I.

Theory
1. Introduction to antenna
An antenna is defined by Webster’s dictionary as” a usually metallic device(
as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves”. The IEEE Standard
Definitions of Terms for Antennas( IEEE Std 145-1983)* defines the
antenna or aerial as “ a means for radiating or receiving radio waves”. In
other words the antenna is the traditional structure between free-space and a
guiding device, as shown in Figure1.1 . The guiding device or transmission
line may take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe( waveguide), and it
is used to transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to
the antenna, or from the antenna to the receiver. In the former case we have
a transmitting antenna and in the later a receiving antenna

A transmission line Thevenin equivalent of the antenna system of Figure 1.1

in the transmitting mode is shown in Figure 1.2 where the source is
represented by an ideal generator, the transmission line is represented by a
line with characteristic impedance Zc and the antenna is represented by a
load Za [Za = (Rl +Rr) + jXa] connected to the transmission line. The load
resistance Rl is used ro represent the conduction and dielectric losses
associated with the antenna structure while Rr refered to as the radiation
resistance, is used to represent radiation by the antenna. The reactance Xa is
used to represent the imaginary part of the impedance associated with
radiation by the antenna

The reflected waves from the interface create , along with the traveling
waves from the source toward the antenna, constructive and destructive
interference patterns, referred to as standing waves, inside the transmission
line which represent pockets of energy concentration and storage, typical of
resonant devices.
In addition to receiving and transmitting energy, an antenna in an advanced
wireless system in usually required to optimize or accentuate the radiation
energy in some directions in addition to a probing device. It must then take
various forms to meet the particular need at hand, and it may be a piece of
conducting wire, an aperture, a patch, an assembly of elements( array), a
reflector, a lens, and so forth.
For wireless communication systems, the antenna is one of the most critical
components. A good design of antenna can relax system requirements and
improve overall system performance. A typical example is TV for which the
overall broadcast reception can be improved by utilizing a high-performance
antenna. The antenna serves to a communication system the same purpose
that eyes and eyeglasses serve to a human
2. Types of antennas
a. Wire antennas
b. Aperture Antennas

c. Microstrip Antennas
d. Array Antennas

e. Reflector Antennas
 f. Lens Antennas
3. Radiation Mechanism
It is illustrated as the following figure
 There are some basic sources of radiation
a. Single wire
Conducting wires are material whose prominent characteristics is
the motion of electric charges and he creation of current flow
II. References
“Design of Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for Wi-Fi and WiMax
Applications” , Raad H. Thaher1, Zainab S. Jamil*2
III. Calculation
a. Purpose
Because the purpose of this project is designing and implementing of a
dual band planar antenna for 4G and Wifi applications, so it has to apply
2 frequency band . Considering 4G frequencies, it is clear that the
antenna must operate in the range of 700-960MHz, 1.7-2.7GHz. For Wifi
applications, the antenna has to apply the frequency 2.4GHz and 5GHz.
So with this project we have to the antenna whose frequency is 1.7-
2.7GHz and 5GHz.
a. Microstrip antennas are considered as one of the most used and preferred
antennas compared with regular microwave antennas, and that is due to
the fact that these sorts of antennas are low volume, light weight and thin
profile arrangements, which can be made conformal. The cost of
fabrication is likewise low. As a result of these features, they can be
made in extensive amounts. For the polarization sorts, it can bolster both
circular and linear polarization relying upon the radiation design.
Microstrip antennas additionally are equipped for double and even triple
frequency operations which is very desirable .Nowadays, wireless
communication systems such as WLAN/Wi-Fi or LTE require compact
and low cost antennas; therefore, microstrip antennas are widely used in
these systems. In spite of their advantages, microstrip antennas have a
main limitation in its narrow bandwidth. A valid solution to widen the
bandwidth is dual band operation antennas .There are many dual band
antennas proposed for WiFi/ LTE applications. This antenna has a
simple structure and a single feed aimed for mobile LTE and Wi-Fi
operation. The overall dimensions of the antenna was 20×30 mm2 fed by
a coaxial connector and ground plane of 60×60 mm2. Epoxy FR-4
substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 with overall size of 49 ×53
1.67 mm3. FR4 substrate having 4.4 dielectric constant with 1.6 mm
thickness and patch dimension of 40×47 mm2. The antenna was fed with
coaxial feed and used FR4 material as substrate with 4.4 dielectric
constant and dimensions of 80x120x3.4 mm. The designed antenna used
air as substrate with 3.2 mm thickness and 1.0006 permittivity with size
of 120×100×3.2 mm3. Also, a horse-shoe shaped stacked microstrip
patch antenna for WLAN, LTE and IMT applications was proposed in .
The antenna had a horse-shoe shaped patch placed on the upper surface
of the rigid substrate with an overall dimensions of 40×50 mm2. A a tri-
band microstrip patch antenna aimed at GSM, UMTS and LTE
applications was presented in . FR-4 substrate was used for the proposed
antenna that have 4.4 dielectric constant and 0.02 loss tangent with 1.6
mm thickness and overall size of 44×44×1.6 mm3. The antenna’s entire
area is 59.5x47 mm2 and is printed on an FR-4 substrate and fed by a 50
Ohm microstrip line. H-shaped microstrip patch antenna with grounded
plane is investigated for triple band operation. The proposed antenna of
dimension 40×40 is designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant
εr=4.4 and height h=1.60 mm. In this paper, a rectangular dual-band
microstrip antenna for WiFi/ LTE applications in 2.4/5.8 GHz bands is
presented. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch that contains five
rectangular and a rectangular slot in ground plane. The slot in the ground
enhances the gain and bandwidth while the slots in the patch improves
the return loss. The proposed antenna is
simulated using Ansys HFSS 19.2 and the obtained radiation
characteristics of the antenna are presented
b. Antenna Design
The geometry of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Figure 1, it
consists of a rectangular patch whose width and length are 18.2 mm and
22 mm respectively. The dielectric material selected for the design is FR-
4 which has a dielectric constant 4.4 and a thickness h=1.6 mm. The
antenna is fed by a 50Ω microstrip line with a width 3.7 mm for
impedance matching. Five rectangular slots are etched on the patch
which helps achieve dual band radiation at the desired frequencies. The
patch and ground plane are made of copper with thickness 0.035 mm. A
rectangular slot is introduced in ground which has dimension of 40×40
mm. Tables and Figures are presented center, as shown below and cited
in the manuscript.
 Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed antenna: (a) Top view (b) Bottom
view

