LANGUAGE CONTACT – Richelle Gomez  Repertoire – means a stock of skills or types of behavior that a

person habitually uses.

Language Contact – occurs when speakers of two or more languages or
varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact is IDIOLECTS – Each speaker has a different Idiolect. The variation exhibited
called contact linguistics. in a person’s language production is influences by their dialects, sociolect
and by register.
When people interact, it is typical for their language to influence each other
and leading to a transfer of linguistic features.  An example of idiolect is when we tend to change our language
from being formal to talking casually.
What affects language contact?
DIALECTS – Joanna Mae Guzman
1. Lexical Borrrowing takes place from language one to language two
2. Structural interference from one language leads to changes of two Dialects – is regarded a geographical variety og language that comes from
language. the Greek word ‘dialektos’ which means discourse.

Cause of Language Contact Edward (2009) define dialect as variety of language that differs from others
along three dimensions: Vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent)
 Language contact can occur at language borders, between stratum
languages, or as a result of migration, with an intrusive language The term dialect is an abstraction. It refers to a from of language of speech
acting as either a super stratum or substratum. used by members of regional, ethnic and social group.
o Stratum – first language in contact with another language
Types of Dialects
o Super stratum – High power than the other
o Sub-stratum – Lower power than the other  Regional Dialect (Regiolect/Topolect) – Distinct form of language
spoken in a particular geographical area.
IDIOLECTS – Avegail Hernandez o Example: Kapampangan, Ilocano, Bisaya
 Idiolect refers to an individual’s unique variety and use of language,  Social Dialect (Sociolect) – associated with speakers belonging to a
from the level of phoneme to the level of discourse. given group.
o Example: Gay language, Jejemon Language
 A particular speech habit of a person
 This meaning is reflected in the etymology of the word: idio-  Ethnic Dialect (Ethnolect) – associated with the particular ethic
(meaning "own, personal, private, peculiar, separate, distinct") and group
-lect, refers to a “social variety of language.
 Not two people who shares the same language have not exactly
the same Linguistic repertoire.
Language vs Dialect LANGUAGE IN VARIATION AND LANGUAGE IN CONTACT – Allecka
Gragasin
 Basically, Language is written in addition to being spoken,while
a dialect is just spoken. Language are once a dialect. These Styles – stylistic variation is not only about words and vocabulary of
dialects, due to popular demand, becomes a language in time. language but also phonological, morphological, and syntactic. It doesn’t
designate a negative reaction.
Accent vs Dialect
5 Idetifiable styles according to Martin Joos (1907-1978)
 Dialect includes vocabulary, word usage, grammar and the
pronunciation but accent only considers pronunciation of how  Frozen – called static register. Consistent and no changes
people sound when speaking. happening
o Example: The bible, Philippine Constitution, Pledge
PIDGIN LANGUAGES AND CREOLE LANGUAGES – Rosanna Facun  Casual – people use when they’re with friends. Use of slangs,
Pidgins and creoles - new languages that develop when speakers of contractions and vernacular grammar.
different languages come into contact with each other and have a need to o Example- Language spoken on parties and any gatherings
communicate. with families and friends.
 Formal – rigid but still constrained. Used by professional, academic
What’s the difference between Pidgins and creoles or legal setting where communication is expected to be respectful,
uninterrupted and restrained.
 Pidgins are non-native languages. Creoles have native speakers
o Example: Essays, Business presentations, formal
 Pidgins begin as restricted (used only for certain functions) But
meetings and interviews.
other are extended, as it can be passed down from generation to
 Consultative – in conversation with someone who has specialized
generation. Creaole usually starts as a pidgin. It becomes childre’s
knowledge or who is offering advice.
native language.
o Example: Teachers with student, Talking with doctor or
Some creoles are based on English such as Jamaican Creole lawyer.
 Intimate – reserved in special occasion. Often used in private
Some creoles are based on French such as Haitian Creole, which has 12 talking.
million speakers. o Example: Language shared between couples, twins and
very close friends.
Some creoles are based on Spanish such as Chavacano (a dialect in the
Philippines) LANGUAGE CONTACT IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – Justine Mae
Echelico
Language Contact – occurs when speakers of two or more languages or 9. Austroasiatic
varieties interact and influence each other. 10. Korean

