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CH 1 Viscous Fluid Flow Part 2

This document summarizes key aspects of fluid flow in pipes from a fluid mechanics course. It compares laminar and turbulent flow, discussing characteristics like velocity profiles. It also covers topics like fully developed pipe flow, wall shear stress, turbulent velocity profiles with different flow layers, head loss calculation using Darcy-Weisbach and Moody equations, and examples solving for pressure drop and power requirements in pipes.

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Ammar Wahab
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93 views

CH 1 Viscous Fluid Flow Part 2

This document summarizes key aspects of fluid flow in pipes from a fluid mechanics course. It compares laminar and turbulent flow, discussing characteristics like velocity profiles. It also covers topics like fully developed pipe flow, wall shear stress, turbulent velocity profiles with different flow layers, head loss calculation using Darcy-Weisbach and Moody equations, and examples solving for pressure drop and power requirements in pipes.

Uploaded by

Ammar Wahab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics II

(BDA 30203)

Chapter 1: Viscous Flow in Pipes

Part 2
Fully Developed Pipe Flow
• Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow
There are some major differences between laminar and turbulent
fully developed pipe flows

Laminar
• Re ≤ 2100
• Can be solved exactly
• Flow is steady
• Velocity profile is parabolic
• Pipe roughness not important

It turns out that V = 1/2Vc and u(r)= 2V (1 - r2/R2)


Turbulent
• Re  4000
• Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
• Flow is unsteady (3D swirling eddies), but it is steady in the mean
• Mean velocity profile is fuller (shape more like a top-hat profile,
with very sharp slope at the wall)
• Pipe roughness is very important
• Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)
• No analytical solution, but there are some good semi-empirical
expressions that approximate the velocity profile shape.

Instantaneous
Importance of turbulent flow profiles
• mixing process
• heat and mass transfer process
Wall-shear stress

• Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had


 =  du/dy
• In fully developed pipe flow, it turns out that
 =  du/dr
Laminar Turbulent

w w

w = shear stress at the wall,


acting on the fluid w,turb > w,lam
• Laminar shear stress is dominant near the pipe wall and the
turbulent shear stress dominates the flow at center of pipe.

• The region where laminar shear force dominates is called


the viscous sublayer or the viscous wall layer.

• The region where turbulent shear force dominates is called


the outer turbulent layer or simply the outer layer.

• There is also a region where both laminar and turbulent


shear are important. This region is called the overlap region.

• The character of each layers such as their velocity is


different, so we need different equations to describe them

5
Turbulent Velocity Profile

Velocity profile for viscous sub-layer


(1.16)

where ū = time average velocity


y = distance measured from wall = R – r
u* = friction velocity = (τw /)1/2
 = kinematic viscosity
This equation is called the Law of Wall which is valid
only near a smooth wall for 0 ≤ yu*/ ≤ 5

6
Velocity profile for overlap region

(1.17)

where 2.5 and 5.0 are constants determined by


experiments

For the outer layer, the Power Law is used from the
following expression.

(1.18)

7
The relationship between average velocity, V, volume flowrate, Q, and centerline
velocity, VC can be obtained by integrating the power law velocity profile.

Q =  ū A
Q =  Vc [1 – (r/R)]1/n A
Q =  Vc [1 – (r/R)]1/n 2πr r

Q = 2πR2 Vc n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.19)

since Q = πR2V
πR2V/ πR2 Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
V/Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]

V = 2n2Vc /[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.20)

8
Example 1.4

Water at 200 C (ρ = 998 kg/m3 , and ν = 1 x 10−6 m2/s flows through a horizontal
pipe of D = 0.1 m diameter with a flowrate of Q = 4 x 10−2 m3/s and a pressure
gradient of ∆p/l = 2.59kPa/m.
a) Determine the approximate thickness of the viscous sub-layer.
b) Determine the approximate centerline velocity, Vc using the power– law
velocity profile theory.
c) Determine the ratio of the turbulent to laminar shear stress, τturb /τlam at
a point midway between the centerline and the pipe wall.

