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Lecture 9 Sentence Construction Part 1 Slides

This document provides information about an English course titled "Academic Reading and Writing" at the University of Education Lahore, Department of English. The course code is ENGL1116 and will be instructed by Ms. Fatima Aslam for the BBA HONS II programme. The document then covers topics about sentence construction including the definition of a sentence, its parts like subject and predicate, different types of sentences, and sentence variety.

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Adil Chaudhry
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233 views35 pages

Lecture 9 Sentence Construction Part 1 Slides

This document provides information about an English course titled "Academic Reading and Writing" at the University of Education Lahore, Department of English. The course code is ENGL1116 and will be instructed by Ms. Fatima Aslam for the BBA HONS II programme. The document then covers topics about sentence construction including the definition of a sentence, its parts like subject and predicate, different types of sentences, and sentence variety.

Uploaded by

Adil Chaudhry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Education Lahore

Department of English

Course Title: Academic Reading and Writing

Programme: BBA HONS II

Course Code: ENGL1116

Instructor Name: Ms. Fatima Aslam


SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
A sentence is the basic unit of written English
communication.

A sentence is a collection of words


assembled in such an order that they present
a complete thought or idea.
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
• Capitalization – starts with a capital letter
• End Punctuation – period/ full stop/
exclamation or question mark
• Has a subject and predicate
• Express a complete thought
A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends
with a punctuation mark.
EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES
•I slept.
•She is hungry.
•He doesn’t want to do his homework.
•They had won the match.
•He has been helping people since last two
years.
KINDS OF SENTENCES
The types of punctuation mark terminating the
sentence indicates the kind of sentence.
• A declarative sentence, one that makes a statement,
ends in a period.
• An interrogative sentence, one that asks a question,
ends in a question mark.
• An exclamatory sentence, one that makes a forceful
utterance, ends in an exclamation mark (or point).
ACTIVITY

Make ten sentences using different


punctuation marks at the end of the
sentences.
PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Every sentence has two essential parts:


• Subject
• Predicate
WHAT IS A SUBJECT?
The subject of a sentence is the part about
which something is being said.
Examples:
• The flower bloomed.
• Bob painted.
• The girls in the team were all good students.
WHAT IS A PREDICATE?
The predicate of a sentence is the part which says
something about the subject.
Examples:
• Bill told everyone about the wreck.
• Mary sobbed.
• Sue plays the piano well.
WHAT IS A PHRASE?
• A phrase is a group of related words that does
not include a subject and verb. (If the group of
related words does contain a subject and verb, it
is considered a clause.) OR
• A group of words, which makes sense, but not
complete sense, is called a Phrase. It is a group
of related words without a Subject and a Verb.
EXAMPLES OF PHRASES
• The sun rises in the east.
• Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
• She wore a hat with blue trimming.
• The accident on the bridge was not serious.
• The girl with red hair is an artist.
• Sasha took a long leave.
• Holding the toy, the child slept.
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
• According to a traditional definition, a clause can
be defined as a grammatical unit at a level
between a phrase and a sentence.

• In other words, a group of words that contains a


subject and a predicate.
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words
which expresses a proposition and typically consists
of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined to the
rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a
complete sentence on its own.
Examples:
• I like this book that I borrowed from John.
• Yesterday we played basketball.
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
Consider the following sentence:
• Mary liked Nora when she was a kid.

The string Mary liked Nora could be a complete


sentence on its own; the additional string, when
she was a kid, could not be a complete sentence
on its own. It is a clause.
ACTIVITY
Identify phrases and clauses.
1. In my room.
2. The cat went under the bed.
3. Until next week
4. He was quickly walking to the store.
5. Yet they tired.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
There are four types of sentences:
• Simple Sentences
• Compound Sentences
• Complex Sentences
• Compound – Complex Sentences
SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence has:
• one subject and
• one predicate.
Examples:
•The breeze blew steadily.
•The man rode the bicycle.
SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence can
• Have a subject that can be compound
Example:
Maya and Alice walked to the park.
• Have a predicate that can be compound
Example:
Maya climbed the rock wall and slid down the slide.
SIMPLE SENTENCES
Prepositional Phrase
Pronoun Verb

We went to London.

Simple Subject
Complete Predicate
COMPOUND SENTENCES
• A compound sentence has two or more simple
sentences connected by a comma and a conjunction
(and, but, or). OR
• A compound sentence is made up of two or more
independent clauses combined using a coordinating
conjunction such as and, or, or but.
Examples:
• The man rode the bicycle, but he went the wrong way.
• The house caught on fire, so the cat ran away.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
• A compound sentence has more than one part that can
stand alone (independent clauses)
• Independent clauses are connected by coordinating
conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs or a semi – colon.
Examples:
• The kite was caught in the tree, and we tried to get it
down.
• Maya changed her kite design; she added two tails.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
Pronoun Verb Prepositional Phrase

We went to London,
Simple Subject Complete Predicate
Coordinating Conjunction Predicate

and most of us danced all night.

Pronoun Verb Simple Subject


COMPOUND SENTENCES
Examples:
• My parents caught a severe cold; consequently, they
had to cancel their vacation.
Conjunctive Adverb

• Some people like basketball; others prefer baseball.


Semi – Colon
COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence contains more than one
subject and more than one verb.

It is made up of more than one clause: an


independent clause and a dependent clause.
COMPLEX SENTENCES
A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains a
subject and a predicate but does not express a
complete thought.

A dependent clause often begins with a


subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun
that make the clause unable to stand alone.
COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence contains at least one
independent clause and one dependent clause.
Example:
She will go to school in the city
Independent Clause
until she finds a job.
Subordinating dependent Clause
Conjunction
EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX
SENTENCES
• The man went the wrong way because he was
lost.
• When I first moved to the city, I was afraid to
drive the steep and narrow streets.
• If you study, you can get a good grade.
• Because I ate too much, I have a stomachache.
• When I saw my test score, I jumped with joy.
COMPLEX SENTENCES
Since we wanted to have fun,
Subordinating
Conjunction Part that cannot stand alone

Subject we went to London yesterday.

Predicate
COMPOUND-COMPLEX
SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence is made from two
independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Example:
• Although he likes to ride his bicycle, the man has
not had the time to ride lately, and he has not
found anyone to ride with.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
Since we wanted to have fun,
Subordinating
Conjunction Part that cannot stand alone
my friend and I went to London,

Subject Predicate

Coordinating
and we danced all night.
Conjunction
SENTENCE VARITY
There are varying types of sentences used to achieve
the desired effect.
• Short simple sentences attract attention.
• Compound sentences invite comparison.
• Complex sentences show relationships and priorities.
• Compound-complex sentences provide lots of
information.
ACTIVITY
Identify types of sentences.
• Diamonds and pearls are mined in different places.
• When the lights went out, we felt extremely uneasy,
but we always knew that morning would eventually
come.
• No one answered the phone when she called us.
• The doll that the bride carries doesn’t have arms.
• Stand read the book Friday; he wrote his essay today.
REFERENCES
• Liberty University’s Online Writing Center
http://www.liberty.edu/academics/graduate/writing/index.cfm?PID=17176
• Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
• The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation by Jane Straus
http://www.grammarbook.com
• Index English Grammar and Composition
http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index2.
• Grammar Book Table of Contents
http://www.grammarbook.com/exercises/grammar/ cnt_gram.html
THANK YOU!

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