CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON FISHER

FOLKS: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIZHINJAM AND

MARIYANADU IN TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT

Dissertation submitted to the University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Master of Arts in Economics (CSS)

By
ANUROOP S KRISHNAN
Register No: 82417619003

Under the supervision of

Mr.SIDDIK.R
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
KARIAVATTOM CAMPUS, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695581
JULY 2019
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that this dissertation entitled, “CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS
IMPACT ON FISHER FOLKS: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIZHINJAM
AND MARIYANADU IN TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT” submitted to the
University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Master of Arts in Economics is a record of genuine research work carried
out by me under the supervision Mr. Siddik R, Assistant Professor, Department of
Economics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram and no
part of this work have previously submitted to any other degree.

Place: Kariavattom ANUROOP S KRISHNAN

Date: 16/07/2019 Department of Economics
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled “CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS
IMPACT ON FISHER FOLKS: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIZHINJAM
AND MARIYANADU IN TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT”, submitted to the
University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
of Master of Arts in Economics is a record of authentic research work carried out by
ANUROOP S KRISHNAN, during the period of his study 2017-2019 in the
Department of Economics, University of Kerala under my supervision and guidance.
No part of the work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: Kariavattom Mr. Siddik. R

Date: 16/07/2019 (Supervising Guide)

Countersigned by
Head of the Department of Economics
University of Kerala
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I sincerely thank my teacher Mr. Siddik R, Department of

Economics who guided me at every stage of this research work and offered much
needed guidance and suggestions that were extremely helpful to me in the completion
of this work.

I convey my gratitude to Dr. Abdul Salim A, Head of the Department, for his support
and guidance throughout the research.

I also express my gratitude to Dr. Manju S Nair, Dr. Anitha.V, and Dr.A.K.Prasad,
faculties of Department of Economics for their support and ideas that helped me in
completing my research project.

I extend my gratitude to Librarian, Department of Economics for her valuable

assistance during the course of this project.

I express my gratitude towards my parents and friends who gave me courage and
support for completing the project.

Above all, I thank God for giving me all His support and encouragement to make this
work into reality.

Thank You Anuroop S Krishnan

 Declaration
Acknowledgement
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures

CONTENTS
Chapters Titles Page No.

1 Introduction 1–6

2 Review of Literature 7 – 12

3 Background 13 – 42

4 Data Analysis 43 – 60

5 Findings, Suggestions and 61 – 65

Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 – 69

INTERVIEW 69- 74
SCHEDULE
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Species wise changes in 20 – 21
marine production in Kerala
3.2 Composition wise Fish 22 – 23
Production in Inland in
Kerala
3.3 Salinity needed for different 32
types of Cage Cultured Fish
Species
3.4 Price of Cage Cultured 41
Species
3.5 Estimation of Projections in 41
2017
3.6 Cost of Cages 42

4.1 Age Composition of the 43

Respondents
4.2 Educational qualification of 44
the Respondents
4.3 Type of family 45

4.4 Earnings of the Respondents 46

4.5 Type of Houses Owned by 47

the Respondents
4.6 Financial Indebtedness 48

4.7 Years of Experience 49

4.8 Average income of the 51

Respondents
4.9 Types of Vessels Used 52

4.10 Types of Fishing Gears 53

4.11 Average catchment of fishes 54

4.12 Respondents Satisfaction 56

Level towards the Job
4.13 The proportion disaster 57
effects on the livelihood
4.14 Source of Income for 58
Consumption during Disaster
4.15 Respondents willingness to 60
adopt cage culture method of
fish production
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
3.1 The picture depicts the 16
Bottom trawling carves
tracks in the
Mediterranean Seabed
3.2 Fish around the trash in 17
the Balearic Island, Spain
3.3 Fishing landings from 18
1929 to 2006 in Chilika
Lagoon
3.4 Kerala’s Fish Production 20
from 2013 - 14 to 2017 -
18
3.5 Eutrophication process 23

3.6 Kerala’s Fishing Harbours 25

3.7 Catamaram and the 26
Fishermen
3.8 Vallam with Fishermen 27

3.9 Inboard boat 28

3.10 Stern engine inboard or 28

outboard
3.11 a picture of jet 29
drives
3.12 Outboard engine boat 29

3.13 Cage Culture in sea 30

3.14 Types of Cages Used 32- 33

3.15 Cage culture in Caribbean 34

3.16 Cage in Europe 34

3.17 Cage culturing in 34 – 35

Southeast Asia
3.18 Open Sea Cage Culture 36

3.19 Training given by 36

CMFRI, Karwar to the
fishermen
3.20 Cage constructions for 37
culturing of fishes and
harvesting
3.21 Catchment and its sale 38

3.22 Open sea cage at 39

Visakhapatnam in 2007

3.23 6m dia open cage in 2008 39

3.24 GI Cage Frame and cost 39

effective one in 2009

3.25 Circular type of GI Cage 40

in 2009

3.26 Rectangular type of GI 40

Cage in 2009

4.1 Educational qualifications 45

of the respondents
4.2 Type of families of the 46
Respondents

4.3 Earnings of the 47

Respondents
4.4 Types of Houses Owned 48
by the Respondents
4.5 Financial Indebtedness of 49
the respondents
4.6 Years of Experience by 50
the Respondents in the
field
4.7 Average of Income of the 51
Respondents

4.8 Types of Vessels Used 52 – 53

4.9 Types of Fishing gears 54
used by Respondents

4.10 Fish Catchment by the 55

Respondents
4.11 Satisfactions of 56
Respondents about the Job
4.12 Respondents uneasiness 57 – 58
during the Disaster

4.13 Source of Income 59

4.14 Willingness to adopt cage 60

culture
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
“Our globe is under new dramatic environmental pressure : our globe is warming, our
ice caps melting, our glaciers receding, our coral is dying, our soils are eroding, our
water tables falling, our fisheries are being depleted, our remaining rain forests
shrinking. Something is very, very wrong with our ecosystem.” – Richard Lamm

“Without sound conservation and management measures, fisheries will quickly

become depleted and a basic component of global food security will be lost.” –
Sigmar Gabriel

Climate change is an accepted fact and its impact across the

globe on water, air, agriculture, health, biodiversity, forestry and socioeconomic
sectors are quite visible. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2007, the developing and the least developed countries are anticipated to suffer more
due to climate change as compared to the developed countries. It is true that in case of
any climatic abnormality, the poor sections of the economy face the consequences due
to lack of scarce resources and access to information. The surge in the trend of
climatic disasters can be directly attributed to anthropogenic activities occurring in
different parts of the world and the marginal income groups are mainly affected by
these disasters. The warming of the climate is felt across India in 2015 which could be
another demonstration of an extreme weather condition. More than 2,000 people were
capitulating to death due to the extreme heat waves.

There is rising concern over the consequences of climate change

and its variability on fisheries sector and other marine ecosystems. Overall, fisheries
and aquaculture assure the livelihoods to 10-12% of the world’s population and it is
what underlines the importance of this sector. Ocean acidification, coral bleaching,
industrial effluents and altered river flows affects the marine and water ecosystems.
Fisheries sector which makes a significant contribution on the food and nutritional
security will immensely get affected due to these changes in climate. The productivity
of marine fisheries through the indirect (ecological) and direct (biological) effects of
ocean acidification will affect the reef fisheries and also reduces the dissolved oxygen
and disrupt of fish reproduction pattern. Eutrophication is state where a water body

Page | 1
becomes overfilled with rich minerals and nutrients which makes the algae to grow
immensely. The word Eutrophication is derived from Greekeutrophosmeans well
nourished. The excessive growth of algae results in the depletion of oxygen in water
and blocks the sunlight from reaching the bottom of the water makes the plants
beneath the algae to die. This makes reduction in fish production in the entire water
resources.

India, a country in South Asia also known as the Republic of India is the second
popular country in the world. India’s fishing is considered to be a precious industry
which is employing more than 14 million people. India is blessed with 8,129 km of
marine coastline, 3,827 fishing villages and 1,914 traditional fishing land centres. In
2010, the combined effect of the marine as well as the freshwater contributed a
catchment over 4 million metric tonnes of fishes. In the ancients texts like Kautilya’s
Arthashastra refers about the culture of fish. Several improvements were made in
order to control the breeding in the early nineteenth century and one of the oldest
systems were the brackish water farming. The average annual sum of production in
India was only 2 tonnes per person which is very low when compared to other
countries like Norway (172 tonnes), Chile (72 tonnes) and China is having 6 tonnes
which is lower but still more than that of India’s productivity. Due to poor
infrastructure facilities had made very difficult for the harvest of fishes. In India, there
are 5 major fishing harbours, 23 minor fishing harbours and 95 fish landing centres
which is built in order to makes necessary facilities for landing and other allied
activities to craft fishes. India became the third largest producer of both marine and
freshwater captures in 2008.

The National Fisheries Development Board, Department of Fisheries under the

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India has been
established in 2006 as an autonomous authority which significantly looks upon the
changes in the fisheries sector and enhances the fish production and productivity in
the country. India’s fisheries sector contributes with a major concern on nutritional
security and a good contribution towards exports on marine products. There are 50
above different types and varieties of fishes and shellfish products which are being
exported to countries across the globe.

