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Complex Integration: Line Integral of A Complex Function

The document discusses line integrals of complex functions and their evaluation along different paths. It introduces the concepts of contour integrals and shows that a line integral of a complex function can be reduced to the evaluation of two line integrals of real functions. Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating line integrals along various paths and curves. Cauchy's Integral Theorem and Formula are also introduced, along with examples of applying them to evaluate integrals along closed curves.

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Kazi Habiba
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
306 views

Complex Integration: Line Integral of A Complex Function

The document discusses line integrals of complex functions and their evaluation along different paths. It introduces the concepts of contour integrals and shows that a line integral of a complex function can be reduced to the evaluation of two line integrals of real functions. Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating line integrals along various paths and curves. Cauchy's Integral Theorem and Formula are also introduced, along with examples of applying them to evaluate integrals along closed curves.

Uploaded by

Kazi Habiba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Complex Integration
Line integral of a complex function:
b

In case of real variable, the path of integration of ∫ f ( x ) dx is always along the x−¿axis
a

from x=a to x=b .


b

But in case of a complex function f ( z ) the path of the definite integral ∫ f ( z ) dz can be
a

along any curve from z=a to z=b .


z=x +i y ⟹ dz=dx +i dy …(1)

dz=dx if y =0 …(2) and dz=i dy if x=0 …(3)

In (1), (2), (3) the direction of dz are different. Its value depends upon the path
(curve) of integration. But the value of integral from a to b remains the same along
any regular curve from a to b .
In case the initial point and the final point coincide thenc is a closed curve, then this
integral is called contour integral and is denoted by ∮c f (z )dz
If f ( z )=u ( x , y )+i v (x , y) then since dz=dx+ idy

We have, ∮c f (z )dz =∫ c ( u+iv ) ( dx +idy )


¿ ∫ c ( u dx−v dy )+i ∫ c (v dx+u dy )

which shows that the evaluation of the line integral of a complex function can be
reduced to the evaluation of two line integrals of real functions.

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Examples on line integral4:


2+i

Example1: Evaluate ∫ ( ź )2 dz along the real axis from z=x +iy=0to


0

z=x +iy=2 and then along a line parallel to y−¿axis from z=2to z=2+i

z=x +iy=2
2+i 2+i Y
2 2
Solution: Given, ∫ ( ź ) dz=∫ ( x−iy ) (dx +idy)
0 0 B

¿ ∫ OA (x ¿¿ 2) dx + ∫ AB ( 2−iy )2 idy ¿
1

Along OA, y=0 , dy=0 , x varies 0 ¿2 O A


1 2 X
2

Along AB, x=2 , dx=0 , y varies 0 ¿ 1


2+i 2 1
∴ ∫ ( ź ) dz =∫ x dx +∫ (2−iy )2 idy
2 2

0 0 0

2 1
¿ ∫ x 2 dx +i ∫ (4−4 iy− y 2) dy
0 0

2 1
x3 y3
¿[ ] [
3 0
+i 4 y−2 i y 2−
3 ] 0

8 1 8 i
[ ]
¿ +i 4−2i− = + [ 12−6 i−1 ]
3 3 3 3

8 i
¿ + [ 11−6 i ]
3 3

1
¿ [ 8+11i+6 ]
3

1
¿ [ 14+11i ] ( Ans .)
3

which is the required value of the given integral.

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1+i

Example2: Evaluate ∫ (x 2−iy)dz along the path a ¿ y=x b ¿ y=x 2


0

Example3: Integrate z 2 along the straight line OM and also the path OLM consisting of
two line segments OLand OM where O is the origin. L is the point z=3and M is the
point z=3+i .
2
Example4: Evaluate ∫ (12 z −4 iz)dz along the curve C joining the points (1, 1) and (2,
3).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diagram:

C1
a
C
3

Figure-Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Cauchy’s Integral Theorem:

Statement: If a function f ( z ) is analytic and its derivative f ' ( z ) continuous at all


points inside and on a simple closed curvec , then ∫ c f ( z ) dz=0

Proof: Let the region enclosed by the curveC be Rand let


f ( z )=u+ i v, z=x +i y ⟹ dz=dx +i dy

∴ ∫ c f ( z ) dz =∫ c ( u+i v ) (dx +idy )

¿ ∫ c (u dx−v dy )+ i ∫ c (v dx+u dy)

¿ ∬R ( −∂∂ xv − ∂∂uy ) dx dy +i ∬ ( ∂∂ux − ∂∂ vy ) dx dy


c

[ by Gree n' s theorem ]


∂u
−∂ v ∧∂ v ∂u
Replacing ∂ x by ∂ y by ∂ x ,we get
∂y

∴ ∫ c f ( z ) dz =∬ R ( ∂∂ uy − ∂∂uy ) dx dy +i ∬ ( ∂∂ux − ∂∂ ux ) dx dy
c

¿ 0+i 0=0

∴ ∫ c f ( z ) dz =0 (Proved).

