2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

Analysis of Load Flow and Short Circuit Studies of

an Offshore Platform Using ERACS Software
K.N. Hasan*, K. S. R. Rao** and Z. Mokhtar***
*E.E. Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]
**E.E. Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Abstract- Load flow and short circuit studies are the two case load flow that reflects the normal operating conditions
important power system analysis components to ensure the is established for the comparison purposes with other
system upgrades, future upgrades and present distribution system conditions [1]. For offshore platform, its electrical
equipment meeting the present and future requirements. A power system is different from the one in the onshore
number of power system analysis softwares are used to
industrial plants because of the power source and the
perform the analysis. This paper presents the analysis of load
flow and short circuit studies of an offshore platform using environmental effects on the electrical system and loads.
ERACS software and analyses its performance by comparing Electrical power are either supplied by local generation
with the existing EDSA software results. The EDSA software without connection to a power grid, remote generation of
is commonly used in industries because of its accuracy and electric grids or a combination of local and remote
reliability while ERACS offers a user friendly with a powerful generation. Furthermore, the related capacity of offshore
graphical user interface. The system analysis of an offshore electrical systems approximately equals the demand [2].
platform, namely TBCP-A is performed to identify the peak This paper evaluates the Tangga Barat Central Processing
load of full load and load shedding condition. The modeling of (TBCP-A) Central Processing Platform which located
the TBCP-A network is then carried out using ERACS and
about 185 km offshore. The load flow and short circuit
the load flow study simulation is performed for three different
scenarios, which are normal, maintenance services and study are perform using two software, ERACS and EDSA
emergency condition. The short circuit simulation is executed software for several systems’ condition.
for two scenarios, namely during load exchange between two
transformers and load exchanged between transformer and A. Tangga Barat Central Processing (TBCP) – A
the emergency diesel generator. From the analysis, it is shown The platform is equipped with three gas turbine
that no voltage violation occurs and all the bus bar ratings are generators with 3 x 50 % configuration each rated 7.188
sufficient except for one which is below the short circuit MVA,
current rating. The ERACS software had produced an 6.6 kV, 0.8 pf at 50 Hz. All the turbine generators are run
acceptable result where the deviation in both analyses is less in parallel to cover the power generation in the electrical
than 7 % between the two soft wares for all scenarios.
system network. Four transformers are used to step down
Key words-Load flow, Short circuit, ERACS, EDSA, from 6.6 kV to 0.4 kV to distribute to the low voltage load.
offshore platform For the emergency purpose, an Emergency Diesel
Generator (1.875 MVA, 0.4 kV, 0.8 pf at 50 Hz, 3 phases)
I. INTRODUCTION is installed to cater the vital loads. During the normal
operating conditions, the tie-breaker, ACB-7711 is in
The load flow study is performed to calculate the steady OPEN position to ensure that the Emergency Diesel
state conditions and determine the network voltage profile, Generator is not running. Basically, the high voltage bus
current, real and reactive power flows of the power system bar (6.6 kV) consists of:
network. The objective is to identify whether there is any
voltage violation to the system or not. The short circuit 1) 3 Synchronous generator - Gas Turbine units, 6.6
study is an analysis to determine the magnitude of the MW site rated
currents during an electrical fault hence it helps to 2) 2 Bus bars: Bus-1 and Bus-2 (6.6 kV, 3-phase, 50
minimize the potential short circuit in the system. It is to Hz)
verify whether the existing busbar short circuit ratings are 3) Induction Motors: Refrigerant Compressor (A
sufficient to withstand and interrupt the fault current to 2500A, A - 2500B), Seawater Lift Pump A and
choose the most suitable protective equipment. In order to Cooling Water Lift Pump A (P-6940 A & P-
perform the load flow study and short circuit study, the 6910A) and Seawater Lift Pumps (A, B & C)
system configuration of the case study is determined from 4) 4 Transformers: 2 windings (Delta and Grounded
the single-line diagram to identify all the loads. The base Star)
5) Switches/ Circuit Breakers

1-4244-2405-4/08/$20.00 ©2008 IEEE 543

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 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

