1

Analytic function:
A function f (z)is said to be analytic at a point z 0, if f is differentiable not only at z 0
but at every point of some neighborhood of z 0.
A function f (z)is analytic in a domain if it is analytic at every point of the
domain.
The point at which the function is not differentiable is called a singular point of
the function.
An analytic function is also known as ‘holomorphic’, ‘regular’, ‘monogenic’.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remember:
1. An entire function is always analytic, differentiable and continuous function.
But converse is not true.
2. Analytic function is always differentiable and continuous. But converse is not
true.
3. A differentiable function is always continuous. But converse is not true.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2

The necessary condition for f ( z )to be analytic ( Cauchy-Riemann Equations):

Theorem: The necessary conditions for a function f ( z )=u+ iv to be analytic at all the points in
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
a region R are i¿ ∂ x = ∂ y ii ¿ ∂ y = ∂ x

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
Provided ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y exist.

Proof: Let f ( z ) be an analytic function in a region, f ( z )=u+ iv

Where uand v are the functions of x and y .

Let δu and δv be the increments of u and v respectively corresponding to increments δx and δy

of x and y .
∴ f ( z+ δz )= (u+ δu )+ i(v +δv)

f ( z+ δz )−f ( z ) ( u+ δu ) +i ( v +δv )−(u+ iv) δu +iδv δu δv

Now, δz
=
δz
=
δz
= +i
δz δz
lim ¿¿

∴
lim ¿=
δz →o
( δuδz +i δvδz )¿ f ( z +δz )−f ( z )
δz →o δz
lim ¿… …… …… ……(1)¿
⇒ f ' ( z )=
δz → o
( δuδz +i δvδz )
Since δz can approach zero along any path.

a) Along real axis ( x−¿ axis)

z=x +iy but on x−¿ axis y=0

∴ z=x ; δz=δx , δy=0

putting these values in (1), we get

∂u ∂ v

( δuδx + i δvδx )
lim ¿= +i … … …… …(2 )¿
⇒ f ' ( z )= ∂x ∂ x

δx → o

b) Along imaginary axis ( y−¿ axis)

z=x +iy but on y−¿ axis x=0

∴ z=iy ; δz=iδy , δx=0

∂u ∂v

(−i δuδy + δvδy )=−i ¿

lim ¿ … … …(3) ¿

( iδyδu + iδv
+
lim ¿= ∂y ∂y

iδy )
'
putting these values in (1), we get ⇒ f ( z )= δy →o

δy → o

If f ( z )is differentiable, then two values of f ' ( z ) must be same.

 3

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Equating (2) and (3), we get ∂ x +i ∂ x =−i ∂ y + ∂ y

∂u ∂v ∂v −∂ u
Equating Real and imaginary parts, we get ∂ x = ∂ y , ∂ x = ∂ y

∂u ∂ v ∂u −∂ v
∴ = and = are known as Cauchy- Riemann equations.
∂x ∂y ∂ y ∂x

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sufficient condition for f ( z )to be analytic:

Theorem: The sufficient condition for a function f ( z )=u+ iv to be analytic at all the points in
a region 𝐑 are
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
i) ∂ x = ∂ y , ∂ y = ∂ x

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
ii) ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y are continuous functions of x and y in region 𝐑.

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
Proof: Let f ( z )be a single valued function having ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y at each point in the region
𝐑. Then the C-R equations are satisfied.

By Taylor’s theorem
f ( z +δz )=u ( x+ δx , y+ δy ) +i v ( x +δx , y +δy)

¿ u ( x , y )+ ( ∂∂ux δx + ∂∂ uy δy)+ …+i [ v ( x , y )+( ∂∂ vx δx + ∂∂ vy δy )+… ]

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
¿ [ u ( x , y ) +i v ( x , y ) ] + [ ∂x
δx+ i
∂x ][
δx +
∂y
δy+ i
∂y ]
δy + …

¿ f ( z )+ ( ∂∂ux +i ∂∂ vx ) δx +( ∂∂uy +i ∂∂ vy ) δy+ …

(Ignoring the terms of second power and higher powers)

f ( z +δz )−f ( z )= ( ∂∂ ux +i ∂∂ vx ) δx+( ∂∂ uy +i ∂∂ vy ) δy +−−−−−(1)

∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
We know C-R equations i.e. ∂ x = ∂ y , ∂ y = ∂ x

∂u −∂ v
∧∂ v ∧∂ u
Replacing ∂ y by ∂ x respectively in ( 1 ) ,we get,
∂y ∂x
 4

f ( z +δz )−f ( z )= ( ∂∂ ux +i ∂∂ vx ) δx+( −∂∂ xv +i ∂∂ ux ) δy

¿ ( ∂∂ux +i ∂∂ vx ) δx+(i ∂∂ vx + ∂∂ ux ) i δy
¿ ( ∂∂ux +i ∂∂ vx ) ( δx+i δy ) =( ∂∂ ux +i ∂∂ vx ) δz
f ( z +δz ) −f ( z ) ∂u ∂ v
⇒ = +i
δz ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂ v
lim ¿= +i
∂x ∂ x
¿ f ( z + δz )−f ( z )
⇒
δz → o δz

∂u ∂ v ∂v ∂u
⇒ f ' ( z )= +i ⇒ f ' ( z )= −i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

( Proved )

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
1. If a function is analytic in a Domain D , then u , v satisfy C−Requations at all points in D .
2. C−R conditions are necessary but not sufficient for analytic function.
3. C−R conditions are sufficient if the partial derivatives are continuous.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
∂u 1 ∂ v ∂u ∂v
C−R equations in Polar form: = , =−r
∂r r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r

Proof: we know, x=r cosθ∧ y =r sinθand u is a function of x and y .

z=x +iy=r ( cosθ+i sinθ )=r eiθ

u+iv=f ( z )=f ( r eiθ ) −−−−−(1)

∂u ∂ v ' iθ iθ
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to ‘r ’ we get ∂ r +i ∂ r =f ( r e ) . e …(2)

∂ u ∂ v ' iθ iθ
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to ‘θ’ we get ∂θ +i ∂θ =f ( r e ) . r e . i …(3)

Substituting the value of f ' ( r e iθ ) . e iθfrom (2) in (3), we obtain

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
+i
∂θ ∂θ
=r +i
∂r ∂r
i ( )
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
⇒ + i =ir −r
∂ θ ∂θ ∂r ∂r
 5

Equating real and imaginary part, we get

∂u ∂ v ∂ v −1 ∂u
=−r ⇒ =
∂θ ∂r ∂r r ∂θ

∂u 1 ∂ v
And =
∂r r ∂θ
( Proved).

Problems on analytic function5:

1
Example1: Determine whether z is analytic or not?

1
Solution: Let, w=f ( z )=u+iv= z

1 x−iy
⟹ u+iv = = 2 2
x +iy x + y

x −y
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u= x 2 + y 2 , v = x 2 + y 2
2 2
∂u ( x + y ) .1−x .2 x y 2−x 2 ∂u −2 xy
∴ = 2
= 2
∴ = 2 22
∂x 2 2
(x + y ) (x + y ) ∂ y (x + y )
2 2

2 2
∂ v −− y .2 x 2 xy ∂ v −( x + y ) .1− y .2 y y 2−x 2
∴ = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2∴ = 2
= 2
∂ x (x + y ) (x + y ) ∂ y ( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
Thus, ∂ x = ∂ y and ∂ y = ∂ x

Thus C-R equations are satisfied. Also partial derivatives are continuous except at ( 0 , 0 ) .
1
Therefore, z is analytic everywhere except at z=0 .

dw −1 dw
Also dz = 2 this again shows that dz exists everywhere except at z=0.
z

1
Hence z is analytic everywhere except at z=0 .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example2: Show that the function e x ( cosy+i siny ) is an analytic function. Find its derivative.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example3: Show that the real and imaginary parts of the function w=lnz satisfy the C-R
equations when z is not zero. Find its derivative.
 6

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example4: Determine whether the function xy +i y 2 is analytic or not?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example5: Determine whether the function 2 xy+ i ( x 2− y 2 ) is analytic or not?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------