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(If there is no pole inside and on the contour then the value of the integral of the
function is zero)
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Examples on Cauchy’s Integral theorem2:

3 z 2 +7 z +1 1
Example1: Find the integral ∫ c dz where C is the circle |z|=
z +1 2

Solution: Poles of the integrand are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
z +1=0 ⟹ z=−1
4

1 1
The given circle |z|= 2 with the center at z=0 and radius 2 does not enclose any
3 z 2 +7 z +1
singularity of the given function ∫ c =0 (Ans.)
z +1
( by Cauch y ' s Integral theorem )
2 z 2+ 5
Example2: Find the integral ∮c 2
dzwhere C is the square with the vertices
( z+ 2 ) ( z 2 +4 )
at 1+i ,2+i ,2+2 i ,1+2 i.

Cauchy’s Integral Formula:


Statement: If f ( z )is analytic within and on a closed curve C and if ' a ' is any point
1 f (z )
within C , then f ( a )= ∫c dz.
2 πi z−a

f (z )
Proof: Consider the function which is analytic at all points within C , except
z−a

z=a with the point ' a 'as centre and radius r draw a small circle C 1, lying entirely
within C .
f (z)
Now is analytic in the region between C and C 1, hence by Cauchy’s Integral
z−a
theorem for multiple connected region, we have
f (z ) f (z) f ( z ) −f ( a )+ f (a)
∫c dz= ∫ c dz=∫ c dz
z−a z −a
1 1
z −a

f ( z )−f ( a ) dz
¿ ∫c dz +f ( a ) ∫ c −−−−(1)
1
z−a 1
z−a

For any point on C 1.


2π iθ
f ( z )−f ( a ) f ( a+r e )−f (a) iθ
i r eiθ dθ z−a=r eiθ
Now, ∫ c
z−a
1
dz ¿ ∫
0 re

∴ dz=ir e dθ [ ]

¿ ∫ [ f ( a+r e iθ ) −f ( a) ] i dθ
0

¿ 0 [ where r tends¿ 0 ]
2π 2π
dz ir e iθ 2π
And ∫ c =∫ iθ dθ=∫ i dθ= [ i θ ] 0 =2 πi
1
z −a 0 re 0

Putting the values of the integrals in R.H.S of (1), we have


5

f (z )
∫c dz=0+ f (a) 2 πi
z−a

1 f (z)
⇒ f ( a )= ∫c dz .(Proved).
2 πi z−a

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Diagram:

C1
a
C

Figure-Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Cauchy’s Integral Formula for the derivative of an analytic function:


Statement: If a function f ( z ) is analytic in a region R, then its derivative at any point
1 f (z )
z=a of R is also analytic in R and is given by f ' ( a )=
∫c dz
2 πi ( z−a)2
where C is any closed curve in R surrounding the point z=a .
Proof: We know, Cauchy’s integral formula
1 f (z )
f ( a )= ∫c dz … … … (1)
2 πi z−a

Differentiating ( 1 ) w.r.to ' a ' , we get


6

1 ∂ 1
f ' (a)=
2 πi
∫ c f ( z) ( )
∂ a z−a
dz

1
¿ ∫ f ( z ) . (−1 ) . ( z −a )−2 (−1 ) dz
2 πi c

1 f ( z)
⇒ f ' (a )= ∫c dz (Proved).
2 πi ( z−a)2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

' ( a) 2! f ( z) n! f ( z)
Similarly, f ' = 2 πi ∫ c dz f n (a)= ∫ dz
(z −a)3
2 πi c (z−a)n+1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Liouville’s Theorem:

Statement: If a function f ( z )is analytic for all finite values of z and is bounded, is
a constant.