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 Kerala known as God’s Own Country is a state on the south western
Malabar Coast of India formed in 1956 following the State Reorganization Act.
Spread over 38,863 sq.km, Kerala is the 22 nd largest state in India and is blooming
with 590km (370 miles) of rich coastline with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of
2,18,536 sq.km , 44 rivers and innumerable numbers of water bodies plays an
important role in ecological diversity and livelihood. A wide variety of fishes, plants,
algae and other aquatic organisms occupy largely along the vast coastline and related
waters. Kerala fisheries sector contributes approximately 1.58% to the total GDP and
the exports from marine products has established an ever time record of Rs.5919.02
Cr in 2017-18. There are 222 fishing villages along the state’s coastline and about 8
lakh people earn income for their livelihood from catching and other allied activities
in marine fisheries. The coastal line spread across nine Kerala districts and Kerala’s
marine districts are; Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Thrissur,
Malappuram, Kozhikode, Kannur and Kasaragod. Around 13% of share in Kerala is
from domestic marine fish production. Varieties of fish and highly skilled fishing
population have made Kerala a leading fish producer and consumer. One of the
Kerala coast’s specialities is the formation of mudbanks popularly known in
Malayalam as ‘Chakara’.

Therefore, it is important to see the climatic, man-made and economic conditions of

fishing community. This is study has to be made in order to uplift the fishing
community and also provide a sustainability in future.

1.1 Significance of the study

Kerala is located very near to the equator and is having pleasant

climatic conditions throughout the year. The temperature in Kerala ranges from 28°𝐶
to 32°𝐶 on the plains but decline to 20°𝐶 in the highlands. The hilly areas of Kerala
are an attractive for tourism and enjoy a vibrant climate. The seasonal changes are
divided into 4 – winter, summer, South-West Monsoon and North-East Monsoon.
Regarding the impact of climatic change, it is observed that the fishing livelihoods
may be profitable but the conditions in future production are uncertain. Kerala’s
marine and inland fisheries sector are likely to get affected by the climate change
resulting a decline in the yield of production and loss of livelihood of fishermen.
According to the State Action Plan on Climate Change stated that there will be

Page | 3
diseases and migration of species which could lead to the scarcity of fisheries
resources and also makes the fishing community drown into poverty.

1.2 (a) Vizhinjam

Vizhinjam is a natural port situated close to International shipping

routes in Thiruvananthapuram and said to be the biggest harbour which can
accommodate more than 60 boats at a time and the population residing in that area is
divided into Christian (3054) and Muslim (1050) into North and South. There are
approximately 4,110 families of fishermen living in Vizhinjam. Fishermen’s total
population is around 17,455 of which 4,445 are active fisher folks and only 667 are
involved in related fishing activities and 268 women are engaged as fish vendors.
Fishers in Vizhinjam own 11 mechanized boats, 53 outboards and 31 non- motorised
crafts.

1.2 (b) Mariyanadu

Marianadu also spelled as Mariyanadu or Mariyanad is a coastal area

or town in Kerala. It is included in the Kadinamkulam Grama Panchayat in
Thiruvananthapuram. From nineteenth century onwards, the neighbouring villages
were having trade connections with Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia and the
UAE. About 794 fishermen reside in the fishing village in Mariyanadu. The total
population of fishermen consists of 3,628 of whom 1,011 are active fishermen and
236 are involved in fishing allied activities. About 227 women are vendors of fish and
Mariyanadu fishermen own 53 outboards and 60 non-motorised crafts.

1.3 Statement of the problem

Kerala is the leading producer in fish products in India. Before 2015,

the export industry did not cross 3,180T but during the period 2015-16,
Thiruvananthapuram contributed approximately 3665T to India’s export industry
which was an ever-growing rate until recorded. After 2016s, exports declined and in
2017-17 period, there was dramatic decline in the fisheries sector considered as a
result of the most intense tropical cyclone in the Arab Sea (Ochki) that destroyed
fisheries resources. The exports of fish products was not standing at higher rate rather
it is fluctuating over the time as due to massive change in the climate conditions and

Page | 4
also due to the anthropogenic activities. It also made a wane in the conditions of the
fishing communities and the earning from fishing and other allied activities has been
declined as part of the scarcity in the sector.

There is another climatic and environmental disaster termed 2018

Kerala Flood has brought enormous changes in production in the fisheries sector and
in the lives of fishermen community in coming years. As in the future, there will be a
massive destruction to the entire fisheries resources as the tendency of fishes to
migrate and the expenditure for going into the sea by the fishermen will make the
economic conditions of fishing community to misery. If certain remedies or measures
are not taken up quickly, then the sustainability of fishing community will be
abominable.

1.4 Objectives

1. To analyse the impact of man-made fishing activities and climatic conditions

on fish production.
2. To study the technique of cage culture as an alternative method of fishing for
fish production

1.5 Methodology

Methodology is an essential part of any type of research work. The

primary data for this study is necessary in order to seek the current information and
issues persisting in the sector and also to evaluate the responses given by the
respondents. It will be made by sample survey with the help of a questionnaire. This
allows us to make further suggestions and to provide with necessary measures. The
sample size is 50 which will be selected randomly where 25 of 50 are taken from both
Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu.

The secondary data is also included in this study as a part of

knowing the past situation and also helps to cross check the previous impacts and
changes in the sector. These data will be collected from various sites like MPEDA,
CMFRI, Department of Fisheries, National Fisheries Development Board, journals,
articles, newspaper etc. The main agenda behind the acquisition of this information
from the data will indeed help to add several answers, suggestions and ideas regarding

Page | 5
the work. Also, several necessary details regarding India’s fishing sector are also
taken from survey reports of the state government.

Page | 6
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There were several studies made regarding the issues of climate changes and its
impact on fishing community. In this chapter, some reviews are been pointed out
based on the study for further analysis.

According to Nurse (2011), the changes in fisheries productivity due to climate and its
yield will have a socio-economic consequences and this will lead to other stresses like
overfishing, loss of habitat, pollution, disturbance of coral reefs.

Nicholls et al. (2007) stated that the coasts are having the adverse effects of hazards to
the changing climate and the rise in sea level and slow onset.

Allison et al. (2005) pointed out that the changing behaviour of climate will lead to
frequent loss of day to day fishing due to unpleasant weather, growing loss of nets,
traps and long lines, infliction of heavy damages to boats and facilities in shore,
increased loss of life among fishermen and other damages to coastal communities by
means of farmland and houses.

Prasannakumar et al. (2009) stated that due to Global Warming, the Arabian Sea is
disrupted by the natural decadal cycle and this has caused a decline in rainfall during
monsoon. It was also observed that there was obviously a shift in oil sardine and
mackerel resources along the Indian coast.

Keith Brander (2006) shows that human activity is the main reason and cause for the
Fisheries resources throughout human history. The aim of the paper was regarding the
productivity of fish stocks, develop new processes and to bring attention towards the
lessons acquired from the past.

Cheung W et al. (2010) on climate change impacts on Global catch is an essential

movement towards the gap of expecting and predicting the future supply of food from
the ocean and the people whom mainly dependent on marine resources. As the paper
suggests that the greenhouse gas will helps in a redistribution of catchment and is
expected to be much stronger result in the scenario.

Page | 7
Dinesh Kumar P.K (2001) focused on the variability in the monthly changes in sea
level at Cochin during the period 1949-98. The findings have shown that there are
powerful seasonal changes in the monthly mean sea level. During the monsoon
season, it has been noted that there is low level of sea values. Although, it is indicated
as there was massive fluctuations due to unease weather conditions through the year.

Patrice Guillotreau, Liam Campling and Jan Robinson (2012) noted that Fisheries
sector is dependent on small island economies and very responsive to climate change.
The catchment of fish resources are affected deeply and warming up of the sea surface
during the intense climate seasons is making several shocks in the distribution and the
fish resources depends on small local economies.

O Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2007) pointed out that the coral reefs plays an important
role in the protection of coastline. It nowadays coral reefs are declining and rise in the
level of bio erosion, rising sea levels. The climatic changes make destruction to the
entire habitat in the sea as there are intense tropical hurricanes and cyclones in all
oceans. Losses incurred have reduced sand production and ocean acidification cause
the stress on algae.

Mary R Arkoosh, EdmundoCasillas, Ethan Clemons, Anna N Kagley, Robert Olson,

Paul Reno and John E Stein (2011) has published in their article that Human activities
makes a large decline the Pacific salmon stocks and the major factor behind the
decline is the pollution. Emulsion of pollutants leads immunosuppression and the fish
stocks were diseased. It also states that the emergences of diseases are dependent on
the interaction of host, environment and pathogen.

Mora C et al. (2013) put forwarded that the modern climate change is immediately
determined by the setting of time where climates shift beyond historical boundaries.
Historical period 1860-2005 is used to establish the scenario regarding the surface air
pressure or temperature which brings light on the vulnerability of the biodiversity and
the lack of government initiatives towards the impact of climate change. The main
motive of this study was to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions if the climate harms
to society and biodiversity should be protected and prevented from these problems.

Venkatesh S (2012) in his paper shows that the fisher folks are entirely in acquiring
their basic need of their livelihood. The climate change makes the situation vulnerable

Page | 8
for the fishers. In the absence of deep understanding and better awareness among the
fishing communities and a better role for them in planning as well as decision making,
the strategies adopted results in varied outcomes, ranging from partly successful to
entirely failed or climate-change inducing factors in the long run.

