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ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

One-way ANOVA is used to compare the means of three or more groups. It tests the null hypothesis that all group means are equal. The one-way ANOVA table partitions total variation into variation between groups and variation within groups to calculate an F-ratio to test for significant differences. Two-way ANOVA extends this to examine the effects of two factors and their interaction on a response variable. Control charts help monitor processes over time by distinguishing common cause variation from special cause variation. X-bar and R charts are used for variables, while p, np, and c charts are used for attributes. Control limits are placed at +/- 3 standard deviations to identify points outside of natural process variation.

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Aniruddha Phalak
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

One-way ANOVA is used to compare the means of three or more groups. It tests the null hypothesis that all group means are equal. The one-way ANOVA table partitions total variation into variation between groups and variation within groups to calculate an F-ratio to test for significant differences. Two-way ANOVA extends this to examine the effects of two factors and their interaction on a response variable. Control charts help monitor processes over time by distinguishing common cause variation from special cause variation. X-bar and R charts are used for variables, while p, np, and c charts are used for attributes. Control limits are placed at +/- 3 standard deviations to identify points outside of natural process variation.

Uploaded by

Aniruddha Phalak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

One-way Anova
𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘
One-way anova table
Sum of Degree of Mean
Source of variation Variance ratio
squares freedom square
Between samples 𝑆𝐵 𝑘−1 𝑀𝑆𝐵 𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹= 𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑆𝑊
Within samples 𝑆𝑊 𝑛−𝑘 𝑀𝑆𝑊
𝑀𝑆𝑊
Total 𝑆𝑇 𝑛−1 𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝐵

2
𝑇2
𝑆𝑇 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗 −
𝑛
𝑇𝑖2 𝑇 2
𝑆𝐵 = ∑ −
𝑛𝑖 𝑛

𝑆𝑊 = 𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝐵
𝑆𝐵
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
𝑘−1
𝑆𝑊
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑛−𝑘

𝑇 = ∑ 𝑇𝑖 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗

𝑇𝑖 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝑗

𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖
Two-way Anova
𝐻0 : 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐻0′ : 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
Two-way anova table
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean
Variance ratio
variation squares freedom square
𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑆𝐸
Between
𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅 𝑀𝑆𝐸
rows
𝐹𝑅 =
𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹𝐶 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑆𝐸
Between
𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝐸
columns
𝐹𝐶 =
𝑀𝑆𝐶
Error
𝑆𝐸 (𝑟 − 1)(𝑐 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
(Residual)
Total 𝑆𝑇 𝑟𝑐 − 1

2
𝑇2 1 2
𝑇2
𝑆𝑇 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑅 = ∑ 𝑇𝑟𝑖 −
𝑟𝑐 𝑐 𝑟𝑐
1 2
𝑇2
𝑆𝐶 = ∑ 𝑇𝑐𝑗 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑅 − 𝑆𝐶
𝑟 𝑟𝑐
𝑆𝑅 𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
𝑟−1 𝑐−1
𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑐 − 1)

𝑇 = ∑ 𝑇𝑟𝑖 = ∑ 𝑇𝑐𝑗 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗

𝑇𝑟𝑖 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑐𝑗 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑗


𝑗 𝑖
Statistical Quality Control (SQC)

CONTROL CHARTS OF VARIABLES


̅ − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹 − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕
1) 𝑿
Control Limits 𝑋̅ − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑅 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡
Central Line 1 1
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ = ∑ 𝑥̅𝑖 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑅̅ = ∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑁 𝑁
Lower Control Limit 𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ − 𝐴2 𝑅̅ 𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝐷3 𝑅̅
Upper Control Limit 𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ + 𝐴2 𝑅̅ 𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝐷4 𝑅̅

̅ − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕


2) 𝑿
Control Limits 𝑋̅ − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡
Central Line 1 1
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ = ∑ 𝑥̅𝑖 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑠̅ = ∑ 𝑠𝑖
𝑁 𝑁
Lower Control Limit 𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝐵3 𝑠̅
𝑛−1
𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ − 𝐴1 𝑠̅ √
𝑛

Upper Control Limit 𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝐵4 𝑠̅


𝑛−1
𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̿ + 𝐴1 𝑠̅√
𝑛

CONTROL CHARTS OF ATTRIBUTES

1) 𝐧𝐩 − 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬

1
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝̅ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝̅ = ∑ 𝑝𝑖
𝑁

𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝̅ − 3√𝑛𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )

𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝̅ + 3√𝑛𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )


2) 𝐩 − 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬

1 ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑝𝑖
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑝̅ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝̅ = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 =
𝑁 ∑ 𝑛𝑖

𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ ) 𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )
𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑝̅ − 3√ 𝑜𝑟 𝑝̅ − 3√
𝑛 𝑛̅

𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ ) 𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )
𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑝̅ + 3√ 𝑜𝑟 𝑝̅ + 3√
𝑛 𝑛̅

1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛̅ = ∑ 𝑛𝑖
𝑁

3) 𝐜 − 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

1
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑐̅ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐̅ = ∑ 𝑐𝑖
𝑁

𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑐̅ − 3√𝑐̅

𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑐̅ + 3√𝑐̅

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