Language Convergence – because of the prolong language contact or TOP 10 MOTHER TONGUE: LANGUAGES
interaction, the language already look alike.
1. Chinese
Borrowing – there is a language adapted from the other. Language take 2. English
over. 3. Spanish
4. Hindu
Relexification – All of its language lexicon changed. There’s a huge change 5. Arabic
in the language without severe grammatical change. 6. Bengali
7. Russian
Also, there is a certain method of bridging the Linguistics chasm is to utilize
8. Portuguese
lingua franca
9. Japanese
Lingua franca - a language agreed upon by the speaker, a bridge to connect 10. German
a nation to another using one language.
TOP 10 SEMI OFFICIAL OR OFFICIAL LARGEST NUMBER OF
THE WORLD OF LANGUAGE – Nerie Duran SPEAKERS:

The total languages are more than 6,900 this includes creole but excludes 1. English
pidgins and that 7, 117 languages are spoken today. 2. Chinese
3. Hindi
The following are the lists of TOP 10 groups arounf the world. 4. Spanish
5. Russian
The top ten language group:
6. French
1. Indo-European 7. Arabic
2. Sino Tibetan 8. Portuguese
3. Niger Congo 9. Malay (Inc. Indonesian
4. Afro Asiatic 10. Bengali
5. Austronesian
PIDGINS – Ronalene Gaerlan
6. Dravidian
7. Japanese Pidgins - a grammatically simplified form of a language, used for
8. Altiac communication between people not sharing a common language. This
language has a limited vocabulary because of the need to learn rapidly for
the sake of efficiency. It does not serves as the native or first language of
any particular group.
WHORF’S HYPOTHESIS RECONSIDERED  Language and Logic, and
 Language, Mind, and Reality
John B. Carroll
1990
 edited and published Whorf’s essays as Language Thought
and Reality.  Lakoff “Women Fire and Dangerous things”
 Watkinson Library has a collection of native American and  Penny Lee – Serious and capable thinker.
folklore that catch Whorf’s interest to begin studying Nahuatl
language. In conclusion, Whorf’s excitement about linguistic relativity have
promised more spectacular finding to provide.
1928

 Whorf studied Maya Hieroglyphic Text. Then, he began  1953 and 1954, Roger Brown and Eric Lenneberg criticize
presenting his Nahuatl Document at the Museum of harvard. Whorf for his reliance on anecdote evidence.
 Whorf proposed the Oligosynthetic nature of the Nahuatl  Furthermore, Max Black and Donald Davidson also said that
language and the research council awarded Whorf the grant. Whorf’s viewpoint in the concept of Linguistic Relativity meant
 In YALE University, Whorf met Sapir that translation between languages between different
conceptual schemes would be impossible.
1936  Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker have also criticized Whorf
for failing to be clear in his formulation of how language
 Whorf was invited to serve on the committee of the Society of influences thought.
American Linguistics and in 1937 YALE awarded him the  George Lakoff “Women Fire and Dangerous” is the first study
Sterling Fellowship. directing positive attention towards Whorf’s relativist position.
Lakoff argued that Whorf had been on the right tract in his
1938 focus on differences in grammatical and lexical categories.
 In 1996, Penny Lee’s appraisal of Whorf’s writing we
 Due to cancer, wrorf fell nito unproductive period published stating that Whorf has a serious and capable
thinker.
1939
THEORETICAL ALTERNATIVES TO LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY
 The relation of habitual thought
 Linguistics as an Exact Science THEORETICAL
  simple structural and irrational research that seldom or Our LANGUAGE is reflected by our community or cultural belief and
more often does it have supporting evidences that is why traditions
it is a theories
HOZHO- it refers not only to aesthetic but also moral, emotional and
intellectual qualities while STEM ZHO refers to the state characterized by
goodness,
ALTERNATIVE
Peace, happiness, etc
 adding additional options or choices or availability by
putting data or theory counter another theory

NOAM CHOMSKY

 The commonly accepted universalism approach of

cultural determinism by Gary Witherspoon and Daniel
Everett

Chomsky and Universalism – Mid20th century the

intellectual climate underwent a substantial change in
attituse toward languages and structures.