Barange M and I. Perry (2009) states that the ocean are becoming warm and the
joined effect of salinity and temperature are changing as there will be fluctuation in
climate. The reduction in the density of surface ocean, change in surface mixing are
been seen. Sea level has increased at an increasing rate and ocean acidification has
declined the sea water in the past 200 years. The residual of these issues made adverse
effect on fishing population. Countries like India is having a high pressure on inland
fish stocks as there is drought in the marine resources for food production system.

Carissa Joy Klein, Charles Steinback, Astrid J Scholz, and Hugh P Possingham
(2008) in their paper, points about the effectiveness of marine reserves by usage of
certain tools as a part of Marine Life Protection Act which was initiated in order to
reduce the negative impacts of fishermen. The networks designed will help in
accessing of each habitat representation and no encounter on the fisheries. The
initiative designed by the fishermen was more and convenient rather than the one
which is designed by the stakeholders in showing the information regarding the
habitats and reducing the impact of fishing industry. The main purposes of these
initiatives were to protect the habitats in marine and to depreciate the negative
impacts.

Johannes R E (1981) shows in his paper that there is lack in the preparation on several
schemes which is initiated but in effective one in the marine resource development.
The schemes mostly result into failure and problems in the villages are being
tremendously increasing. Appropriate research studies are to be made in order to
make the schemes more effective as to reduce the uneasiness persisting in the
scenario.

HayrolAzil Mohamed Shaffril, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva

(2017) put forward their ideas regarding the climate change and its analysis on
fishermen. The issues of increasing temperature, sea level, winds, rainfall is causing
deterioration in the coastal as well as in the mangrove erosion which leads to decline
in marine resources. The authors make necessary strategies like reducing risk,

Page | 9
knowledge enhancement among fisher folks, accessibility towards credit and building
strong relationship.

Roberto Rosa, Adriana R Carvalho, Ronaldo Angelini (2014)stated their ideas in

article about the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) and the Fishermen
Knowledge Approach (FKA). It is indicated that the fishermen knows the change in
the fish species. Due to ecological imbalance and the construction of bridges has
disrupted the flow of water in between the ocean and lagoon has made the entire
removal of species and decline in the fish composition. As these circumstances has
brought down the confident role of fishermen as experts in the fisheries resources.

Brown K, Halls A, Adger W.N, Conway.D, Allison E.H, Reynolds J.D, Badjeck M.C,
Dulvy N.K, Perry A (2005) has undergone their topic in order to provide the relation
between climate changes, vulnerability towards the poorer sections of the fisheries
sector. The major outline pointed out is that to enable the fisher folk’s importance and
other allied members to face the rapidly growing climate changes and to adopt certain
measures.

Craig Welch (2017) describes about the warming up of the climate and its
temperature which could destroy the oxygen in the sea and a large component of fish
species like Tuna, Groupers and Salmon etc. will get destroyed. This incidence makes
the life of fishermen very problematic and lack in their earnings for livelihood.

Robert Lee Hotz (2018) in a journal wrote that as due to the warming up of the sea
and to avoid the heat temperature, the fishes are driven away to new water areas and
makes an industry to flourish. As the migration of fishes to a new areas makes the
productivity to increase as a way makes the company/industry to profitability which
indeed helps the fish allied working groups.

Bhuyan S and Islam S (2016) published an article regarding the socio economic status
of fishermen community living in the areas of Noyapara, Daspara, Birpur and
Boiddamara Char situated near Megha River in Narsingdi district. They have found
that the fishing communities are lower economic sessions which are very low from
the national level per capita income. The life of the fishermen is always at risk rather
than having refreshment. The pollutants to the river has to be controlled, government
has make several initiatives in order to uplift the fishermen in the case of penetrating

Page | 10
the educational status and the main agenda is that, the fishermen should have access
to the market directly to sell their catchment regardless of any other third party
involving in their products.

Mridula Rani Das, Sunuram Ray, Uttam Kumar, Salma Begum and
SatyaRanjanTarafdar (2015) contributed a study based on the updating or assessment
regarding the livelihood status of fishermen community in Batiaghata. It was noted
that about 45% of the fishermen are there and among them were Hindus. Most of
them were illiterate and they are having a asymmetry of information and ideas
regarding the medical facilities. The awareness among the communities of fishermen
is also very much weak. The authors suggested that there should be more specific
concentration and initiatives from government regarding the improvement to
penetrate into the lives of fishing community..

John Kuryan and William (1882) studied based on the artisans and mechanized
fisheries in Kerala. The net profit or loss was recorded which was caused by the
means of several methods in fishing activities. The peculiarity in this study was that
the flexibility of the changing attitude of fishing community towards the seasons,
weather and other techniques which was operational.

Katter Singh (1992) stated that in India and most parts of coastal areas including
Kerala has an exploitation of fisheries resources. As part of the study, it is also noted
that the improvising of fishing communities through the means of co-operative
management has come up. The role of co-operative management was critically
evaluated in the field of fisheries.

Rajan (2000) examined the role of MATSYAFED in traditional fisheries in the state
economy by a means of understanding the socio economic aspects of fishing
communities. The innovation on supply markets has brought up a positive effective
and also the importance of traditional fishing.

A.D Rijnsdorp and P.I. Van Leeuwen (1996) wrote a paper based on the effects of
Eutrophication and the deterioration and side effects to the natural growth. They have
also mentioned about the beam trawlers whom are the threat in practicing illegal way
of fishing. Therefore, Eutrophication and beam trawlers are been severely dominated
in the shallow coastal waters and in offshores.

Page | 11
Another article regarding the effects of Eutrophication and the deterioration of
Salmonid community has been pointed out by W.J Christie (2011). The continuous
catching up of fishes has decreased the stock in Lake Ontario. The depletion of fishes
also leads to overfishing.

Vera Vasas, Christiane Lancelot, Veronique Rousseau and Ferenc Jordan (2007) in
the article has foreseen the effects of anthropogenic activities and the formation of
algae in the marine ecosystem. The algae’ blooming increases the growth of
jellyfishes which is much harm and not at all needed for consumption. Overfishing
was another impact destructs the entire marine systems and juveniles are been extinct.

A study was made by HU BAO-TONG (1994) about the development of cage culture
and its role in China. It defines that the technique of cage culture is been practised for
a longer period. There is a high yield of fish production with a better quality and
ensuring efficiency in managing the mechanism. Thus, with the implementation of
cage culture in China has accepted that this technique will surely increase the
productivity and will earn a greater importance in the fisheries sector.

Kerala Economic Review (2012) provides with accurate information regarding the
developments in fisheries in Kerala. The “JanakeeyaMatsyaKrishi” initiatives in the
ninth Five Year Plan gave more importance to the utilization of inland water
resources and other source of operations by the Department of Fisheries.

Page | 12
 CHAPTER 3
BACKGROUND
3.1 Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities in Fisheries

Climate change is been occurring for a thousands of years onwards and till the recent
centuries, the changes were happening naturally due to ice ages and the pre and post
glacial periods. In the recent days, the carbon dioxide is high in the atmosphere. From
the Industrial revolution of the 19th century onwards, the changes in the climate have
been seen by the anthropogenic activities as the industrial revolution was an initiative
which meant a shift from human labour to machinery. The era of combustion engine
results in burning of fossil fuels, as industrial sector had been a major polluter to the
ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities has increased and is releasing a huge amount of
carbon dioxide and other sort of heat retaining greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
as it is the severe cause for the global temperature to increase. In Canada, the rate of
warming is double than that of the global average. In 1950 and 2010, the average rate
of temperature in Canada was increased by the 1.5℃ and in the coming 100 years, the
temperature is estimated to be another rise from 1 to 5℃. The vital source of protein
is contributed by fish for a half the world’s population with more than 56 million
people are employed in fisheries. Christopher Free has published an investigation
based on how the warming up of waters may affect the productivity of fisheries. They
have found out that 8% of population are negatively affected by warming and 4% as
positive effect. Free also pointed out that the ocean is warming up is one of many
processes which are affecting the marine resources. The falling of oxygen level,
acidification will result in the impact of marine life.

The overall yield has been reduced over the past 80 years. The current global fish
production accounts for 160 million tonnes as an increase in aquaculture. We have
low prediction regarding the future fish productions due to uncertainty over the future
production and the consumption chain of the humans. Recently, there was a high
variability in climate as the productivity of a number of species was estimated to be
high. The variability of future production may be increased in some places because of
warming and decreased ice cover. The production in the low – latitude regions may
decline due to the reduction in recycling of nutrients and mixing of the water column.

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The effects of fishing and climate change reduce the geographic diversity of
population making additional stresses to the entire ecosystem and a new form of
climate change.The term Climate is used in 1975 article published by a famous
geochemist Wallace Broecker. Climate change is a hoax and the coastal peoples are
those facing the changes in climate and most of them are ill-equipped to deal with it.
They are unaware about these changes in the environment and don’t have any sort of
tools to deal with it. Ocean warming has led to a 4.1% decline in sustainable
catchments for many species of fishes from 1930 to 2010 in New York. The five
regions of the world including the East China Sea and North Sea have found out a
decline of 15% – 35% in the fish resources. The losses was occurred in Iberian
Coastal, North Sea and the gains were seen in the Indian Ocean, Northeast US Shelf
regions, Baltic Sea and Labrador-Newfoundland. The amount of dissolved oxygen in
the water declines as water warms which causes the fish to be less active. The impact
of climate change on fisheries is hard to isolate. The Fisheries in India is not a well-
developed sector. The fisher folks are the poorer and weaker sections of the coastal
communities. From the 1950s, a strategy to modernise the sector in acquiring the
greater access to technological changes and markets. This movement has led to
reduction in catchment, reduction in fish resources, conflict over the resources,
overcapacity which has made the community to drown into poverty rather than rising
above the poverty line.

