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Czech-Polish-Slovak Match: IST Austria, 23 - 26 June 2019

The document summarizes the solutions to 6 problems presented at the Czech-Polish-Slovak Match event on June 25, 2019. The solutions involve determining functions satisfying an equation, proving that certain configurations of disks in a plane are not possible, and showing that four points related to an acute triangle lie on a single circle.

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426 views

Czech-Polish-Slovak Match: IST Austria, 23 - 26 June 2019

The document summarizes the solutions to 6 problems presented at the Czech-Polish-Slovak Match event on June 25, 2019. The solutions involve determining functions satisfying an equation, proving that certain configurations of disks in a plane are not possible, and showing that four points related to an acute triangle lie on a single circle.

Uploaded by

freedom HD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Czech-Polish-Slovak Match

IST Austria, 23 – 26 June 2019


(Second day – 25 June 2019)

4. Let 𝛼 be a given real number. Determine all pairs (𝑓, 𝑔) of functions 𝑓, 𝑔 : R → R


satisfying
𝑥𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝛼 · 𝑦𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑦)
for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R. (Walther Janous, Austria)

Solution. Depending on 𝛼, the solutions are given by:


∙ If 𝛼 = 1, then 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝐶 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ R and 𝐶 an arbitrary real
constant.
∙ If 𝛼 = −1, then 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑥2 for 𝑥 ∈ R and 𝐶 an arbitrary real
constant.
∙ Else, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 for 𝑥 ∈ R.
Letting 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, we obtain 2𝑔(0) = 0, thus 𝑔(0) = 0. Letting 𝑦 = 0, we obtain
𝑥𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ R. Thus, the equation can be rewritten as

𝑥𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝛼𝑦𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑓 (𝑦). (1)

Letting 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we obtain 𝛼𝑦𝑓 (−𝑦) = 𝑦𝑓 (𝑦). This yields

∀𝑥 ̸= 0 : 𝑓 (−𝑥) = 𝛼𝑓 (𝑥). (2)

If 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 ̸= 0, we let 𝑦 = −𝑥 ̸= 0 in (1) and obtain 𝑥𝑓 (0) = 0, therefore


𝑓 is the zero function, which always solves the equation.
Assume now that there exists 𝑟 ̸= 0 with 𝑓 (𝑟) ̸= 0. Then it follows from (2) that
𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝛼𝑓 (−𝑟) = 𝛼2 𝑓 (𝑟), thus 𝛼2 = 1 and hence 𝛼 ∈ {±1}.
The right-hand side of (1) is symmetric in 𝑥 and 𝑦. By switching 𝑥 and 𝑦, we
thus obtain the equation

𝑥𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝛼𝑦𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝛼𝑥𝑓 (𝑦 − 𝑥).

For 𝑟 ∈ R we let 𝑥 = (𝑟 + 1)/2 and 𝑦 = (𝑟 − 1)/2, which yields


𝑟+1 𝑟−1
𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝛼 𝑓 (−1) − 𝛼 𝑓 (1).
2 2
By (2), we obtain
𝛼𝑓 (1) (︁ )︁
𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝛼(𝑟 + 1) − (𝑟 − 1) .
2
In the case 𝛼 = 1 this means 𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝑓 (1) for all 𝑟 ∈ R. In the case 𝛼 = −1 this
means 𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝑟𝑓 (1) for all 𝑟 ∈ R. Both functions solve the equation, as can be
checked easily.
5. Determine whether there exist 100 disks 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 , . . . , 𝐷101 in the plane such that
the following conditions hold for all pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) of indices satisfying 2 ≤ 𝑎 < 𝑏 ≤ 101:

1. If 𝑎 | 𝑏 then 𝐷𝑎 is contained in 𝐷𝑏 .

2. If GCD(𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 then 𝐷𝑎 and 𝐷𝑏 are disjoint.

(A disk 𝐷(𝑂, 𝑟) is a set of points in the plane whose distance to a given point 𝑂 is at
most a given positive real number 𝑟.) (Josef Greilhuber & Josef Tkadlec, Austria)

Solution. Such disks do not exist. Suppose otherwise and denote by 𝑂𝑖 the center
of the disk 𝐷𝑖 . Consider the set 𝑆 = {𝑂2 , 𝑂3 , 𝑂5 , 𝑂7 , 𝑂11 } of centers of five disks
with pairwise coprime indices. We distinguish two cases:

(i) Some three points from 𝑆 lie on a single line: Suppose the three collinear
points are 𝑂𝑖 , 𝑂𝑗 , 𝑂𝑘 in this order. Then 𝑖 · 𝑘 ≤ 7 · 11 ≤ 101, hence the disk
𝐷𝑖·𝑘 is defined. By 1., it contains both 𝐷𝑖 and 𝐷𝑘 , thus it contains 𝑂𝑖 and
𝑂𝑘 and by convexity it also contains 𝑂𝑗 . Therefore, disks 𝐷𝑗 , 𝐷𝑖·𝑘 intersect, a
contradiction with 2.
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(ii) No three points from 𝑆 lie on a single line: Then there exist four points from 𝑆
that form a convex quadrilateral. (Indeed, either the convex hull of 𝑆 contains
at least four points, or it is a triangle. In the latter case, the line passing
through the two interior points intersects two sides of the triangle and the two
interior points form a convex quadrilateral with the endpoints of the side that
is not intersected.) Suppose the four vertices of the convex quadrilateral are
𝑂𝑖 , 𝑂𝑗 , 𝑂𝑘 , 𝑂𝑙 in this order. Then, as before, both 𝑖 · 𝑘 and 𝑗 · 𝑙 are at most
7 · 11 ≤ 101 hence the disks 𝐷𝑖·𝑘 and 𝐷𝑗·𝑙 are defined. By 1. and by convexity,
they both contain the intersection 𝑃 of diagonals of 𝑂𝑖 𝑂𝑗 𝑂𝑘 𝑂𝑙 , which is a
contradiction with 2.

6. Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be an acute triangle with 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝐶 and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 60∘ . Denote its
altitudes by 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 and its orthocenter by 𝐻. Let 𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑀 be the midpoints
of sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵, respectively. Prove that the midpoints of segments 𝐴𝐻, 𝐷𝐾,
𝐸𝐿, 𝐹 𝑀 lie on a single circle. (Dominik Burek, Poland)

Solution. Denote the midpoints of 𝐴𝐻, 𝐷𝐾, 𝐸𝐿, 𝐹 𝑀 by 𝑇 , 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍, respectively.


Furthermore, let 𝑂 be the circumcenter of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝑈 the midpoint of 𝐴𝑂
A

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(that is, the circumcenter of triangle 𝐴𝑀 𝐿). We will show that 𝑈 lies on the circle
too.
First, we show that 𝑇 𝑈 𝑌 𝑍 is cyclic. In fact, we show that is is an isosceles
trapezoid whose line of symmetry is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶: Since ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 =
60∘ , we have 𝐴𝐸 = 21 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑀 , thus △𝐴𝑀 𝐸 is equilateral and, likewise, △𝐴𝐹 𝐿 is
equilateral. Since 𝑌 and 𝑍 are the midpoints of lateral sides 𝐸𝐿, 𝑀 𝐹 of a trapezoid
𝐸𝐿𝐹 𝑀 , triangle 𝐴𝑌 𝑍 is also equilateral and the perpendicular bisector of 𝑌 𝑍 is
the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. Regarding 𝑇 𝑈 , since lines 𝐴𝑇 and 𝐴𝑈 are isogonal in
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐿, the right triangles 𝐴𝐹 𝐻 and 𝐴𝐿𝑂 are congruent. Thus the
perpendicular bisector of 𝑇 𝑈 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 as well.
Second, we show that 𝑈 𝑌 𝑋𝑍 is cyclic: Let 𝑉 be the center of parallelogram
𝐴𝑀 𝐾𝐿. Since 𝑉 is the midpoint of 𝑀 𝐿, it lies on the midline 𝑌 𝑍 of trapezoid
𝑀 𝐸𝐿𝐹 . Since it is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐾, it also lies on the midline 𝑈 𝑋 of trapezoid
𝐴𝑂𝐾𝐷. Thus, it remains to check that 𝑉 𝑌 · 𝑉 𝑍 = 𝑉 𝑈 · 𝑉 𝑋, which is straightfor-
ward. For the left-hand side, we have 𝑉 𝑌 = 12 𝑀 𝐸 = 41 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑉 𝑍 = 21 𝐿𝐹 = 12 𝐴𝐹 .
For the right-hand side, we have 𝑉 𝑈 = 12 𝑂𝐾 = 14 𝐴𝐻 and 𝑉 𝑋 = 21 𝐴𝐷. Plugging
this in, we need 𝐴𝐵 · 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐻 · 𝐴𝐷 which follows from 𝐵𝐹 𝐻𝐷 being cyclic.
Since both 𝑇 𝑈 𝑌 𝑍 and 𝑈 𝑌 𝑋𝑍 are cyclic, so is 𝑇 𝑌 𝑋𝑍.

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