6) While the low voltage bus bar (0.4 kV) consists The value of load service factor assumed is based on the
of: operating mode of the load as per in Table 2.
7) 4 Bus bars: Bus-3, Bus-4, Bus-5 & Bus-6
8) Induction Motors: Air Compressor A, TABLE 2
CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE LOADS
Regeneration Gas Blower A (P-2510A),
Regeneration Gas Blower B (P-2510B) Operating Mode Load Service Factor
Continuous 1.0
9) Normal Process Loads (L7810 – L7880), Mini
Intermittent 0.3
Living Quarters (LQ), Plant Vital Loads and Vital Standby 0.1
Mini LQ (L7810) & Other Loads
10) Switches/ Circuit Breakers In the Electrical Load Analysis, the actual values of
efficiency and power factors for High Voltage (HV) Motors
II. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND TOOLS are taken from Petronas Technical Standard (PTS)
33.64.10.10.
A. Electrical Load Analysis
The electrical load analysis or also known as electrical load B. Load Flow Study
list is actually an analysis to identify all the equipments The Load Flow Study is a study of the flow of power from
which operate using electricity are considered as a load. one or more power sources through distribution network to
The load analysis is prepared by applying the defined load consuming energy [3] and serves the purpose to
duties to the study case load list and establishing the determine the network voltage profile, current, real and
subsequent load conditions. The load analysis, therefore, is reactive power flows of the power system network [4]
a projected view of the load cycle versus time, obtained by under steady state conditions. The load flow, or power flow
applying the operating philosophy to the load list. The has been modeled based on sinusoidal steady state nodal
totals obtained from the load analysis form the basis of all analysis of circuit theory. Load flow calculations provide
electrical system design [2]. The electrical load analysis power flow and voltages for a specified power system
can be used to calculate the daily estimate electrical energy subject to the regulating capability of the loads [5]. The
used. The result of this analysis will be used to decide intent of this study is to determine electrical loading of
generator to be used based on the load requirement of the main feeders, transformers and bus voltage under different
platform. The following definitions are used in the operating conditions [6].
electrical load analysis to be classified as stated in Table 1
[3]:- C. Short Circuit Study
A short circuit is an accidental electrical contact between
TABLE 1
TYPE OF LOADS
two or more conductors. The protective devices such as
No. Loads Description circuit breakers and fuses are applied to isolate faults and to
• All loads that required continuous operation minimize damage and disruption to the plant’s operation
on the platform at normal operation mode. [7]. The Short Circuit Study is the analysis to establish the
Continuous • This is critical load which may jeopardize currents and voltages around the network following a fault
1 the process operation in case there is any
Load
electrical power outrage or shutdown (eg.
condition [4]. The reason we perform this short circuit
wellhead control panel, instrumentation study is to choose the selected protective equipments that
protection system panel, lightning and etc. has an equal or more than the calculated value.
• All process and utility loads require for
normal operation but neither operating D. ERACS Software
simultaneously or continuously.
Intermittent • The load will operate on the process demand The ERACS is one of the power system analysis software
2 that originated in work as early as 1974 where it was
Loads or need as a supplementary to the duty
(continuous) system is under maintenance commercially combined to suite the Load flow, Short
program or during abnormal condition. Act Circuit and Transient Stability programs working with a
as a replacement to the duty load.
• All loads required when the duty
common file structure. The GUI forms the core of ERACS
(continuous) system are under maintenance and enables networks up to 1500 bus bar to be simulated.
program or during abnormal condition. The advantages of ERACS software is that it can be run on
• Act as a replacement to the duty load. a low cost hardware platform and has a user friendly
3
Standby • All loads required in emergencies only, such interfaces and flexibility. It is flexible in term of wide
Loads as fire-water pumps or those of normally not
running electrically driven units in stand-by variety of data input available hence minimize the
mode for normally running steam-driven preparation of system and model, a detail computer system
ones, e.g., charge pumps, boiler feed pumps, knowledge is not required, multiple design cases can be
etc quickly evaluated and error checking of system
configuration is simplified [8]. ERACS uses a single set of
sparse matrix routines, the system model including

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 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

generator and induction motor sub-transient models as well GT-7510 GT-7520 GT-7530

as the bus shunt and branch admittances. Data for every VCB-7501 VCB-7502

ACB-7504
VCB-7521
VCB-7503

VCU-7512 VCU-7513 VCU-7514 VCU-7515 VCB-7516 VCB-7517 VCB-7520

element in the system is held in the data bank but only

connected elements are included in the system model. The
A-2500A A-2500B P-6940A P-6910A