The negative effect of climate changes is mainly seen in the depletion of water
resources. Warm water will change the distribution of fish as it is the base for food
chain. Fishes migrate as the water warms up and try to find out a mild water
temperature where they can adapt for and the food they needed for their survival. The
migration of fishes causes impact on sustainability and geopolitical issues. As an
example, till 2009 in North East Atlantic, the mackerel was the resources which was
well formulated and managed by the Norway, the Faroe Islands and the European
Unions as a multilateral agreement. Iceland became the leading producer and having
valuable sources of mackerel as the migration of fishes take place. By the end of
2010, the harvest of mackerel was more than 40%.Pinsky et al. in 2019 wrote a paper
based on the issues of climate change that affects the ocean. The paper stated that the
temperature is increasing day by day and this makes the living habitat in the ocean to
suffer. In the land, the living animals can be given protection in the shades of a tree

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when there is extreme hot temperature but it is impossible to give the refuges in the
water to provide with shelter. Another research done by Malin Pinsky was about the
measured maximum temperature which more than 400 cold blooded animals. In this
situation, the heat wave will be beyond the level of temperature where a human being
could get killed. Most of fishes are vulnerable which are living very close to equator
zone mainly coral reefs as they are living on a fixed area and they cannot migrate.
Excessive emission of carbon into the atmosphere makes the ocean warmer
temperature and restructures the productivity which brings a complete distraction to
the fish populations. The studies have found out that as the climate changes or the
temperature warms up, the total maximum sustainable yield (MSY) OF 235
populations will get affected and declined by 4.1% in the period 1930 to 2010. It
seems that most of the areas are having a decrease as well as increase in the yield.

Overfishing is a major factor which reduces the reproductive output and climatic
change makes it harder to rebuild the overfished populations. Overfishing is a threat
not only to the sources of food but also to the entire marine resources. Fish
Aggregating Devices (FAD’s) are used to catch fishes like tuna which is very much
attracted to the fishes as the device is floating in the water and can extend about 50m
or more below the surface. These practices are actually unregulated and cause severe
damages to the entire marine ecosystem. In 2016, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) mentioned that the nations should protect 30% of the
global waters from these malpractices by 2030. This enactment will help to resolve
the stocks of fishes to rebuild and to preserve the biodiversity. The European Unions
(EU) has a motive to put an end to the overfishing activities in its water in the coming
period of 2020. The scientist says that the increasing the minimum landings size of
fishes will lessen the impacts of production. The worldwide another issue is the
bycatch where the catchments can’t be sold or the fishermen did not want it. The
estimates from the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California states that the pound of
shrimp catchment in a single time, there will be six pounds of other species which is
discarded and are not useful in selling. The EU has also set the limits for bycatch in
2019 as it will reduce the waste disposal of fishes which is caught. The Thai Union
has set up a Seafood supply Chain Taskforce to look and take necessary action
towards the unregulated and illegal fishing.

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3.2 Trends in Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean is the world’s most overfished sea. According to United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organisation, human activities are increasing at an increasing
rate in overfishing and making the entire marine resources scarce. The overfishing in
the Mediterranean Sea was begun around the 1970s. 90% of the fish populations in
Mediterranean are harvested at a higher rate with the technological advancement.
MedFish4Ever declaration was signed in 2017 by the Mediterranean countries as a 10
year strategy for a co-operative management of the region’s fisheries.

3.2.1 Under water Bulldozers

Figure 3.1 The picture depicts the Bottom trawling carves tracks in the
Mediterranean Seabed

Source: Article from Oceana.org authored by Agata Mrowiec

Ocean bulldozers or underwater bulldozers are a trawling and a widespread problem

persisting in the Mediterranean. Large and heavy nets are used along the seafloor to
trawl which can wipe away the entire materials. Trawling cause damage to habitats
like coral reefs in the deep sea, sponge grounds and gorgonian gardens as it depletes
the resources and hampers the recovery. Trawling generates waste in the marine life
and the catches of juveniles which are unwanted will die in the nets and they are
dumped overboard. About 60% of bycatch of Mediterranean trawlers are the small
hakes and red mullets which are occupied near the bottom level of the sea. Through
these trawling’s, the fishes are unable to reproduce, to grow and significantly damage
to the population.

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3.2.2 Plastic sediments in Underwater

Figure 3.2 Fish around the trash in the Balearic Island, Spain

Source: Article from Oceana.org authored by Agata Mrowiec

A study by the University of Cadiz in Spain has pointed out that there was tons of
plastic are floating in the Mediterranean Sea ranging between 1000 – 3000 metric
tons. This shows that the highest pollution in plastic is seen in Mediterranean.
According to the United Nations Environment Program has accounted 95% of plastic
trashes collected on the ocean surface, sea floor and on shoreline. TheInternational
Our Ocean Conference held in Malta during 2017 focused the marine litter as their
prime motive. They also made pledges in reducing the impact of plastic waste. Sky
Ocean Rescue Campaign was launched by a European media with an aim of
providing education regarding the pollution in the ocean to the public. The
overfishing has destroyed the entire marine ecosystem in the Mediterranean Sea
which was in earlier times known as healthy and thriving. As these pollutants in the
deep sea makes even worsen conditions to the habitats and these plastic won’t decay
and can been seen in the coming periods. The Arabian Gulf also known as the Persian
Gulf is having extreme environmental conditions and climate change makes the
species low adaptability. High temperature means that there will be a declining trend
in the oxygen content and rise in sea level. Due to high heat waves and temperature,
about 70% of the Gulfs reefs have disappeared and it also notedthe decline in fish
production. Around 0.5 – 1.3℃ temperature rise in sea surface was noticed along the
Indian coasts with changes in wind. Coastal areas are the most affective place due to
storm flooding, coastal erosion, increased temperature and sea level rise.

Overfishing threatens the rare species in the Andaman. The night fishing is the main
reason behind the decline in Parrotfish in the area. In India, it is reported that the

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destructive means of fishing is exploiting the entire marine resources. Effluentfrom
industries and disposal of sewage from residential areas into the sea worsens the
conditions of marine life. Fishery sector is one of the major contributors of foreign
earnings from exports. The failure in curbing subsidies for illegal fishing has been
noted in the WTO.

3.3 Trends in India

Chilika lagoon, one of the biggest lagoons in India became less saline during the rainy
season and more saline during the dry season. Chilika lagoon is having a unique
marine and fresh water ecosystem and this combination makes high productive
ecosystem. Chilika lagoon became the first wetland to be listed in the Ramsar site in
India in 1981. The lagoon has caused severe damages to the fishing gears as it is
located closest to the Bay of Bengal. The evidences showed that there had a super
cyclone in 1999 which made tremendous perceptions for the entire fishing
communities in the area. During 1834 to 2007, Chilika lagoon has faced the flood
events as there were 32 floods recorded. This has made the fishermen to suffer losses
in terms of their boats and materials. Another anthropogenic activities was on the
environmental issues in Chilika lagoon as it result in the silt accumulation which
makes the reduction in the sediments annually causes decreased salinity and lesser
availability of fish resources in the lagoon. Fishing activities are been disturbed by the
climate change and fisher folks are restricted in fishing during the monsoon having
heavy rainfall and cyclones

Figure 3.3 Fishing landings from 1929 to 2006 in Chilika Lagoon

Source: Article from Spinger Link authored by Rajib Shaw, Shimpei Iwasaki
and Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe

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The gradual decline of fish landings are shown in the above figure. Chilika
Development Authority (CDA) initiated and implemented a project which was
established in 1991 to promote innovative interventions to improve the natural and
social lagoon environment. Chilika lagoon is having about 97% of fishing
communities and there is no secondary job available and most ofthemdepend on
fisheries as it is the sole income of source. The income which they acquire from
fishing covers only their daily expenses and they are unable to meet their expenses in
the rainy season as fishing is not permitted during that period.

3.4 Trends in Kerala

The effects of climate change have found that the catchment of sardine in Kerala is
decreased which is of high nutrient value and low cost has affected the living
conditions of fishing communities. Harvest of sardine was seen immensely during the
monsoon season. Global warming has affected fish eggs in streams. The depletion of
fish resources in the coastline of Kerala has formulated a place for the rapid growth of
jellyfish which is known as the oldest multi organ animal. These jellyfish swallows
the entire larvae of Sardine and exploit the existence of Sardine resources in the
marine life. The sardines are adaptable to the temperature ranging 28-29 degree
Celsius and in the warming of the globe make the sardine to migrate towards the north
(Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts). The entering of corporates into the waters has
brought the decline in the sardine. As the corporates sweeps away the entire juveniles
from the deep sea and these catchments are dried, crushed, powdered and
manufactured to other states as a profit motive. This malpractice of the corporate has
got greater earnings rather than filling the stomachs of the needy group. The
traditional sardines can be protected as if there is a severe positive control measures
for the trawlers. 70% of the fish stocks have been exploited causing losses more than
50 billion a year by overfishing. According to the International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI), the natural fish stocks are now declining. In 2020, aquaculture is the
area where dependency will be more rather than in the natural one but it takes more
than 25 years in fulfilling the majority of world’s fish needs. As the fishes are harder
to find, the fishermen are undertaking in going deep into the sea and risking their
life.The incidence of overfishing has brought a great decline in fish production and
also making worse condition to the fishing population whom mainly depend on these

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resources.The total fish production in 2017 – 18 in Kerala was 6.73 lakh tonnes. In
this, the marine landings were 4.84 lakh tonnes. The states total fish production had
declined during the last two years i. e during 2014-15 has seen a decline in marine
fish production.

