IEEE SPICES 2017 1570364687

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Device-to-Device Network Performance at 28 GHz
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and 60 GHz using Device Association Vector
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8   Algorithm
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11   Sreedevi A G and T. Rama Rao
12   Department of Telecommunication Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
13   [email protected]; [email protected]
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17   Abstract—Device-to-device (D2D) will be the future of wireless [11]. D2D research has widened their analysis on probabilistic
18   technology with low power, high data rate and low latency for distance and path-loss model, investigating the interference and
19   information exchange between wireless devices. However it may outage probabilities in an uplink scenario [12]. The Jiahao, in
20   not be always feasible because of mobility and influence of [13] discussed and analyzed the coverage probability and
21   surroundings on the devices. This paper presents an approach to ergodic rate of users in cellular network with respect to D2D
model and investigate D2D network at two millimeter wave devices. They have also modelled the resource allocation.
22   (mmW) frequencies of 28 and 60 GHz, by calculating the received
23   signal strength (RSS) and signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio Paper [5], presented several challenging issues for D2D
24   (SINR). A generalized joint optimization problem to maximize the proximity services there by analyzing the service architecture
25   overall rate of the D2D network with regard to a device association and interferences between eNB and D2D devices [5].
26   vector algorithm (DAVA) is presented. Simulation results show Scheduling is another important area of research. Many methods
27   network performance under different indoor scenarios using have been proposed for D2D scheduling. In [14], Xiaoshuai
28   DAVA. considered fairness, quality-of-service (QoS), and co-channel
29   interference to propose a scheduling algorithm improving D2D
Keywords—Device-to-device communication; signal-to- system performance. Paper [15] discussed two location-based
30   interference-plus-noise ratio; received signal strength; device
31   D2D resource allocation algorithms to improve transmission
association vector algorithm; network sum rate
32   accuracy, time delay and resource utilization. In [16], the authors
allocates each channel according to the decision provided by
33   I. INTRODUCTION considering maximum utility value, mode selection, channel
34   allocation and power optimization. The use of demodulation
35   For future wireless networks, Device-to-device (D2D)
communication is a promising technology. In past decades, there reference signal (DMRS) for side-link neighbor discovery and
36   resource scheduling is examined in paper [17].
has been many researches and developments in D2D
37   technology. Still tremendous work is going on to bring this
38   Security in physical and MAC layer plays an important role.
technology into reality. D2D communication promises The [18], addressed physical layer security problems in D2D by
39   improvement in capacity, spectral and energy efficiency, and
40   developing a Stackelberg game achieving secrecy in
also in user experience. Previously, it is been used for individual transmission. There are many research work being continued on
41   pairing and connectivity by Bluetooth and unlicensed WiFi different parameter optimizations in D2D communication.
42   band. Manually, user activates the connection by pairing them. Optimizing QoS constraints as discussed in [19], optimizing
43   Even though, security is less with more power consumption, channel allocation based on best coverage probability and
44   interference is less due to low density of these individual D2Ds. average rate as in [20], optimizing energy by managing radio
45   The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [1], Long- resources as in [21], and optimizing resource allocation with less
46   Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) projects overhead as in [22]. Another key issue is the power consumption
47   consider employing D2D as a potential solution for supporting in D2D devices. The research paper [23], investigated power
48   growing communication demands. Therefore, D2D plays a vital control on resource sharing, formulating a multi objective
49   role in improving the performance of cellular systems, and it is optimization problem, and solving it using weighted
50   emerging as an innovative technology for the next-generation coefficients.
51   wireless systems [2]. The concept of D2D communication was The paper [24] reused the uplink frequency resources to
52   first proposed few years ago in [3], [4] as an underlying maximize D2D link rate there by adopting power allocation
53   subsystem within a cellular communication system [5]. Many strategies to optimize communication [24]. Another research by
54   research works focused on either a simple scenario with single in [25] improved throughput by power allocation strategies. In
55   D2D pair similar in [1], [2], [6], [7] or throughput bound analysis paper [26], another optimization strategy is discussed. They
56   similar in [8], [9]. Recently, many tools from stochastic optimized power by introducing a relay node to help in
geometry is being used for D2D interference analysis combining transporting data to base station. For D2D links, the author Bin
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cellular system with multiple cells in same frequency band [10],
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978-1-5386-3864-4/17/$31.00 © 2017 IEEE