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Solution:

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Head Loss
Energy equation for steady incompressible flow in horizontal pipes,

p1/ g + 1v12/2g + z1 = p2 / g + 2v22/2g + z2 + hL+ w - q

where hL = head loss


w = turbine head
q = pump head

Head loss
• major loss (due to friction)
• minor loss (due to fittings)

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Pressure drop
• There is a direct connection between the pressure drop in a pipe and the shear
stress at the wall
• Consider a horizontal pipe, fully developed, and incompressible flow

• Let’s apply conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to this CV


▪ Conservation of Mass

▪ Conservation of x-momentum

Terms cancel since 1 = 2


and V1 = V2
• Thus, x-momentum reduces to

or

• Energy equation (in head form)

cancel (horizontal pipe)


Velocity terms cancel again because V1 = V2, and 1 = 2 (shape not changing)

hL = irreversible head
loss & it is felt as a pressure
drop in the pipe
• From momentum CV analysis

• From energy CV analysis

• Equating the two gives

• To predict head loss, we need to be able to calculate w. How?


• Laminar flow: solve exactly
• Turbulent flow: rely on empirical data (experiments)
• In either case, we can benefit from dimensional analysis!
Friction Factor
• w = fun ( V, , D, )  = average roughness of the
inside wall of the pipe
• -analysis gives
• Now go back to equation for hL and substitute f for w

• Our problem is now reduced to solving for Darcy friction factor f


• Recall But for laminar flow, roughness does
not affect the flow unless it is huge
• Therefore
• Laminar flow: f = 64/Re (exact)
• Turbulent flow: Use charts or empirical equations (Moody Chart, a famous plot
of f vs. Re and /D,)
• Moody chart was developed for circular pipes, but can be used for non-circular pipes
using hydraulic diameter
• Colebrook equation is a curve-fit of the data which is convenient for computations.

Implicit equation for f which can be solved


using the root-finding algorithm in EES

• Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are accurate to ±15% due to roughness
size, experimental error, curve fitting of data, etc.
Non-Circular Conduits
Hydraulic Radius
RH = Area/ Circumference

Circle cross section area


RH = [πD2/4]/πD
= D/4
D = 4 RH
Therefore
L 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = f
D 2g
L 𝑉2
Air Conditioner Ducting System
=f
4 RH 2 g
 /D =  /4 RH
 v D /µ =4 v RH /µ
Types of Fluid Flow Problems
In design and analysis of piping systems, 3 problem types are encountered
1. Determine p (or hL) given L, D, V (or flow rate)
Can be solved directly using Moody chart and Colebrook equation

2. Determine V, given L, D, p
3. Determine D, given L, p, V (or flow rate)
Types 2 and 3 are common engineering design problems, i.e., selection of pipe
diameters to minimize construction and pumping costs
However, iterative approach required since both V and D are in the Reynolds
number.
Example 1.5
Water with a viscosity of µ = 1.545 x 10-3 kg.s/m and density  = 998 kg/m3
is flowing through 0.003 m diameter 9 m long horizontal pipe steadily at an
average velocity of 0.9 m/s. Determine
a) the head loss
b) the pressure drop
c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop.

Solution:
a) head loss?
Re =  vD/µ
= 998(0.9)(0.003)/ 1.545 × 10-3
= 1744 ( 2100, laminar flow)

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for laminar flow
f = 64/Re
= 64/1744 = 0.0367
and hL = f(l/D)(v2/2g)
= (0.0367)(9/0.003)[0.92/2(9.81)] = 4.545 m
b) for laminar flow
p/ g = (64/Re)(l/D)(v2/2g)
p = (64/Re)(l/D)(  v2/2)
= 0.0367(9/0.003)[998(0.92)/2]
= 44.5 kPa

c) Power, P =  g Q hL
and p/ g = hL
Therefore P = Qp
= 0.9π(0.0032/4)(44500)
= 0.283 W
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Example 1.6

Water at 10°C (ρ=999.7 kg/m3 and μ=1.307×10-3 kg/m·s) is flowing


steadily in a 0.20-cm-diameter, 15-m-long pipe at an average velocity
of 1.2 m/s. Determine
(a) the pressure drop,
(b) the head loss, and
(c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure
drop.
Solution:
First we need to determine the flow regime (Reynolds number)

Therefore, the flow is laminar


Then:

(a)
Thank You

29

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