Figure 3.4 Kerala’s Fish Production from 2013 - 14 to 2017 -18

Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

In the figure, it is seen that the marine sector was the one which prominently
contributes to the states production but significantly it is less when compared to the
2013 – 14 fish production in Kerala. In the national level, the inland sector is the
major contributor. About 68% of the total fish production is from inland and in the
state level, the share of inland fish production is comparatively low than the marine
fish production as it constitutes only 28%.

3.5 Species wise Composition of Marine fish landings in Kerala

Table 3.1 Species wise changes in marine production in Kerala

SL.No. Species 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-

18
1 Elasmobranchs 4888 4464 7051 5226
2 Eels 630 679 662 2006
3 Cat Fish 1472 1112 1456 477
4 Chirocenrtrus 976 733 0 127
(a) Oil Sardine 155684 72257 34073 60251
(b) Lesser Sardine 41260 30873 23372 12094
(c) Anchovilla 25768 37063 18027 9843

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 (d) Trissocles 2206 8037 5025 2179
(e) Other Clupeids 4046 2165 3027 1554
6 Saurida & Saurus 3654 3560 8127 4010
7 Hemirhampus & Belone 379 146 10 583
8 Flying Fish 45 0 0 89
9 Perches 15857 30780 53286 37550
10 Red Mullets 1060 572 1429 130
11 Polynemides 381 1224 20 221
12 Scianedes 3508 8015 11849 4950
13 Ribbon Fish 8465 16256 16776 16132
(a) Caranx 10346 9691 513 1053
(b) Chorinemus 39 55 427 886
(c) Other Carangids 13758 19021 22269 29107
(d) Coryphaena 0 0 0 1559
15 Leiognathus 3956 2662 6277 1807
16 Lactrious 647 706 496 68
17 Pomfrets 3069 6948 8902 3892
18 Mackerels 74395 77891 59890 49070
19 Seer Fish 6575 10395 17021 18005
20 Tunnies 17280 30767 26984 55420
21 Sphyraena 725 791 634 1058
22 Mugil 9 6 2 58
23 Bregmaceros 0 0 0 1428
24 Soles 10941 10613 6717 5304
25 (a) Penaeid Prawn 50947 51971 56667 63366
(b) Non Penaeid Prawn 6443 9829 238 5978
(c) Lobsters 251 0 6809 5185
(d) Crabs 8314 12789 13625 3394
(e) Stomatopods 0 0 0 1
26 Cephalopods 34057 43794 56530 69945
27 Miscellaneous 12437 10880 20145 9680
Total 524468 516745 488336 483686
Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

In the table above, it clearly states that the marine catchment is varying over the
period. The significant changes are seen in the composition of Seer fish, Prawn,

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Ribbon fish and Mackerel. Overall, the tremendous changes in the fish production and
the high quality values of these products determine the income for the fish worker.

3.6 Species wise Inland Fish Production in Kerala

Table 3.2 Composition wise Fish Production in Inland in Kerala

SL. Species 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017

No. 15 16 17 -18
Product % Produ % Product % Prod %
ion ction ion uctio
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Prawns 26225 13.01 28361 13.46 26712 14.2 4080 21.5
0 2 8
2 Etroplus 7640 3.79 8507 4.04 8197 4.36 4879 2.58

3 Murrels 5333 2.65 5518 2.62 5052 2.69 3517 1.86

4 Tilapia 12064 5.99 13129 6.23 6655 3.54 3188 1.69

5 Catfish 6302 3.13 6365 3.02 5782 3.07 4657 2.46

6 Jew Fish 3851 1.91 4157 1.97 4070 2.16 1719 0.91

7 Mussels 26609 13.2 24060 11.42 12775 6.79 5199 2.75

8 Edible 1823 0.9 1867 0.89 3187 1.69 1215 0.64

Oyster
9 Mullets 6294 3.12 7069 3.35 788 0.42 429 0.23

10 Labeofi 3228 1.6 3429 1.63 13913 7.40 6302 3.33

mbriatus
11 Barbus 746 0.37 806 0.38 1612 0.86 2870 1.52

12 Mrigal 13666 6.78 12650 6.00 11713 6.23 4703 2.49

13 Crabs 1593 0.79 1853 0.88 31072 16.5 1128 5.97

2 2
14 Common 10663 5.29 12461 5.91 690 0.37 487 0.26
crabs
15 Catla 29139 14.46 30242 14.35 93 0.05 78 0.04

16 Chanos 644 0.32 713 0.34 26750 14.2 1088 5.76

2 9
17 Eels 89 0.04 96 0.05 9538 5.07 2541 1.34

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18 Labeo 27161 13.48 29783 14.13 1774 0.94 139 0.07
Rohitha
19 Others 18475 9.17 19696 9.35 17757 9.44
8418 44.5
5 2
Total 201545 100 21076 100 188130 100 1890 100
2 81
Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

In 1999 onwards, the inland production has increased and declined later in the 2015-
16s. An average increase was shown during 2017 – 18 which ismuch better than in
2016 -17. The share from inland production constitutes about 2.4% in Kerala. Inland
fishing has great scope in utilisation as a way of immense fish production in Kerala.

3.7 Effects of Eutrophication

Figure 3.5 Eutrophication process

Source: From earth eclipse

1. Threat to survival of fishes and other organism in water
The phytoplankton and other photosynthetic plans grow immensely which is
known as the algae bloom. As the algae blooms, it limits the dissolving of
oxygen in water which is very much essential for the respiration of plant
species and other animals in the water. The depletion of oxygen content
mainly happens when the plant/algae dies and it get decomposed. The plant
and animal species beneath the water suffocate to death as there is lack of
oxygen dissolved in the water.
2. Declining water quality and in-access to clear and safe drinking water
When the algae blooms, the highly toxics bacteria increasing once the water
reaches the anaerobic conditions. These incidences make the decline in the

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 good quality water and decrease in the availability of safe drinking water. The
increasing algae component has reduced the water supply across the globe.
3. Impact on human health
The cyanobacteria releases very harmful toxins into the water and this toxins
creates poison causing death in humans through drinking water. These toxins
create negative health impacts such as cancer through food chain. The toxins
are accumulated in the mussles of shellfish and the poison goes into human
body through consumption.
4. Fishing is endangered
The increased growth of algae/plants makes difficult in setting fishing nets in
the water as the floating plants limits the movement of boats and catchment of
fishes in other vessels.

3.8 Major Programmes

The schemes for Fisheries sector under the Government are listed below:

1. Marine Fisheries Development

2. Inland Fisheries Development
3. Blue Revolution (CSS)
4. Coastal Area Development
5. Scheme for the Fisheries University
6. Development of fishing harbours and management
7. Social Security to fish workers
8. Modernisation of markets and value addition
9. Extension, training and service delivery

The above mentioned programmes are been implemented in order to see through the
drawbacks of the sector and as well as to enhance the skill of the fishermen. It also
states that through the proper channelling and access to these types of initiatives made
by the fisheries will surely upgrades the lives of the fishermen community. As pointed
above, the marine fisheries have got several improvements as it constitutes a major
share in the growth of our economy.

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3.9 Fishing Harbours in Kerala

Figure 3.6 Kerala’s Fishing Harbours

Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

The total fishing harbours are 14 and another 10 are under construction. The fishing
harbourers are Thankassery, Vizhinjam, Neendakara, Thottappally, Kayamkulam,
Munambam, Beypore, Ponnani, Chombal, Puthiyappa, Moplabay, Azheekal,
Cheruvathoor and Thalai. The under constructionharbours are Thanur, Vellayi,
Koyilandi, Chettuva, Manjeswaram, Chethi, Arthungal and Kasaragod. Funds from
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and NABARD are given for the construction
of the fishing harbours. The revenue earnings from fishing harbours have pictured an
increase ranging from Rs. 302.53 lakh in 2016 – 17 to Rs. 849.07 lakh in 2017 – 18.
The marine production is declining and the reasons for these large fluctuations are the
climatic and man-made fishing practices involved in the sector.

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3.10 Technological Changes used in Fishing

The traditional fisher folks of Kerala use fishing crafts and the gear for catching fishes
which are evolved traditionally. The traditional fishing boat known as the Catamaram
are mainly used by the fishermen.

3.10.1 The Catamaram

Figure 3.7 Catamaram and the Fishermen

Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

The word ‘Catamaram’ is derived from Tamil is a kind of multihulled boat or ships
which is made of two or three logs of woods which tied with coir ropes. A cross piece
of wood is tied around with coir rope and it is having a stumped bull shaped horn at
the end of the log. Purposefully, small gaps are left in between to drain the water to
avoid the waves.Catamarams are having two types – a smaller one which can
accommodate a size of two persons and it is mainly used to catch fishes like Sardine,
Anchovies and Prawn by means of hook and line nets. Due to diverse fishing, hook
and line fishing are more famous and common in the south coast. The larger
Catamaram uses a pair of bell shaped nets known as boat seine nets or Tattamadi in
Malayalam which is having ropes on either side and can accommodate about 3 to 4
persons. There are actually tow crafts which pulls the ropes equally and catching a
group of fishes by moving both the crafts in the same direction in pulling the ropes
and catches in between the crafts.

