CONFIDENTIAL BFC31802

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FINAL EXAMINATION
(ONLINE)
SEMESTER II
SESSION 2019/2020

COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

PROGRAMME CODE : BFF

EXAMINATION DATE : JULY 2020

DURATION : 5 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS : ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF FOURTEEN (14) PAGES

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC 31802

Q1 (a) Differentiate between corrective and preventive rehabilitation techniques.

(5 marks)

(b) Crocodile crack is one type of pavement distress. Briefly explain TWO (2) possible
causes and the probable treatments for this type of pavement distress.
(5 marks)

(c) Table Q1(c)(i) shows the number of vehicles with different classes in accordance to the
traffic count of the proposed road project provided by Highway Planning Unit (HPU).
The traffic count covers a time period of 16 hours. Based on this result, determine the
Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL) for the base year and after 20 years if a traffic
growth factor is 5%. Given lane distribution, L = 1.0 and terrain factor, T = 1.1. Refer
Table Q1(c)(ii) in your calculation.
(7 marks)

(d) You have been asked to design the flexible pavement for an access highway to a major
truck terminal. Given the design traffic over 20 years is 9.7 million. For the sub-grade,
a series of CBR tests were conducted. The CBR for subgrade has been analysed with
normal distribution and probability of 85%, CBR Mean = 16.7% and Standard
Deviation = 4.5 %. Based on the information given, determine the thickness of the
proposed road. Use Table Q1(c)(ii), Table Q1(d)(i) to Table Q1(d)(iv) and Figure
Q1(d)(i) to Figure Q1(d)(v) for your calculation.
(8 marks)

Q2 (a) State the activities involved in Pavement Management System (PMS).

(5 marks)

(b) Briefly discuss TWO (2) basic components in Pavement Management System (PMS).
(5 marks)

(c) The Point of Intersection (P.I) of two tangent lines is station 1115+20. The radius of
curvature is 275 m, and the angle of deflection is 52°. Based on the information,
estimate the following parameters:

(i) Length of the curve (L)

(3 marks)

(ii) Length of the Long Chord (L.C)

(3 marks)

(iii) Length of the Middle Ordinate (M)

(3 marks)

(iv) Length of External Distance (E)

(3 marks)

(v) The station for the Point of Curvature (P.C) and Point of Tangency (P.T)
(3 marks)
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Q3 (a) Figure Q3(a) shows the longitudinal profile of a site for a proposed highway. The
distance and corresponding volume of soil to be cut or filled are indicated in the figure.
Assume that the shrinkage and bulking factors are equal to 1.0.

(i) Construct a Mass Haul Diagram.

(8 marks)

(ii) Determine the volume and direction of haul using table in Figure Q3(a).
(5 marks)

(iii) Determine the volume of borrow or waste (if any).

(2 marks)

(b) The embankment of a proposed alternative road from Parit Raja to Batu Pahat is 10 km
long. The average cross section of the embankment is shown in Figure Q3(b). The
specification requires the embankment to be compacted to 95% of the maximum dry
density according to the B.S 1377 Compaction Test (2.5 kg rammer method). Table
Q3(b) present the density of laboratory and borrow material at various conditions

(i) Determine the volume of borrow pit material needed for 1 m3 of the compacted
road embankment.
(5 marks)

(ii) Determine the volume of additional water needed for the whole volume of
embankment.
(5 marks)

Q4 (a) Pavement performance is an important factor in pavement design because it provides a

framework upon which a judgement on the road is either success or failure, which is
associated with the ability of the pavement to carry out the design loading. Based on
these statements, briefly discuss a distinction between the two different types of
failures.
(5 marks)

(b) Discuss on how to evaluate whether a pavement should be rehabilitated or else based
on the characteristics of pavement condition. Explain in detail steps of the evaluation.
(10 marks)

(c) A sustainable and environmental friendly construction method includes recycling

techniques for road construction. Explain how this technique may benefit both the
environment and construction player.
(10 marks)

- END OF QUESTIONS –

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC 31802

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

TABLE Q1(c)(i): Average daily traffic (ADT) of the different vehicle classes
Vehicle Average Daily Traffic
HPU class designation Class (ADT)
Cars and taxis C 2640
Small trucks and vans CV1 100
Large trucks CV2 120
Articulated trucks CV3 250

TABLE Q1(c)(ii): Axle configuration and load equivalence factors (LEF)

Vehicle Average Daily Traffic
HPU class designation Class (ADT)
Cars and taxis C 0
Small trucks and vans CV1 0.1
Large trucks CV2 4
Articulated trucks (3 or more axles) CV3 4.4
Buses (2 or 3 axles) CV4 1.8
Motorcycles MC 0
Commercial Traffic (Mixed) CV% 3.7

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FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