TF-7540 TF-7550 TF-7560 TF-7570

GD-7700

ACB-7711

system voltage vector is established by injecting the MCCB-5510

ACB-7714
MCCB-2510A MCCB-2510B
ACB-7743
MCCB-6010
ACB-7723

machine short circuit currents, supplemented by difference ACB-7741 ACB-7742

ACB-7731 ACB-7732 ACB-7738
ACB-7835
ACB-7745 ACB-7848

current in the load flow to take account of changes in ACB-7810A ACB-7720A

K5510
ACB-7830A ACB-7840A ACB-7850A ACB-7860A
P-2510A P-2510B
ACB-7870A

element impedances or transformer taps [8]. L7830 L7840 E-6040A E-6010 L7870 L7880
L7810 L7820 L7850 L7860

E. EDSA Software Fig. 3 : Single Line Diagram in ERACS for Load Flow Study Scenario 2
The EDSA software is one of the most powerful power GT-7510 GT-7520 GT-7530

system analysis software that covers the Power flow, Short VC B-7501 VCB-7502 VCB-7503

Circuit, Protective Device Coordination, Arc Flash and VCU-7512 VCU-7513 VCU -7514 VCU-7515 VCB-7516 VCB-7517
ACB-7504
VCB-7520
VCB-7521

dozen power system analysis studies [7]. The software has A-2500A A-2500B P-6940A P-6910A

TF-7540 TF-7550 TF-7560 TF-7570

GD-7700

been used widely in the industry such as offshore platform, ACB-7711

ACB-7714 ACB-7723
MCC B-5510 MCCB-2510A MCC B-2510B MCCB-6010

nuclear facilities, petrochemical facilities and etc [7]. ACB-7731 ACB-7732 ACB-7738
ACB-7835
ACB-7741 ACB-7742
ACB-7743

ACB-7745 ACB-7848

K5510 P-2510A P-2510B

ACB-7810A ACB-7720A ACB-7830A ACB-7840A ACB-7850A ACB-7860A ACB-7870A

IV. ERACS SIMULATION & MODELING

L7830 L7840 E-6040A E-6010 L7870 L7880
L7810 L7820 L7850 L7860

A. ERACS Simulation for Load Flow Study Fig. 4 : Single Line Diagram in ERACS for Load Flow Study Scenario 3
Three scenarios have been identified to carry out to cover
all the worst-cast scenarios during the operation of TBCP- B. ERACS Simulation for Short Circuit Study
A for Load Flow Study. Each scenario has its own Two scenarios are identified to carry out to cover all the
specification to differentiate the scenario from one and the worst-case scenarios during the operation of TBCP-A for
other. Each scenario has been presented as in Table 3. Short Circuit Study. The short circuit study for a 3-phase
fault is performed. Each scenario is presented in Table 4.
TABLE 3
CLASSIFICATION OF SCENARIOS FOR LOAD FLOW STUDY TABLE 4
Scenario Characteristic of Scenario CLASSIFICATION OF SCENARIOS FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
• 3 Turbine generator running Scenario Description
• Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) is not running
• All four transformers are in operations • 3 Turbine Generator are running
1 • Tie-Breaker ACB-7714 & ACB-7723 are open • Emergency generator is not running
• All motors on 6.6 kV switchgear are running 1 • All four transformer are in operation
• 2 Turbine Generators are running • Tie-breaker ACB-7714 & ACB 7723 are closed.
• Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) is not running • All motors on 6.6 kV switch gear are running
• All four transformers are in operations
2 • Tie-Breaker ACB-7714 & ACB-7723 are open.
• All motors on 6.6 kV switchgear are running • 3 Turbine generators are running
• Only Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) is running to • Emergency generator are running
3
supply all the vital loads 2 • All four transformer are in operation
• Tie-breaker ACB-7714 is open & ACB-7723 is closed
The single line diagram in ERACS for scenario 1, 2 and 3 • All motors on 6.6 kV switch gear are running
is shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
GT-7510 GT-7520 GT-7530

VCB-7501 VCB-7502 VCB-7503

The single line diagram in ERACS for scenario 1 and 2 in
VCU-7512 VCU-7513 VCU-7514 VCU-7515 VCB-7516 VCB-7517
ACB-7504
VCB-7520
VCB-7521
short circuit study is shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
A-2500A A-2500B P-6940A P-6910A

TF -7540 TF-7550 TF-7560 TF-7570

GD-7700
ACB-7711 GT-7510 GT-7520 GT-7530

ACB-7714 ACB-7723
MCCB-5510 MCCB-2510A MCCB-2510B MCCB-6010
ACB-7743 VCB-7501 VCB-7502 VCB-7503
ACB-7741 ACB-7742
ACB-7731 ACB-7732 ACB-7738
ACB-7835
ACB-7848 ACB-7504
ACB-7745
VCB-7521
VCU-7512 VCU-7513 VCU-7514 VCU-7515 VCB-7516 VCB-7517 VCB-7520