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3.10.2 The Vallam

It is type of smaller size boat or a plank canoe known as Vallam is used in the shore
for fishing. Several planks of jungle jack are used for making this boat and it is a
water tightened boat which is coated with pitch.

Figure 3.8 Vallam with Fishermen

Source: Kerala Economic Review 2018

Kettu Vallam is one of a type which is smaller in size and is owned by 6 to 12

fishermen jointly. It is used for hook and line fishing and mostly seen in the districts
of Thiruvananthapuram and Alleppey.

Ottathadi Vallam is another type of boat which is having 10 to metres length and can
accommodate up to 15 persons. It is made up of scoops of softwood logs from mango
or jungle jack.

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3.10.3 Plywood boat/Fibre glass boat

There are two types in it; Inboard and Outboard

3.10.3 (a) Inboard Engines

Figure 3.9 Inboard boat

Source: Picture taken from Boat Pennsylvania site

Inboard engines are already fixed in the middle or in front side of the transom and are
having a four-stroke power.Most of the personal watercraft which is known as PWCs
is having two-stroke inboard engines. It operates by burning of oil along with the
fuels.

 Stern Drives

Figure 3.10 Stern engine inboard or outboard

Source: Picture from Boat Pennsylvania

Another type of four-stroke engine boats is Stern drives. They are usually called or
known as inboards or outboards. It is having automatic engine system which is used

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and to operate in the marine environments. Stern engines are more silent and more
fuel efficient in manner.

 Jet Drives

Figure 3.11 a picture of jet drives

Source: Boat Pennsylvania

Jet drives are operated by forcing the water to propel outside from the back side of the
vessels and steering the boat. The jet drives are commonly seen and used in the person
crafts. Most of the jet boats can have outboard or inboard jet drives.

3.10.3 (b) Outboards Engines

Figure 3.12 Outboard engine boat

Source: Taken from Boat Pennsylvania

An outboard is a self contained and powerful engine which is attached to the transom
of a boat and it is a portable type one. It is designed as a four-stroke engine that is
operated by burning of oil as lubricant with the fuel. The new technological advanced
two-stroke engine outboard burns over 75% which is much cleaner than the

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conventional two-stroke one. The outboardsare controlled by a tiller or the steering
wheel that directs the thrust of the propeller.

Use of larger crafts and gears are seen immensely by the fishermen in the Central
region of Kerala as there is presence of sand banks and rich fish grounds. Most of the
small fish workers are exercised to turn and adopt the hook and line fishing for their
livelihoods and others as labourers. This situation has come up due to the division
between big and small artisanal fish workers.

3.11 Mechanisation in Fisheries Sector

In 1950s, modernisation was begun the journey in the fisheries which was started by
the Government. Introduction of small mechanised boats and construction of harbours
in some village was the initial initiative proposed to develop the community. After the
1960s, the demand for prawns was increasing for exports. As part of the export, trawl
boats was started up to harvest the prawns. This transformation of fishing techniques
has brought a gap between the traditional and new fishermen. The economic condition
of the traditional fishing communities started getting affected by the means of
mechanised ways of fishing by the new fishermen.

3.12 Cage Culture

Figure 3.13 Cage Culture in sea

Source: Picture taken from Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Aquaculture

Cage culture is a technique of fish production where the fishes are put in cages which
are made up of fibre or wire netting left in a floating frame. The range of cage size

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differs from 1 to 2000m³ or even more. The continuous movement of water drains the
waste from the cage and also provides with supply of oxygen.

3.12.1 Mechanism of Cage Culture

There are 3 phase of operations involved in cage culture;

1. Stocking: It means that fishes with low food chain will be cultured at the
primary phase depending upon the size of the cage and the yield of fish.
These stocking practices differ in order to ensure a good yield and low
disease. The carrying capacity of the cage also determines the stocks of
fishes.
2. Feeding: The feeding of fishes in the cage are been affected due to the
environmental as well as the climate changes. This will decline the growth
rate of fishes and their feeding intensity. Each group of species varies in
intake of food which makes the yielding capacity to grow in the family. If
proper food is not given, the rate of yield declines.
3. Farm Management: The management system focuses on minimising the cost
with a aim of increasing the productivity. Effective measures reduces the loss
yield, declines the disease and other predators. They also concentrate on
analyzingthe environmental imbalances and fluctuations to check the further
results of the productivity. The vital role of an efficient management is
maintenance work of the cage culture.

3.12.2 Advantages

 The cage culture techniques protects from predators and other competitors
 The cost of construction of the cage is relatively less
 The fishes cultured in cages provides a better quality as well as taste
 Monitoring the fish stocks and feeding in cages is easy
 The accessibility of these mechanisms indeed helps the fishermen whose
incomes are being affected by the climatic changes as an alternative method
and a source of income for these people.

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Table 3.3 Salinity needed for different types of Cage Cultured Fish Species

Source: CMFRI Mariculture and Society

3.12.3 Types of Cages

The basic types of cages used in cage culture are;

1. Fixed Cages
2. Floating Cages
3. Submersible Cages
4. Submerged Cages

Figure 3.14 Types of Cages Used

Fixed Cages

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Floating Cages

Submersible Cages

Submerged Cages

Source: Mariculture and Society, CMFRI

Page | 33
Figure 3.15 Cage culture in Caribbean

Figure 3.16 Cage in Europe

Figure 3.17 Cage culturing in Southeast Asia

Page | 34
 Source: Article from CMFRI about Mariculture and Society

3.12.4 Production Estimates

From 62 countries the reports states that approximately 2412167 tonnes of production
are from cage culture. The major share of cage production in 2005 was Norway
(652306 tonnes), Japan (272821 tonnes), Turkey (78924 tonnes), Chile (588060
tonnes) and the United Kingdom (135253).

The Cage culture practices were started during the late 1800 in Southeast Asia mainly
in the river and freshwater lakes in Kampuchea. In 1950s, the cage cultures in marine
fish farming were started in Japan where the culture of Yellow tail Seriola
quinqueradiata has begun. Significantly, the industry has also developed in the early
1960. In Malaysia during the period of 1970s, a group of large scale cage farming
were started. Later during the period 1970s and 1980, the cage culture of olive
flounder and black rockfish was established in Korea.

The cage culture in Europe of rainbow trout began its journey during the late 1950s in
freshwater. 40% and above have been noted as its production from the culture in
cages in the freshwater during the period. In 1964, USA had begun the cage culture
for the production and for its consumption.Currently in Asia, Europe and other parts
of the world have adopted the cultivation of variety of species in cage culture.The
growth of cage culture has promoted the availability of variety of species as well as a
sufficient quantity of juveniles in both marine and freshwater bodies.This will lead to
support the industries whose main inputs are from these resources.The cage culture is
having greater potential towards the development of fish production.

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3.13.1 Open Sea Cage Culture in Polem

Figure 3.18 Open Sea Cage Culture

Source: Picture taken from an article about Open Sea Cage Culture in Polem

There was a declining trend in the capture of fishes and resources in the coastal
waters. To create new resources in the marine, the state government of Goa has
initiated the Open Sea Cage Culture Project to meet the protein requirements of the
State. This project was made under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana during the year
2013-14. The activities in this project were conducted with Fishermen Self help group
consisting 12 members from Polem. The cage culture was carried out without
disturbing the fishing activities. As part of this project, the fishermen were given
training on open sea cage culture which is conducted at CMFRI, Karwar. The training
mainly consists on the activities like feeding, seed selection, stocking and cage
management.

Figure 3.19 Training given by CMFRI, Karwar to the fishermen

Source: Open Sea Cage culture project in Polem

The installation of cages, stock fish seed in the cage, fish feeding regularly, changing
of the nets, monitoring the growth of fishes etc has been given proper care and

Page | 36
cooperation by the groups. The size of the cage differs based on the seed which is
cultured for production. The seeds grow with a span of 6-7 months and they are
harvested among the group members collectively.

Figure 3.20 Cage constructions for culturing of fishes and harvesting

Source: Polem project on cage culture

3.13.2 Achievements of the Project

The development approach of this project has initiated the upliftment of the traditional
fisher folks in Polem. The standard of the members of the groups has also developed
resulting greater employment and a pace of growth in the fisheries resources. The
outcome received from harvesting is of better standardised quality and is sold in the

Page | 37
open air market, centres etc where the crowd is enormous increasing in purchasing the
product.

Figure 3.21 Catchment and its sale

Source: A picture from the project of Cage Culture under the State Government
of Goa

3.14.1 Open Sea Cage Culture in other states in India

Cage farming in Indian coast makes an ideal place for its culturing. The cages for
farming are being installed about 200 in number by the organisations like CMFRI,
Progressive farms along the Indian coast. The important species used were Cobia, Sea
bass, Mullets, Lobsters and Snappers. The initial establishment of cage culture was
done by CMFRI in the year 2007 with the help of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India.The cage culture initiatives were made in 14 locations starting
from Veraval in Gujarat to Balasore in Orissa in the country.