TABLE Q1(d)(i): Classes of subgrade strength (based on CBR) used as input in the pavement
catalogue of ATJ 5/85 (Amendment 2013) manual
Sub-Grade CBR (%) Elastic Modulus (MPa)
Range Design Input Value
SG1 5 to 12 50 to 20 60
SG2 12.1 to 20 80 to 140 120
SG3 20.1 to 30.0 100 to 160 140
SG4 >30.0 120 to 180 180

TABLE Q1(d)(ii): Traffic categories used in this manual (EAL =80 kN)
Traffic category Design Traffic Probability (Percentile Applied to Properties of
(ESAL x 106) Subgrade Material
T1 ≤1.0 ≥ 60%
T2 1.1 to 2.0 ≥ 70%
T3 2.1 to 10.0 ≥ 85%
T4 10.1 to 30.0 ≥ 85%
T5 >30.0 ≥ 85%

TABLE Q1(d)(iii): Conceptual outline of pavement structures used in ATJ 5/85

(Amendment 2013)
Pavement Traffic Category ( based on million ESALs@ 80kN)
Structure ≤1 1 to 2 2.1 to 10 10.1 to 30 >30
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Combined 24 cm
Thickness of 20 cm
Bituminous 18 cm
Layers 10 cm
5 cm
Crushed
Aggregate Road
Base + Sub-base
for Subgrade
CBR of:
o 5 to 12 23+15 cm 20+15 cm 20+20 cm NR NR
o 12.1 to 20 20+15 cm 20+15 cm 20+20 cm 20+20 cm 20+20 cm
o 20.1 to 30 20+10 cm 20+10 cm 20+15 cm 20+15 cm 20+15 cm
o >30 20 cm 20+10 cm 20+10 cm 20+10 cm 20+10 cm

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FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

TABLE Q1(d)(iv): Summary of material use in pavement structure in Malaysia

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FINAL EXAMINATION

SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF

COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q1(d)(i): Pavement structure for traffic category T1: <1million ESALs (80 kN)

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FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q1(d)(ii): Pavement structure for traffic category T2: 1.0 to 2.0 million ESALs

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC31802

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q1(d)(iii): Pavement structure for traffic category T3: 2.0 to 10.0 million ESALs (80kN)

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC 31802

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II/ 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q1(d)(iv): Pavement structure for traffic category T4: 10.0 to 30.0 million ESALs (80 kN)

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FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q1 (d)(v): Pavement structure for traffic category T5: >30.0 million ESALs (80 kN)

11
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CONFIDENTIAL BFC31802

FINAL EXAMINATION

SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF

COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

FIGURE Q3(a): Longitudinal profile of a site for a proposed highway

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC31802

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

20 m

1
1

24 m
FIGURE Q3(b) Cross section of the embankment

TABLE Q3(b) Density and moisture content of the soil

Laboratory Compaction Test In-situ (borrow pit)

Maximum Dry Optimum moisture Bulk density Natural moisture

density (Mg/m3) content (%) (Mg/m3) content (%)

1.56 12 1.88 9.6

Volume before excavation

Bulking factor   1.25
Volume after excavation

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CONFIDENTIAL BFC 31802

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION : II / 2019/2020 PROGRAMME : BFF
COURSE NAME : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COURSE CODE : BFC 31802

The following information may be useful. The symbols have their usual meaning

𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝑌1 = [𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑉𝐶1 × 𝐿𝐸𝐹1 + 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑉𝐶2 × 𝐿𝐸𝐹2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑉𝐶4 × 𝐿𝐸𝐹4 +] × 365 × 𝐿 × 𝑇

𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝑌1 = 𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑃𝑐 × 365 × 3.7 × 𝐿 × 𝑇

⌈(1 + 𝑟)𝑛 − 1⌉
𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝐷𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝑌1 ×
𝑟

𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝐷𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑆𝐴𝐿𝑌1 × 𝑇𝐺𝐹

Desig input value = Mean – (Normal Deviate x Standard Deviation)

85% Probabilty: Mean -1.000 x STD

60% Probability: Mean -0.253 x STD

70% Probability: Mean -0.525 x STD

T = R tan (Δ /2)

C = R sin (Δ /2)

E = R [sec(Δ/2) – 1]

M = R [1 – cos (Δ /2)]

L = (Δ/360)(2πR)

𝑉2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
127(𝑒 + 𝑓)

𝐴 = ℎ(𝑏 + 𝑛ℎ)

PSI = PSIi – PSIt

𝑆𝑁1
𝐷1 = 𝑎1 𝑚 1
, SN1*  SN1

𝑆𝑁2 − 𝑆𝑁1 ∗
𝐷2 = 𝑎2 𝑚 2
, SN1* + SN2*  SN2

𝑆𝑁3 − 𝑆𝑁2 ∗ − 𝑆𝑁1 ∗

𝐷3 = , SN1* + SN2* + SN3*  SN3
𝑎3 𝑚 3

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