1950

 No scholars were relativist

 Most are fascinated by tremendous linguistic diversity
 Non-western languages had some features that Indo-
European languages did not.

Transformational grammar movement of Noam Chomsky is the thing that

swayed the court of scholarly opinion to a rejection of relativism in favor of
universalism
  Act – include both form and content. Any action can be
communicative action as long as it conveys meaning to
ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION participants.
 Instrumentalities – channel through which communication
The ethnography of communication
flows.
an approach to language research which has its origin in the  Norms - the rules of guiding and its interpretation.
development of a view in anthropology that culture to a large extent is  Genre – proverbs, apologies, prayers, small talk.
expressed through language and the view in linguistics that language
is a system of cultural behaviors. (Hymes, 1974; Geertz, 1973, Hymes
1968)

Speech community and related concepts

A community sharing rules for the conduct and interpretation of

speech and rules for the interpretation of at least one linguistic variety.

THREE UNIT OF SPEECH BEHAVIOR

 Speech Situation – speaking occurs in any particular set of

circumstances typically associated with speech behavior
 Speech Act - minimal unit of speech for purposes of an
ethnographic analysis. Ex: apology, question, reaction.
 Speech event – basic unit of verbal interaction. Ex:
conversation and interview.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION

 Setting and Scene – setting refers to the time and place while
Scene refers to the abstract.
 Participants – includes the people present and roles they
play.
 Ends – the goals of communication.
A SPEECH COMMUNITY AND RELATED CONCEPTS  Speech Field – the concept of speech field have a similarity
on language field but here it involves the knowledge of rules
Community for speaking rather than knowledge of languages.
 Speech Network – refers to linkages between persons from
 group of people living in the same place or having a common different communities who share language varieties as well
in characteristics. as rules for speaking.

Speech community

 group of people sharing a same language or dialect.

 People who speak the same language are not always part of
speech community.
 Zdenek Salzmann and Muriel Saville-Troike

SPEECH COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS

 Pronunciation
 Grammar
 Vocabulary
 Manner of speaking

English is an example of speech community.

Most member of a society, even if they happen to live in the same
town belong to several speech community.

RELATED CONCEPT

 Language Field - refers to all communities in which an

individual is able to communicate adequately by virtue of
knowing the languages and language varieties serving the
communities.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEAKING Ethnography of communication – is an important recent development
supplementary the alreay well-established study of cultures by
 The methods of ethnography are commonly used in anthropologist and languages by linguists. Their purpose is to
conducting a research about language and culture of the discover how humans interact with many different circumstances of
society. When researchers applied this method , they make the real world.
use of recorded narratives, monologues or dialogues.
 To show the sysctactic patterns of language

Jeffrey Heath discussed this approach in his article about clause

structure in Ngandi

 a language spoken by only a few aborigines in Arnhem land

(Northern Autralia)

Among many speakers of English, such fillers like er, uh, um used to
fill pauses or gaps discourse

 “whatchamacallit” an element in Nagndi, used to refer to a

person or a thing whose name one is cannot recall.
 “jara” is a noun that is fully acceptable in all styles.

PSYCHO LINGUISTICS

 is the study of how human mind process or understand a

language.
 To make some sort of sense of this connection, the
investigator must attach due signifincance to language as it
is used.