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proposed optimization based on transmit power [27]. Also, an
approach based on network topology, achieving spectrum and
network efficiency is discussed in paper [28].
Many research have progressed on different frequency bands
for D2D communication as it’s not yet generalized into a
common standard. For instance, papers [29]-[31] talks about
how D2D network performs in an LTE network. Some have also
focused their work on 5G enabled D2D devices [32]-[34].
However, all of these studies only considered the system
model, optimization of power, and the network parameters to
achieve network efficiency, security, scheduling, and resource
allocation. Very limited study [35] is found in modeling
(maximizing) the D2D network rate considering the signal,
transmission power, channel gain, and SINR. This paper,
considers a D2D network with one device as transmitter and one
or many device as receivers. The transmitter tunes its
transmission based on the direction of arrival (DoA) of signals Fig. 1. D2D Communication Network.
from devices associated to it. Paper also derives the Signal-to-
Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) and Received Signal
Strength (RSS) for unlicensed 60 GHz and licensed 28 GHz The × 1 data vector sent from to D2D users,
band based on path loss model for D2D transmission. The , , … is
decision of whether a device to be associated to the network, is
decided based on the optimization parameters SINR and RSS. ≜ [ , ,... ] (4)
This paper also discusses an association algorithm to decide the
association of a device to the network, considering SINR and
network rate as primary goal. Analyzing performance gain, The data symbol that transmits is ℎ | | =
capacity and throughput, we achieve optimum performance for 1 ∀ = 1,2, … , . A binary decision variable, ∈ 0,1
D2D communication. indicates the association status of device .
The notations used in this paper includes: {.}T and {.}H 1 2
= (5)
denoting transpose and Hermitian operations and E{.} denoting 0 ℎ
statistical expectation.
This paper is organized as follows. First, a brief introduction
The D2D device association vector is defined as, Δ ∈
to D2D system model is discussed in section II. Section III,
0,1 where,
explains the proposed association algorithm. Specifically,
section IV explains the simulation results. Finally we conclude ∆ = [ , … ] (6)
our discussion at section V.

II. D2D SYTSTEM MODEL Now, the signal received by of receiver is calculated
as:
Consider a multi-user D2D network with multiple D2D
communications as shown in Fig 1. The transmitter( )
considered is equipped with antennas. The receivers who = + +
request for D2D association is equipped with receiver , ,
antennas. Users , , … are part of the network, but are not (7)
associated with ’s D2D communication. , , … are part Transmission power for the transmitter
of D2D communication network which are associated with D2D
communication. The transmitter of is represented by and Normalized Additive Gaussian Noise with distribution
receiver of is represented by . (0,1)
Total number of devices considered for D2D network Channel gain from the transmitter of the D2D to the
analysis is, receiver
= + (1) × 1 channel gain vector from the transmitter to
Let × K be linear pre-coder matrix, ∈ ℝ ×
be the receiver

≜ [ , ,... ] (2)
subject to All channel gains are modeled as Rayleigh Fading Channel
with Free Space Propagation Path Loss (FSPL). For one
= 1 ∀ = 1,2, … , (3) channel, the gain element ℎ for − link is given by:

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 ℎ = .ℎ (8) vector is described as follows. Sort initial SINR vector Γ ,[ ] in
descending order. Assume mth device has maximum SINR.
Where is the − link distance, Calculate Γ , considering mth device is associated with network.
is the path loss exponent, If network sum rate R is increasing, the algorithm decides to
attach mth device to the network. Then it moves to next device
ℎ is the Gaussian Channel co-efficient with the distribution with 2nd maximum SINR and repeat the same procedure. The
(0,1) summarization of the device association algorithm is as follows:
Algorithm 1: DAVA
The SINR for device is given by, Step 1: Initialize ∆ = 0
| | Step 2: Calculate SINR,
= ∑ (9)
, | |
,[ ] | |
= ∑ for j=1,2,…,K
, | |

Shannon capacity determines the rate for the network Step 3: Form initial SINR vector,
with SINR . Maximize the sum rate for the devices in D2D
,[ ] ,[ ] ,[ ] ,[ ]
network. The optimization problem can be formulated with Γ ≜ , , ,…,
respect to ∆ = 0,1 , integer vector and ∈ ℝ × , the real
matrix. Step 4: Calculate the initial network sum rate R with no devices
attached to D2D network.
max = max (10) Step 5: Sort Γ ,[ ] in descending order, and choose the device
∆, ∆, with maximum SINR value.
Step 6: Assume mth device has maximum SINR value. Calculate
∆ ∈ 0,1 network sum rate Rnew with mth device attached to the D2D
Subject to (11) network.
∈ ℝ ×
Step 7: If Rnew > R, associate mth device to the D2D network, and
change Rnew = R and set =1.
This optimization problem in (10) – (11) is NP-hard non-
linear programming problem, and it is not convex. Hence it is Step 8: Pick the next device with next maximum SINR value,
not directly solvable problem. We have evaluated this problem and Go to Step 6, until all devices are considered for association.
by applying it in simulation and also by applying an association
algorithm.