K5510 P-2510A P-2510B

ACB-7810A ACB-7720A ACB-7830A ACB-7840A ACB-7850A ACB-7860A ACB-7870A A-2500A A-2500B P-6940A P-6910A

TF-7540 TF -7550 TF-7560 TF -7570

GD-7700
ACB-7711
L7830 L7840 E-6040A E-6010 L7870 L7880
L7810 L7820 L7850 L7860
ACB-7714 ACB-7723
MCCB-5510 MCCB-2510A MCCB-2510B MCCB-6010
ACB-7743
ACB-7741 ACB-7742
ACB-7731 ACB-7732 ACB-7738

Fig. 2 : Single Line Diagram in ERACS for Load Flow Study Scenario 1 ACB-7835
ACB-7745 ACB-7848

K5510 P-2510A P-2510B

ACB-7810A ACB-7720A ACB-7830A ACB-7840A ACB-7850A ACB-7860A ACB-7870A

L7830 L7840 E-6040A E-6010 L7870 L7880

L7810 L7820 L7850 L7860

Fig. 5 : Single Line Diagram in ERACS for Short Circuit Study Scenario 1

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 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

TABLE 5
GT-7510 GT-7520 GT-7530 RESULTS FOR LOAD FLOW STUDY
VCB-7501 VCB-7502 VCB-7503
Scenario 1
VCU-7512 VCU-7513 VCU-7514 VCU-7515 VCB-7516 VCB-7517
ACB-7504
VCB-7520
VCB-7521
P (MW) Q (MVAr) S(MVA)
A-2500A A-2500B P-6940A P-6910A
Power Generated 6.605 3.643 7.543
TF-7540 TF-7550 TF -7560 TF-7570
GD-7700

ACB-7711 Power Demand 6.577 3.419 7.412

ACB-7731 ACB-7732
MCCB-5510
ACB-7714

ACB-7741 ACB-7742
MCCB-2510A MCCB-2510B
ACB-7743
MCCB-6010
ACB-7723
Total Loss 0.028 0.224
ACB-7738
ACB-7835
ACB-7745 ACB-7848
Scenario 2
ACB-7810A ACB-7720A
K5510
ACB-7830A ACB-7840A ACB-7850A ACB-7860A
P-2510A P-2510B
ACB-7870A
P (MW) Q (MVAr) S(MVA)
L7830 E-6040A E-6010 L7870 L7880
Power Generated 7.269 3.97 8.282
L7840 L7850 L7860
L7810 L7820

Power Demand 7.329 3.732 8.224

Fig. 6 : Single Line Diagram in ERACS for Short Circuit Study Scenario 2 Total Loss 0.03 0.238
Scenario 3
P (MW) Q (MVAr) S(MVA)
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Power Generated 1.725 1.222 2.114
Power Demand 1.399 0.949 1.6905
Total Loss 0.326 0.273 -
A. Load Flow Study
Results for the load flow study are shown in Figs. 6, 7 and
where P is Real Power, Q is Reactive Power and S is
8, respectively and the summary of results for load flow
Apparent Power. For Scenario 1, the total load is 6.577
study is shown in Table 5.
MW, 3.419 MVar and 7.412 Mva which are sufficient to be
covered by three turbine generators. No voltage violation
occurs. For Scenario 2, the total load is 7.329 MW, 3.732
MVar and 8.224 Mva which are sufficient to be covered by
two turbine generators. No voltage violation occurs. For
Scenario 3, the total load is 1.399 MW, 0.949 MVar and
1.6905 Mva which are sufficient to be covered by
emergency diesel generator. There is no voltage violation.

B. Short Circuit Study

Table 6 shows the results for short circuit study of both
scenarios. Results indicate that all loads and equipments in
Fig 6 : Load Flow Result from Scenario 1
this project are under the short circuit current rating except
for ‘L7830’ in Scenario 1. Therefore, the short circuit
current rating for L7830 and Bus-9 must be set at 80 kA or
higher than 55 kA. For the Busbar-3, Busbar-4, Busbar-5,
Busbar-6 and Busbar-7, all the 0.4 kV bus bars are within
the short circuit current rating which is 100 kA.

