History syllabus
Ancient Indian History
Medieval Indian History
Modern Indian History
World History
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UPSC Optional Paper Syllabus for History- Paper I
Sources:
i) Archaeological sources:
Exploration
excavation,
epigraphy,
numismatics,
monuments
ii) Literary sources:
Indigenous
Primary and secondary poetry,
scientific literature,
literature,
literature in regional languages,
religious literature.
iii) Foreign accounts:
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Greek,
Chinese
Arab writers.
Pre-history and Proto-history:
Geographical factors;
hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic);
Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic)
Indus Valley Civilization:
Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
Megalithic Cultures:
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus,
Development of community life,
Settlements,
Development of agriculture,
Crafts, Pottery,
Iron industry.
Aryans and Vedic Period:
Expansions of Aryans in India. Vedic Period:
Religious and philosophic literature;
The transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period;
Political, social and economical life;
Significance of the Vedic Age;
Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada)
Republics and monarchies;
Rise of urban centers;
Trade routes;
Economic growth;
Introduction of coinage;
Spread of Jainism and Buddhism;
Rise of Magadha and Nandas.
Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
Mauryan Empire:
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire,
Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra;
Ashoka;
Concept of Dharma;
Edicts;
Polity, Administration;
Economy;
Art, architecture and sculpture;
External contacts;
Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.
Disintegration of the empire;
Sungas and Kanvas.
Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):
Contact with outside world;
growth of urban centres,
economy, coinage,
development of religions,
Mahayana,
social conditions,
art, architecture,
culture, literature and science.
Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India:
Kharavela,
The Satavahanas,
Tamil States of the Sangam Age;
Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres;
Buddhist centres;
Sangam literature and culture;
Art and architecture.
Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:
Polity and administration,
Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas,
Land grants, Decline of urban centres,
Indian feudalism,
Caste system,
Position of women,
Education and educational institutions;
Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.
Regional States during Gupta Era:
The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami;
Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti
movement, Shankaracharya;
Vedanta;
Institutions of temple and temple architecture;
Palas,
Senas,
Rashtrakutas,
Paramaras,
Polity and administration;
Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind;
Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration;
local Govern-ment;
Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education
and literature, economy and society.
Themes in Early Indian Cultural History:
Languages and texts,
major stages in the evolution of art and architecture,
major philosophical thinkers and schools,
ideas in Science and Mathematics.
Early Medieval India, 750-1200:
i) Polity:
Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs -
The Cholas: administration, village economy, and society
“Indian Feudalism”
Agrarian economy and urban settlements
Trade and commerce
ii) Society:
the status of the Brahman and the new social order
Condition of women
Indian science and technology
Cultural Traditions in India, 750- 1200:
i) Philosophy:
Shankaracharya and Vedanta,
Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita,
Madhva and BrahmaMimansa
ii) Religion:
Forms and features of religion,
Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti,
Islam and its arrival in India,
Sufism
iii) Literature:
Literature in Sanskrit,
growth of Tamil literature,
literature in the newly developing languages,
Kalhan’s Rajtarangini,
Alberuni’s India
iv) Art and Architecture:
Temple architecture,
sculpture,
painting
The Thirteenth Century:
i) Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate:
The Ghurian invasions
factors behind Ghurian success
Economic, social and cultural consequences
ii) Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans
Consolidation:
The rule of Iltutmish and Balban
The Fourteenth Century:
"The Khalji Revolution" Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic
measures - Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, the bureaucracy of Muhammad
Tughluq -
Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works,
The decline of the Sultanate,
foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account
Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
i) Society:
composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery
under the Sultanate,
Bhakti movement,
Sufi movement
ii) Culture:
Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South
India,
Sultanate architecture and new structural forms,
painting,
evolution of a composite culture
iii) Economy:
Agricultural production,
rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production,
trade and commerce
The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century
i) Political Developments and Economy:
Rise of Provincial Dynasties:
Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin),
Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids
The Vijayanagra Empire
Lodis
Mughal Empire,
ii) First phase:
Babur and Humayun -
The Sur Empire:
Sher Shah's administration
Portuguese Colonial enterprise
Bhakti and Sufi Movements
The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century
i) Society and Culture:
Regional cultural specificities
Literary traditions
Provincial architecture
Society, culture, literature, and the arts in the Vijayanagara Empire.
Akbar:
Conquests and consolidation of the Empire
Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems
Rajput policy
Evolution of religious and social outlook,
theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy
Court patronage of art and technology
Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:
Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb
The Empire and the Zamindars
Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
Nature of the Mughal State
Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts
The Ahom Kingdom
Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.
Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:
Population, agricultural production, craft production
Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies:
trade revolution
Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems
Condition of peasants, condition of women
Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth
Culture in the Mughal Empire:
Persian histories and other literature
Hindi and other religious literature
Mughal architecture
Mughal painting
Provincial architecture and painting
Classical music
Science and technology
The Eighteenth Century:
Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire
The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh
Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas
The Maratha fiscal and financial system
Emergence of Afghan Power,
Battle of Panipat:1761
State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest
UPSC (IAS) Civil Services Exam Pattern 2020
UPSC Optional Paper Syllabus for History- Paper-II
European Penetration into India:
The Early European Settlements;
The Portuguese and the Dutch;
The English and the French East India Companies;
Their struggle for supremacy;
Carnatic Wars;
Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal;
Siraj and the English;
The Battle of Plassey;
Significance of Plassey.
British Expansion in India:
Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim;
The Battle of Buxar; Mysore;
The Marathas;
The three Anglo-Maratha Wars;
Punjab.
Early Structure of the British Raj:
The early administrative structure;
From diarchy to direct control;
The Regulating Act (1773);
The Pitt’s India Act (1784);
The Charter Act (1833);
The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule;
The English utilitarian and India
Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India;
The Permanent Settlement;
Ryotwari Settlement;
Mahalwari Settlement;
Economic impact of the revenue arrangements;
Commercialization of agriculture;
Rise of landless agrarian labourers;
Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce;
De-industrialization;
Decline of traditional crafts;
Drain of wealth;
Economic transformation of India;
Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services;
Famine and poverty in the rural interior;
European business enterprise and its limitations.
Social and Cultural Developments:
The state of indigenous education, its dislocation;
Orientalist-Anglicist controversy,
The introduction of western education in India;
The rise of press, literature and public opinion;
The rise of modern vernacular literature;
Progress of science;
Christian missionary activities in India.
Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:
Ram Mohan Roy,
The Brahmo Movement;
Devendranath Tagore;
Iswarchandra Vidyasagar;
The Young Bengal Movement;
Dayanada Saraswati;
The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage, etc.;
The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India;
Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
Indian Response to British Rule:
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing
(1783),
the Kol Rebellion (1832),
the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920),
the Santal Hul (1855),
Indigo Rebellion (1859-60),
Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900);
The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences;
The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period;
the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.
Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism
Politics of Association;
The Foundation of the Indian National Congress;
The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress;
Programme and objectives of Early Congress;
the social composition of early Congress leadership;
the Moderates and Extremists;
The Partition of Bengal (1905);
The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal;
the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement;
The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
Rise of Gandhi;
Character of Gandhian nationalism;
Gandhi’s popular appeal;
Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement;
the Non-cooperation Movement;
National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil
Disobedience movement;
the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement;
Simon Commission;
The Nehru Report;
the Round Table Conferences;
Nationalism and the Peasant Movements;
Nationalism and Working class movements;
Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947);
the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries;
Cripps Mission;
the Quit India Movement;
the Wavell Plan;
The Cabinet Mission.
Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935
Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries:
Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency,
Outside India.
The Left;
The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose,
the Congress Socialist Party;
the Communist Party of India,
other left parties.
Politics of Separatism;
the Muslim League;
the Hindu Mahasabha;
Communalism and the politics of partition;
Transfer of power;
Independence.
Consolidation as a Nation;
Nehru's Foreign Policy;
India and her neighbours (1947-1964);
The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947);
Regionalism and regional inequality;
Integration of Princely States;
Princes in electoral politics;
the Question of National Language.
Caste and Ethnicity after 1947;
Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics;
Dalit movements.
Economic development and political change;
Land reforms;
the politics of planning and rural reconstruction;
Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India;
Progress of science.
Enlightenment and Modern ideas:
(i) Major ideas of Enlightenment:
Kant,
Rousseau
(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies
(iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx);
spread of Marxian Socialism.
Origins of Modern Politics:
European States System.
American Revolution and the Constitution. (
French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
British Democratic Politics, 1815- 1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
Industrialization:
(i) English Industrial Revolution:
Causes and Impact on Society
(ii) Industrialization in other countries:
USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.
Nation-State System:
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century
(ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy
(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.
Imperialism and Colonialism:
(i) South and South-East Asia
(ii) Latin America and South Africa
(iii) Australia (iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.
Revolution and Counter Revolution:
(i) 19th Century European revolutions
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949
World Wars:
(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications
(ii) World War I: Causes and consequences
(iii) World War II: Causes and consequence
The World after World War II:
(i) Emergence of two power blocs
(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
(iii) UNO and the global disputes.
Liberation from Colonial Rule:
(i) Latin America-Bolivar
(ii) Arab World-Egypt
(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam
Decolonization and Underdevelopment:
(i) Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa
Unification of Europe:
(i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
(iii) European Union.
Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:
(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
(ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
(iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.