Page | 38
Figure 3.22 Open sea cage at Visakhapatnam in 2007

Figure 3.23 6m dia open cage in 2008

Figure 3.24 GI Cage Frame and cost effective one in 2009

Page | 39
Figure 3.25 Circular type of GI Cage in 2009

Figure 3.26 Rectangular type of GI Cage in 2009

Source: CMFRI Article

3.14.2 Training Programmes Initiated for Cage Culture Practice

The CMFRI has organized several trainings regarding the cage culture. The main
agenda was to cultivate a skill to the fishermen in culturing the fishes and
employment opportunity at a time scarce resources in marine and also to generate
income for their livelihood.

The training programmes are;

 Mooring Technology
 Cage designing
 Feeding strategies
 Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture
 Efficient Net Exchanges

Page | 40
  Fish Growth, Health and Environmental monitoring

Table 3.4 Price of Cage Cultured Species

Source: CMFRI, Mariculture and Society

Table 3.5 Estimation of Projections in 2017

Source: Mariculture and Society

Page | 41
Table 3.6 Cost of Cages

Source: CMFRI Article on Mariculture and Society

Although, the cost of cage is comparatively in a medium range and with government
support, this kind of alternative methods of fish production is promoted in the state
like Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The fishermen community can access
these techniques by undergoing the trainings programmes initiated by the CMFRI
under the Ministry of Agriculture.

Page | 42
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Kerala with 590 km of coastline is filled up with varieties of species, plant, algae and
contributes a larger portion of fish exports. Kerala is having nine marine districts and
among them, Mariyanadu and Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram is having greater
importance and famous among other fishing harbour centres in Kerala. Kerala is well
known for its high rate of consumption pattern and expenditure of fish consumption is
very much higher than other districts. Kerala is also said to be the leading producer of
fishes. In the season time particularly during June – August, the formation of
mudbanks known as Chakara is seen.

Vizhinjam is the biggest harbour in Thiruvananthapuram and accommodates more

number of boats. The fish landings in Vizhinjam consist of large number of varieties
of species which is of better quality as well as taste. With this peculiarity, the
contribution of fish towards export is highly promoted. Mariyanadu is traditional
fishing village contributing a good quality o fish production among the other centres
in Thiruvananthapuram.

It is been noted that the banned fishing practices like light fishing, juvenile fishing are
been doing even after the strict implementation. The Department of Fisheries have
caught about 172 boxes of Juvenile fishes. The state like Kerala is still facing these
kinds of mal practices and activities the marine resources and the government has
captured the culprits of light fishing in Kochi and a penalty of Rs. 2.5 lakh is given.
These types of illegal practice of fishing is seen and practiced in the places mainly
Vizhinjam, Anchuthengu and Mariyapuram.

4.1 General Information

Table 4.1 Age Composition of the Respondents

Age Composition
Below 30 31-40 41-50 51-60 Above 61
Vizhinjam 12 8 3 2
Mariyanadu 9 11 4 1
Total 0 21 19 7 3
Page | 43
 Source: Primary Data

Out of the 50 sample survey, the study were categorised based on age structure. The
respondents 12 out of 50 are largely seen in the age range of 31-40 in Vizhinjam and
9 out of 50 are seen in Mariyanadu. In the age range 41-50, the Vizhinjam consists 8
out 50 and in Mariyanadu, it is 11 which is greater than Vizhinjam in this age range.
About 3 out 50 are seen in Vizhinjam and 4 out of 50 are depicted in the age range of
51-60. The least number of respondents are seen in Vizhinjam constituting 2 out of 50
and 12 out of 50 in the age above 60. The above mentioned age structure shows the
active fishermenin both Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu.

Table 4.2 Educational qualification of the Respondents

Educational Qualification
Plus
Lower Primary Upper Primary SSLC Two Nil

Vizhinjam 13 5 2 2 3

Mariyanadu 6 8 3 1 7

Total 19 13 5 3 10
Source: Primary Data

In our study, the respondents are also analysed based on their educational
qualification. All the 50 respondents are considered in this study. Majority of them are
having lower primary educational level. Out of 50, 13 respondents are having the
lower primary education in Vizhinjam and 6 out of 50 in Mariyanadu. The upper
primary education of respondents is 5 out of 50 in Vizhinjam and 8 out of 50 in
Mariyanadu. As we all know that SSCL or 10th education is the basic requirement for
every individual in the society as per the educational policy of the state government as
well as in the country. In among the respondents, 2 out of 50 in Vizhinjam and 3 out
of 50 are having the basic education qualification. In the case of 12th or Plus Two
education level, the respondents out of 50, only 2 are having the 12th standard level
educational qualification in Vizhinjam and in the Mariyanadu it is 1 out of 50
respondents. Around 10 respondents out of 50 both in Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu is
illiterate because they don’t have the access to go for school education and their

Page | 44
priorities was to earn money to sustain from starvation and they were least bothered
about the education.

Figure 4.1 Educational qualifications of the respondents

Educational Qualification of the Respondents

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total

19

13 13
10
8 7
6 5 5
2 3 2 1 3 3

Lower Upper SSLC Plus Two Nil

Primary Primary

Source: Primary Data

4.2 Family Details

Table 4.3 Type of family

Type of family
Joint family Nuclear family
Vizhinjam 2 23
Mariyanadu 4 21
Total 6 44
Source: Primary Data

In the analysis, it came to notice that out of 50 respondents, 2 are having a joint
family and 23 are of nuclear family living in the areas of Vizhinjam. In Mariyanadu,
21 are having a nuclear family life and 4 are of joint family. Overall, 6 out 50
respondents are having a joint family and majority of others that is 44 out of 50 is
having a nuclear family atmosphere.

Page | 45
Figure 4.2 Type of families of the Respondents

44
Total
6

21
Mariyanadu
4

23
Vizhinjam
2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Type of family Nuclear family Type of family Joint family

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.4 Earnings of the Respondents

Earnings

Daily Weekly Monthly

Vizhinjam 24 1

Mariyanadu 23 1 1

Total 47 1 2
Source: Primary Data

The analysis on the basis of the respondent’s earnings has pointed out that about 24
out 50 are having daily earnings in Vizhinjam and 23 out of 50 are in Mariyanadu on
a daily income. It is also seen that 1 out 50 respondents in Mariyanadu is having a
weekly base earnings that are actually made with the help of past savings. In
Vizhinjam as well as in Mariyanadu, only 1 respondent was observed as having a
monthly earning.

Page | 46
Figure 4.3 Earnings of the Respondents

Earnings of the Respondents

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total
47

24 23

1 1 1 1 2

Daily Weekly Monthly

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.5 Type of Houses Owned by the Respondents

Type of House owns

Thatched Tiled Concreted Asbestos Sheet

Vizhinjam 7 18

Mariyanadu 7 9 9

Total 0 14 27 9
Source: Primary Data

Every individual has the opinion or a dream in having their own house. Most of
people tries to save income and also takes loans with higher rate of interest in order to
satisfy their need of constructing a house.There are four types of houses that have
been observed during the time of the survey and it is shown in the Table 4.5

In the case of type of houses, the major of the respondents is having a concreted
model house which is much safer and secure than other types of houses. In Vizhinjam
is seen the major share of concreted house consisting 18 out of 50 and in Mariyanadu,

Page | 47
it is noted as 9 out of 50. Another type of house which the respondents are having is
said to be the tiled one. In that one, both the people consists 7 out 50 in both
Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu area.It is also seen that in Mariyanadu, there are 9
respondents whom owns the Asbestos sheet type houses but in Vizhinjam it’s very
rare to notice such kinds of houses. The thatched type of houses are been moved out
of existence and it is recorded as zero in both Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu.

Figure 4.4 Types of Houses Owned by the Respondents

Type of Houses
30
27
25

20
18
Vizhinjam
15
14 Mariyanadu

10 Total
9 9
7
5

0 0
Thatched Tiled Concreted Asbestos Sheet

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.6 Financial Indebtedness

Financial Indebtedness

Yes No

Vizhinjam 25 0

Mariyanadu 23 2

Total 48 2
Source: Primary Data

Money is only medium of exchange in the nation and has its own value. In the life of
the fishermen, they face a large kinds of expenditure regarding their housing, food,

Page | 48
marriages etc for which the borrowing tendency takes place. Among the 50
respondents of the study, in Vizhinjam it has been stated 25 respondents are under
financial debt that they have taken as part of the construction of houses and for other
necessities. In Mariyanadu although 23 respondents are taken loans from banks and
they are still facing crisis to repay the loan as there is low yield of savings and
income. But still 2 among the 50 respondents in Mariyanadu has no such kinds of
financial debt or crisis as they are getting a earnings from the work to satisfy their
needs.

Figure 4.5 Financial Indebtedness of the respondents

Financial Indebtedness of the

Respondents
Yes No

Total 48 2

Mariyanadu 23 2

Vizhinjam 25 0

Source: Primary Data

4.3 Employment Details

Table 4.7 Years of Experience

Years of Experience

Below 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 Above 20

Vizhinjam 2 1 7 6 9

Mariyanadu 0 1 4 12 8

Total 2 2 11 18 17
Source: Primary Data

Page | 49
The experience in the field makes the capability of doing the work perfectly. It also
shows the perfection and accurate sense in catching the fishes from the sea. In the
study, it is observed that among the entire survey the range of 16 to 20 years of
experienced respondents are actively in the job. The least number of respondents are
having a experience of range between 6 to 10.The average number of respondents
have the experience in the field ranging above 20 years.

