question 213. Define Parent Node?
Answer :
The node which is having further sub-branches is called the parent node of those
sub-branches.
 Here C is the parent node of D and E.
o Question 214. Define Internal Nodes?
Answer :
The nodes other than the root and the leaves are called internal nodes.

o Question 215. Define Leaves?

Answer :
These are the terminal nodes of the tree. The nodes with degree 0 are always the
leaves.

Here C and B are the leave nodes.

o Question 216. Define Degree Of The Node?
Answer :
The total number of sub-trees attached to that node is called the degree of the
node.

o Question 217. Define Root?

Answer :
This is the unique node in the tree to which further sub-trees are attached.
o Question 218. Define A Tree?
Answer :
A tree is a collection of nodes. The collection can be empty; otherwise, a tree
consists of a  distinguished node r, called the root, and zero or more nonempty
(sub) trees T1, T2,…,Tk, each of whose roots are connected by a directed edge
from r.
o Question 219. Why We Need Cursor Implementation Of Linked Lists?
Answer :
Many languages such as BASIC and FORTRAN do not support pointers. If linked
lists are required and pointers are not available, then an alternative
implementation must be used known as cursor implementation.
o Question 220. List The Applications Of Queues?
Answer :
o Jobs submitted to printer
o Real life line
o Calls to large companies
o Access to limited resources in Universities
o Accessing files from file server
o Question 221. List The Applications Of Stacks?
Answer :
o Towers of Hanoi
o Reversing a string
o Balanced parenthesis
o Recursion using stack
o Evaluation of arithmetic expressions
o Question 222. What Are The Types Of Queues?
Answer :
o Linear Queues – The queue has two ends, the front end and
the rear end. The rear end is where we insert elements and front end is
where we delete elements. We can traverse in a linear queue in only one
direction ie) from front to rear.
o Circular Queues – Another form of linear queue in which the
last position is connected to the first position of the list. The circular
queue is similar to linear queue has two ends, the front end and the rear
end. The rear end is where we insert elements and front end is where we
delete elements. We can traverse in a circular queue in only one
direction ie) from front to rear.
 o Double-Ended-Queue – Another form of queue in which
insertions and deletions are made at both the front and rear ends of the
queue.
o Question 223. What Are The Objectives Of Studying Data Structures?
Answer :
o To identify and create useful mathematical entities and
operations to determine what classes of problems can be solved using
these entities and operations.
o To determine the representation of these abstract entities and
to implement the abstract operations on these concrete representation.
o Question 224. State The Difference Between Persistent And
Ephemeral Data Structure?
Answer :
Persistent data structures are the data structures which retain their previous state
and modifications can be done by performing certain operations on it. Eg) Stack
Ephemeral data structures are the data structures which cannot retain its
previous state. Eg) Queues.
o Question 225. State The Difference Between Primitive And Non-
primitive Data Types?
Answer :
Primitive data types are the fundamental data types. Eg) int, float, double, char
Non-primitive data types are user defined data types. Eg) Structure, Union and
enumerated data types.
o Question 226. What Are The Advantages Of Modularity?
Answer :
o It is much easier to debug small routines than large routines
o It is easier for several people to work on a modular program
simultaneously
o A well-written modular program places certain dependencies in
only one routine, making changes easier
o Question 227. Define An Abstract Data Type (adt)?
Answer :
An abstract data type is a set of operations. ADTs are mathematical abstractions;
now here in an ADT’s definition is there any mention of how the set of operations
is implemented. Objects such as lists, sets and graphs, along with their operations
can be viewed as abstract data types.
o Question 228. Define Data Type And What Are The Types Of Data
Type?
Answer :
Data type refers to the kinds of data that variables may hold in the programming
language. Eg) int, float, char, double – C
The following are the types of data type:
 o Built in data type- int, float, char, double which are defined by
programming language itself
o User defined data type- Using the set of built in data types user
can define their own data type
Eg: typedef struct student
{
int roll;
char name;
}S;
S s1;

Where S is a tag for user defined data type which defines the structure student
and s1 is a variable of data type S.
o Question 229. Difference Between Abstract Data Type, Data Type
And Data Structure?
Answer :
o An Abstract data type is the specification of the data type
which specifies the logical and mathematical model of the data type.
o A data type is the implementation of an abstract data type.
o Data structure refers to the collection of computer variables
that are connected in some specific manner.
i.e) Data type has its root in the abstract data type and a data structure comprises
a set of computer variables of same or different data types.
o Question 230. State The Difference Between Queues And Linked
Lists?
Answer :
The difference between queues and linked lists is that insertions and deletions
may occur anywhere in the linked list, but in queues insertions can be made only
in the rear end and deletions can be made only in the front end.