III. DEVICE ASSOCIATION VECTOR ALGORITHM (DAVA) IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

This section describes the decision on association status of
D2D devices in the D2D network. In other words, finding the Considering a simplified 28 and 60 GHz D2D network
value of for = 1,2, … , , as in (5) is described. D2D devices model for the numerical studies, in a typical indoor environment
with less interference is chosen to get associated with D2D of 1 to 10m LOS scenario. The device transmitter and receivers
network. The devices with less channel gain from transmitter in this example are equipped with an array of 8 antennas (N) and
causes less interference resulting in higher SINR and network to cover 360o span the antennas considered are with a beam
throughput. width of 45o. A network with 40 devices is considered. The
assumptions for simulating the network is explained in Table 1.
Initialize the Association vector ∆, as in (6) with all 0 vector, The coverage radius of each device is 10m and each device
as initially no devices is associated with D2D network. Let separated by a distance of 2m. The coverage radius is considered
Γ ℝ be the SINR vector for all devices. The vector Γ , to be 10 m LOS, beyond which 60 GHz antenna would give a
calculated based on vector ∆ is, low performance. The path loss exponent considered is 2, as
FSPL model.
Γ ≜ , , , … , (12)
In Fig 2, the network sum rate of D2D devices with and
,[ ]
The k device’s initial SINR Γ
th
when no device attached without DAVA at two different frequencies 28 and 60 GHz is
to is: shown. In this scenario, each receiver D2D device is of equal
distance (2m) from transmitter. The results show better network
,[ ] |ℎ | performance, in both the frequency band, when devices are
= (13)
∑ , |ℎ | + added to the network following DAVA. DAVA follows greedy
approach where it includes devices with high SINR and later the
other. This proves, DAVA including devices with high data rate
Now calculate the initial sum rate of D2D network with these and thus outperforms a D2D network which accepts devices in
initial settings. The procedure to decide D2D device association a First Come First Serve (FCFS) basis.

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 Similarly, Fig 3 shows the network performance when each DAVA proves its efficiency compared to other existing
device is at different distances from transmitter. The devices algorithms like cluster based, queue based and FCFS based
considered at different distances from transmitter within a radius algorithms [36]. These algorithms use latency, energy and
of 10m. Here also, adding device to network based on DAVA priority as metric to measure performance of network. Central
increased network performance at 28 and 60 GHz and reason and distributed algorithms like energy aware clustering
follows same as in Fig 2. Here 28 GHz performs better compared algorithms [37], delay optimal algorithms [38], streaming
to 60 GHz D2D network because beyond 5 meters 60GHz algorithms [39] are some other algorithms existing in D2D.
performance degrades whereas 28 GHz performs well in these Different from these DAVA uses signal strength to improve
distances. network sum rate. Fig 1 and 2 shows efficient utilization of
network capacity in DAVA.
TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
V. CONCLUSION
Transmitter and Receiver Antenna
8
Array, N
Coverage Radius 10 m This paper discussed an approach to model wireless devices
Frequency 60, 28 GHz equipped with 28 and 60 GHz for D2D communications. It
Bandwidth 2 GHz, 850 MHz discussed a joint optimization problem to maximize the overall
Beamwidth 45o rate of the D2D network with regard to a device association
Number of non-associated devices, n 20
vector algorithm. Also, formulated RSS and SINR as part of
optimization factors and the network sum rate is calculated by
Number of associated devices, a 20
Shannon capacity. It evaluated DAVA at an equal distance of 2
Total devices in network, K = n + a 40 m from transmitter and varying distance between 1 to 10 m from
Path loss exponent 2 the transmitter. Simulation results strengthen our approach by
Transmission Power 10 dBm showing better D2D network performance at 28 and 60 GHz
Number of Realizations 10,000 under LOS indoor scenarios.

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