Proof: Since f ( z ) is bounded so|f ( z )|≤ M where M is positive constant.

Let z 1 , z 2 be any two points of the z−¿plane.

Let us draw a circle with center at origin and large radius R enclosing the points z 1∧z 2
. So that R>|z 1| and R>|z 2|
1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
∴ f ( z 1 )−f ( z2 ) = ∫c dz− ∫c dz
2 πi z−z 1 2 πi z−z 2

[ by Cauchy , s Integral formula ]

1 z 1−z 2
¿ ∫c f (z)dz
2 πi ( z−z 1)( z− z2 )

1 z 1−z 2
⟹|f ( z 1 )−f ( z 2 )|=
| ∫c
2 πi ( z−z 1)( z−z 2)
f (z ) dz
|
¿ |21πi| ∫ ||zz−z−z||||z−z
c
1

1
f (z)|
2

|
|dz|
2

1 |dz|


|z 1−z 2|. M . ∫ c [ ∵|f (z)|< M ]
(|z|−|z 1|)(|z|−|z 2|)
7

1 |z 1−z 2|. M
≤ ∫ |dz|[ ∵|z|=R ]
2 π [ R−|z 1|][ R−|z 2|] c

∵ z=R eiθ
¿
1 | z1 −z2|. M 2 π
∫ R dθ
2 π [ R−|z1|][ R−|z 2|] 0 [ dz =iR e iθ dθ
|dz|=|iR e iθ dθ|=R dθ ]
( z1− z2 ) M .2 πR
¿ =0 Since R → ∞
2 π [ R−| z1|][ R−|z 2|]

Hence, f ( z 1 ) −f ( z 2 )=0 ⟹ f ( z 1 ) =f ( z 2 )
∴ f ( z ) is constant. (Proved).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Examples on Cauchy’s Integral Formula10:


dz
Example1: Prove that ∫ c z−a =2 πi where C is the circle |z−a|=r

dz
Solution: We have ∫ c z−a where c is the center (a, 0) and radius r.
Y

r
C X
O
O (a, 0)

f (z)
By Cauchy’s integral formula, ∫ c dz=2 πi . f (a)
z−a

1 1
⟹ ∫c dz =2 πi .1 ⟹ ∫c dz =2 πi ( Proved)
z−a z−a

1
Example2: Evaluate the integral ∫ c z cosz dz where C is the ellipse 9 x 2+ 4 y 2=1.
2 z +1 1
Example3: Use Cauchy’s integral formula to calculate ∫ c 2 dz where C is |z|= 2
z +z
8

z
Example4: Use Cauchy’s integral formula to calculate ∫ c 2
dz
z −3 z +2
ez
Example5: Evaluate ∫ c dz where C is the circle with center at origin and
(z−1)(z−4)
radius 2.
e zt
Example6: Show that ∫ c dz=2 πi sint if t >0and C is the circle|z|=3.
z2 +1
z 2+ 1=0 z 2=−1 z=±i
dz
Example7: Evaluate ∫ c 2 where C is the circle with center at origin and radius 2.
z −1
4−3 z 3
Example8: Evaluate ∫ c z( z −1)( z−2) dz where C is the circle |z|= 2 .

Solution: Poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero. ∴ z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )=0
⟹ z=0 , 1 ,2

O O X
O
1 3 2 3
The integrand has three 2simple poles at ¿ 0 , 1 ,2 . The given circle |z|= 2 with center at
3
z=0 and radius= encloses two poles z=0 , z=1.
2
4−3 z 4−3 z
4−3 z ( z−1)( z−2) z(z −2)
∴ ∫c dz= ∫ c dz+ ∫ c dz
z ( z−1)(z−2) z (z−1)

4−3 z 4−3 z
¿ 2 πi
[ ( z−1)( z−2) ] z=0
+2 πi
[ z(z −2) ] z=1

4 4−3
¿ 2 πi . + 2 πi.
(−1)(−2) (1)(−1)

¿ 2 πi ( 2−1 )=2 πi ( Ans.)

which is the required value of the given integral.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 z 2+ z +1
Example9: Evaluate ∫ c 2 dz where C is the circle |z|=3.
( z −1 ) ( z +3 )
z 2+1 3
Example10: Evaluate ∫ c 2 dz where C is the circle i)|z|= 2 ii)|z−1|=1 iii)
z −1
1
|z|= .
2
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