There has recently been a tendency to use the term contextualization

instead.
FUTURE TEST OF LINGUISTIC RELIABILITY & LINGUISTIC  Speaker in English
DETERMINATION were aware of the number animate entities and objects but
not of the substance represented by mass nouns.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis  Speaker in Yucatec
were sensitive number only for animate entities.
 a theory that an individual's thought and action are determine
by the language or languages that individual speaks. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
there are three ways to describe the relationship between
Berlin & Kay Color language, culture, and society.

 experiments seemed to cast doubt about the whole enterprise 1. the Label means the Title.
of linguistic Relativity. 2. the Proponents are the people involve.
3. Claims is the subject.
Yucatec Mayan & American English
 The arrows signs in the illustration means “determine”
John Lucy examined the Sapir-Whorf Hypotthesis in several domains. “affects” “predisposes” or “influence”
 Under the “thought” for the universalism row, we are
actually referring to the psychological structure of the
There are also two languages that differ fundamentally in the use of human and mind.
numerals
Another of stating Sapir-Wrorf Hypothesis is this.
 In English  Language have categories
Numerals are modified as noun.  This categories are encoded in linguistic features
 In Numerals  This linguistic features affect cognition.
it must be accompanied by a special piece of structure. It
must be identifies the countered object as to its material Cognitive and Mental Schema
properties.  To look at the conceptual system that must be underlying
it
IN NON-VERBAL EXPERIMENTAL TASK
 the Speakers of English and Yucatec were responsive to the John Carol also restated the hypotheis of linguistic relativity and
number of objects presented to them according to how the determisnism in more modest but acceptable form.
objects were treated grammatically in the respective “in so far as language differ in the ways we encode objective
language. experience. Language users tend to sort out and distinguish
 experience differently according to the categories provided by LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY
their respective languages. This cognition has certain effects on
behaviour”  A theory that language influences the way we think.
 The direct translation of the language is not always possible.
THE WHORF HYPOTHESIS OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY AND
LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM

According to Sapir 1929

 Human beings do not live in the objective world along,
nor alone in the world of social activity as much ordinarily
understood, but are very much merely particular
language which has become the medium of expression
for the society.
 WHORF HYPOTHESIS
refers to the proposal that the particular language one
speaks influences the way one thinks about reality.

TWO VERSION OF WHORF HYPOTHESIS

 STRONG HYPOTHESIS
also called Linguistic Determinism. Perceive only what our
language allows us to.

 WEAK HYPOTHESIS
also called Linguistic Relatively. Argues that individual who
talk to different language, yet understand one another.

Further explanations:
LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
 We perceive onlywhat our language allows us, to such
versions would suggest that we are figuratively slaves to the
available to us.
CONTROLLING THE WORLD THROUGH LANGUAGE AMONG The Immediacy of experience among the Piraha
THE NAVAJO
Daniel Everett (2005. 2008) offered some serious formal
The Navajo challenges to Chomskian Universalist Grammar.

Navajo Culture largely measures to the individuals who were “Bomb thrown into the Party” noted by Psycholinguist Steve
exposed to culture for an extended period of time. Pinker (Calapinto, 2007), a much-discussed article in current
anthropology.
Gary Witherspoon, an anthropologist who worked for Navajo
communities and local boards of education learned the Navajo Baixi is a single term applied to both one’s biological mother and
language by merely listening and talking to them. father.

Navajo and Art in the Navajo Universe (1997) Piraha have no tales or creation or myths and their discourse. It
continued to be a monolingual in spite of more than two centuries
Witherspoon in 1997 noted that “In the Navajo view of the world, or regular contract.
language is not a mirror of reality rather reality is a mirror of the
language.” Embody a living in the present cultural ethos- an “Immediacy
principle.
Hozho-form refers not only to the aesthetic but moral, emotional,
and intellectual qualities. As mere gloss, it might translate as “Just Now” as in someone
arriving but it really encapsulates a condition whereby an entity
Stem-zho refers to a state characterized by goodness, peace, comes into sight or goes out of sight.
order, happiness, blessedness, health, beauty, (natural
surroundings) satisfaction, perfection, well-being, deliberation, The Piraha Language and Culture
care, success, and harmony.
Are connected by a culture constraint on talking about anything
The verbal prefix Ho which is a part of Hozho that adds up to the beyond immediate experience.
meaning of the stem the idea of “total environment”

“Navajo life and culture are based on unity of experience and the
goal of Navajo life- the creation, maintenance, and restoration of
Hozho expresses that unity of experience.” (Witherspoon, 1997)