TABLE 6
RESULTS FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
BUS ID Scenario1 (kA) Scenario2(kA) Short Cicrcuit (Ka)
A-2500A 13.954 12.232 50
Fig. 7 : Load Flow Result from Scenario 2 A-2500B 13.954 12.232 50
E-6010 34.365 34.052 50
E-6040B 34.535 42.602 50
GD-7700 - 26.548 50
GT-7510 15.214 15.235 50
GT-7520 15.427 15.245 50
GT-7530 15.022 14.984 50
L7810 5.234 5.014 50
L7820 26.245 21.324 50
L7830 55.314 38.102 50
L7840 21.241 19.728 50
L7850 22.712 22.524 50
L7860 16.320 15.782 50
Fig. 8 : Load Flow Result from Scenario 3 L7870 8.450 16.325 50
Where, PG is Total real power generation, QG is Total P-2510A 15.354 17.654 50
reactive power generation, PL is Real power at loads, QL P-2510B 14.421 16.832 50
P-6910A 13.874 15.941 50
is Reactive power at loads, PLO is Real power losses and P-6940A 13.874 15.941 50
QLO is Reactive power losses. K-5510 23.540 25.568 50

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 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

BUS ID Scenario1 (kA) Scenario2(kA) Short Cicrcuit (Ka) • AC IEC 61363;

Bus-1 15.321 16.368 50 • AC 1 Phase
Bus-2 15.321 16.368 50
Bus 3 & 4 95.239 57.017 100
Bus 5 & 6 80.614 72.623 100
Bus-7 10.594 11.694 50 VII. CONCLUSIONS
Bus-8 35.698 29.324 50
Bus-10 23.684 21.967 50 The modeling and simulation on TBCP-A for load flow and
Bus-11 28.002 34.365 50
short circuit studies using ERACS software has been
Bus-12 35.985 39.145 50
Bus-13 25.545 21.651 50 carried out and analyzed. The load flow study indicates that
Bus-14 10.124 10.845 50 there is no voltage violation. The short circuit study
indicates that all loads and equipments in this project are
below the short circuit current rating except for the bus bar
C. Comparison of results between ERACS and EDSA ‘L7830’ in Scenario 1. Therefore, the short circuit current
software rating for L7830 and Bus-9 must be set at 80 kA or higher
than 55 kA. The result obtained from the ERACS software
Table 7 shows the results for Load Flow Study. is inline with the result from EDSA software. The
percentage difference for all scenarios of study is not
TABLE 7
COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR LOAD FLOW STUDY
exceed 7 %, hence, it can be concluded that the ERACS
software can achieve an acceptable result in comparison to
S from ERACS S from EDSA %
(MVA) (MVA) Difference EDSA software.
Scenario 1 7.543 7.774 2.97
Scenario 2 8.282 7.789 6.32
Scenario 3 2.114 1.805 3.09 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our appreciation to engineers from PETRONAS
Table 8 shows the results for Short Circuit Study. CARIGALI Sdn Bhd (PCSB) for their help and guidance,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for providing all
TABLE 8 facilities and other support and lastly, to other individuals
COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY who are directly or indirectly involved in this work.
Highest Current Highest Current %
from ERACS EDSA (MVA) Difference
(MVA)
Scenario 1 95.329 92 2.97 REFERENCES
Scenario 2 72.623 78 6.32
[1] John R. Smith, “Load Flow? What Can It Tell You?”
From the Tables 7 and 8, it is observed that the percentage
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difference of results for both ERACS and EDSA software
No. 6, November/December 1972
are below 7 %. The difference caused by some parameters
in EDSA not available in ERACS and different methods of
[2] Mike L. Christensen & David L. Zimmerman,
calculation in both of the software. For Load Flow Study,
“Optimization of Offshore Electrical Power Systems”,
the method of calculation in ERACS software is the
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. Ia-
Newton Raphson while EDSA can support the Fast-
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MI 48304
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circuit calculation methods based on the ANSI/IEEE
[4] ERACS 3.7.2 Manual.
Standard and the IEC Standard for both AC three-phase
and single-phase networks. The following short circuit
[5] F.M.A.Salam, L.Ni, S.Guo, X.Sun, "Parallel
calculation methods are implemented:
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Z);
• AC IEC 60909;

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 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

[6] John Dickin, PEng, "Design Challenges Encountered

When Expanding A World Class Petrochemical
Facility", Copyright Material IEEE, Paper No. PCIC-
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[7] EDSA Technical 2005 Manual

[8] Langley, H.J.; Wright, K.D., “ERACS - A

Comprehensive Package for PCs”, Interactive Graphic
Power System Analysis Programs, IEE Colloquium,
20th March 1992.

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