Table 1. Design Parameters of the Proposed Antenna

Antenna Parameters Value(mm)
Length and width of ground (Lg * Wg) 40*40
Length and width of subtrate (Ls * Ws) 40*40
Patch width (W) 18.2
Patch length ( L) 20
Feeder width (Wf) 3.7
Feeder length (Lf) 9
c. Calculation
The following equations are used to calculate the dimensions of
microstrip antenna . The width of patch is found by:
c
W=
εr+1
2 fo
√ 2
where C is the velocity of light , 𝑓0 is the resonant frequency and 𝜀𝑟 is
the dielectric constant of substrate. The following equations gives
effective dielectric constant of substrate and length extension ∆𝐿:
εr+1 εr−1 h −1/ 2
W= + (1+12 )
2 2 W

Where h is high of substrate

h
∆ L=
√ εr
The length of the patch is found from:
 h
L= −∆ L
2 fo √ εr
The length and width of the ground are given by the following
equations:
Lg = L + 6h
Wg = W + 6h
Feeder length Lf and feeder width Wf fo the microtrip feed line are
obtained by the following equations:
6h
Lf = 2
εr−1 5.98 h
Zo = ln
√ εr+1.41 20.8 Wf
IV. Design on HFSS software
b. Introduction to Ansys HFSS

Ansys HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for designing

and simulating high-frequency electronic products such as antennas, antenna
arrays, RF or microwave components, high-speed interconnects, filters,
connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards. Engineers worldwide use
Ansys HFSS to design high-frequency, high-speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems
(ADAS), satellites, internet-of-things (IoT) products and other high-speed RF
and digital devices.

HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) employs versatile solvers and an

intuitive GUI to give you unparalleled performance plus deep insight into all
your 3D EM problems. Through integration with Ansys thermal, structural and
fluid dynamics tools, HFSS provides a powerful and complete multiphysics
analysis of electronic products, ensuring their thermal and structural reliability.
HFSS is synonymous with gold standard accuracy and reliability for tackling
3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic adaptive meshing technique and
sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through high performance
computing (HPC) technology.

The Ansys HFSS simulation suite consists of a comprehensive set of solvers to

address diverse electromagnetic problems ranging in detail and scale from
passive IC components to extremely large-scale EM analyses such as
automotive radar scenes for ADAS systems. Its reliable automatic adaptive
mesh refinement lets you focus on the design instead of spending time
determining and creating the best mesh. This automation and guaranteed
 accuracy differentiates HFSS from all other EM simulators, which require
manual user control and multiple solutions to ensure that the generated mesh is
suitable and accurate. With Ansys HFSS, the physics defines the mesh rather
than the mesh defining the physics.

Ansys HFSS is the premier EM tool for R&D and virtual design prototyping. It
reduces design cycle time and boosts your product’s reliability and
performance. Beat the competition and capture your market with Ansys HFSS.

c. Top layer: antenna

d. Ground
 e. 3D

V. Simulation
a. S parameter
b. Gain Plar plot
 2.4GHz
  5.5GHz

c. VSWR

d. Current
 J current efficiency
5.5GHz 2.4GHz

 E field:
2.4GHz 5.5GHz
e. Radiation Efficiency

f. 3D radiation pattern
2.4GHz 5.5GHz
VI. Summary