Figure 4.6 Years of Experience by the Respondents in the field

Vizhinjam
Vizhinjam

7
6

2
1

Below 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 Above 20

Mariyanadu
Mariyanadu

12

1
0
Below 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 Above 20

Source: Primary Data

Page | 50
 Table 4.8 Average income of the Respondents

Average Income receives by the Respondents

Below 500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 Above 2000

Vizhinjam 3 8 7 3 4

Mariyanadu 2 5 9 6 3

Total 5 13 16 9 7
Source: Primary Data

Money is what money does is the famous quotation given by Prof. Walker about the
value of money. So, money plays a significant role in the life of individuals. As the
money income enables us to satisfy at least our own necessities and also us to keep a
part of it as savings for the future purpose. In the study, we analyse about the average
income receives by the respondents. In the survey, it clearly depicts that majority of
the respondents is getting a range of income from Rs.1000 to Rs.1500 with 7
respondents in Vizhinjam and 9 in Mariyanadu of all the 50 respondents. The average
income ranging from Rs.500 to Rs.1000 is another one which consist of 8 in
Vizhinjam and 5 in Mariyanadu of the entire respondents. 3 respondents in Vizhinjam
and 6 in Mariyanadu acquire Rs.1500 to Rs.2000 ranges. There are respondents whom
are having more than Rs.2000 as their average income and this has been observed in
Vizhinjam as 4 and in Mariyanadu as 3 in number. Last but the least is the average
income below 500 with Vizhinjam 3 respondents and Mariyanadu of 2 respondents.

Figure 4.7 Average of Income of the Respondents

Average Income
20

16
15
13
Vizhinjam
10
9 9 Mariyanadu
8
7 7
6 Total
5 5 5
4
3 3 3
2
0
Below 500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 Above 2000

Source: Primary Data

Page | 51
 Table 4.9 Types of Vessels Used

Type of Vessels

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total

Plywood (Inboard) 0 0 0

Plywood (Outboard) 20 20 40

Catamaram 3 5 8

Mechanized 0 0 0

Non Mechanized 0 0 0

Partially Motorized 0 0 0

Tsunami Boat 2 0 2
Source: Primary Data
In the catchment of the fishes from marine needs a vessel for travelling in water to
obtain the resources which are essential part of the fishermen. Vessels or boats are of
different types and size having different techniques in using to go to the sea. As
pointed out in the table, Plywood outboards are mainly used in the areas of Vizhinjam
and Mariyanadu. A sum of 20 outboard plywood boats, 3 Catamarams and 2 tsunami
boats are been observed in Vizhinjam. In Mariyanadu also there is only 20 plywood
outboard and 5 Catamarams. Overall, the plywood boats are largely been used by the
respondents in Mariyanadu and Vizhinjam for catching fishes.

Figure 4.8 Types of Vessels Used

Vizhinjam
Vizhinjam

20

3 2
0 0 0 0

Plywood Plywood Catamaram Mechanised Non Partially Tsunami

(Inboard) (Outboard) Mechanised Motorized Boat

Page | 52
 Mariyanadu
Mariyanadu

Tsunami Boat 0
Partially Motorized 0
Non Mechanised 0
Mechanised 0
Catamaram 5
Plywood (Outboard) 20
Plywood (Inboard) 0

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.10 Types of Fishing Gears

Types of Fishing Gears

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total

Boat seine 8 9 17

Drift gill net 9 10 19

Hook and Line 3 2 5

Gill net of different mesh size 5 4 9

Source: Primary Data
For every type of fishing there is a need of a gear to capture fishes. There are actually
4 different types of fishing gears used in Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu. The drift gill
nets are most preferably used by the 9 from Vizhinjam and 10 in Mariyanadu.
Another type of fishing gear is the boat seine which is less than that of drift gill net in
number. It is used by 8 persons in Vizhinjam and in Mariyanadu it is observed as 9
out of 50 respondents. The low use of gears like hook and line and different kinds of
gill net based on the mesh size are also been notified in the table in both Vizhinjam
and Mariyanadu. But comparatively, Vizhinjam is the greater one having more than
that of the gears of lower in number are observed.

Page | 53
Figure 4.9 Types of Fishing gears used by Respondents

Vizhinjam
10
9
8 9
7 8
6
5
4 5
3 Vizhinjam
2 3
1
0
Boat seine Drift gill net Hook and Line Gill net of
different mesh
size

Mariyanadu
12
10
10
8 9
6
4 Mariyanadu
4
2
2
0
Boat seine Drift gill net Hook and Line Gill net of
different
mesh size

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.11 Average catchment of fishes

Daily/Monthly Catchment by the Respondent

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total

Below 100kg 2 3 5

100kg - 200kg 3 3 6

200kg - 300kg 15 14 29

300kg - 400kg 3 4 7

Above 400kg 2 1 3
Source: Primary Data

Page | 54
As we know that the fluctuations in the climate seriously affects the catchment from
marine in between high and low amounts. The Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu
respondents have stated that they have received catchment ranging in between 200 to
300 in kilograms which was the major share of landings seen in the study. The
seasonal changes or the climatic imbalance makes the marine resources to decrease in
number. The lower amount of catchments observed was 2 and 1 respectively in
Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu which shows that the changes in the climate will severely
affects the fish production as well as the entire catchment of the respondents.

Figure 4.10 Fish Catchment by the Respondents

15
16
14
12
10
8
6
3 3
4 2 2
2
0
Below 100kg 100kg - 200kg 200kg - 300kg 300kg - 400kg Above 400kg

Vizhinjam

14
14

12

10

6 4
3 3
4
1
2

0
Below 100kg 100kg - 200kg 200kg - 300kg 300kg - 400kg Above 400kg

Mariyanadu

Source: Primary Data

Page | 55
 Table 4.12 Respondents Satisfaction Level towards the Job

Level of Satisfaction
Satisfied Not Satisfied
Vizhinjam 16 9

Mariyanadu 18 7

Total 34 16
Source: Primary Data

We all know that every individuals their own perspectives for job and they keep a
reservation real wages. If the wages of new job offer is greater than the current, most
of the person will transfer and if the wages are less, then they stick on to the current
job itself. This is the most peculiarity seen in the case of white collar jobs. Here, in
this study we undergo through the job in the fisheries sector and the level of
satisfaction the fishermen actually receives are been observed and noted down. In
Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu both the areas consists of respondents having greater level
of satisfaction with the job as a fishermen which constitutes 16 in Vizhinjam and 18
in Mariyanadu among the entire respondents surveyed. The low satisfied respondent’s
accounts for 9 of 50 and in Mariyanadu it’s been seen 7 out of the entire sample
survey. Overall, the most satisfied stands more in number than that of the not satisfied
one.

Figure 4.11 Satisfactions of Respondents about the Job

Level of Satisfaction by Respondents towards Work

Satisfied Not Satisfied

9 7
16
16 18
34

Vizhinjam
Mariyanadu
Total

Source: Primary Data

Page | 56
4.4 Changes in the Climate and its effects on the Respondents
Table 4.13 the proportion disaster effects on the livelihood

Effects of Disaster to the Livelihood

Vizhinjam Mariyanadu Total

Worse 18 20 38

Somewhat 3 3 6

Least 2 0 2

Not at all 2 2 4
Source: Primary Data

The Ockhi and 2018 Kerala Flood was a serious issues and most important among the
entire Kerala which made a massive level of destruction to the resources in the state.
As part of the study, the information from the respondents about the disaster is very
much needed to analyse the impact. The responses from the entire 50 respondents has
pointed that 38 among them have faced a worse condition during the period. Most of
them have damages in their vessels as well as in the areas where they live. It is also
noticed that 4 persons in both the study areas are not at all affected because they have
got the information regarding the climate change and made necessary arrangement in
safeguarding their livelihood. The least bothered and affected persons were those
whom were in the sea at the time of the climate imbalance were going to happen.
Those people whom were at the beginning of this disaster have managed to reach
back to shore.

Figure 4.12 Respondents uneasiness during the Disaster

Vizhinjam
8%
8%
Worse
12% Somewhat
Least
72% Not at all

Page | 57
 0%
Mariyanadu
8%

12%
Worse
Somewhat
Least
Not at all
80%

Source: Primary Data

Table 4.14Source of Income for Consumption during Disaster

Source of Income for Consumption during Disaster

Government Relatives or Financial

aid Friends Credit NGO's Savings

Vizhinjam 15 4 6

Mariyanadu 18 5 2

Total 0 33 9 0 8
Source: Primary Data

As we have read in the newspaper as well in the TV channels about the disaster
occurred in the fishing centres of Thiruvananthapuram. With the emergence of
disaster has brought death to life and also starvation among the fishing community.
Strict order from the Government, Indian Meteorological Department and Department
of Fisheries, Kerala has restricted the fishing activities during the time of disaster.

The restriction was made mandatory which makes the fishing community in having
no means of earnings for their survival. There was zero level of help from
Government as well as from NGO’S to the entire fishing community in providing aids
during the disaster. By the means of borrowings made by the affected people through

Page | 58
their relatives or friends was the major source of income available for them. About 15
person in Vizhinjam and 18 persons in Mariyanadu has got the income for their
necessities from relatives or friends. Other source of income after or during the period
of disaster was from the financial credit particular gold loan made by the respondents
constituting 4 persons in Vizhinjam and 5 among the entire surveyed persons in
Mariyanadu. Savings was another source which is less in number because due to the
fact that all the fishermen are unable to save a part of their income as savings. This
savings mentality is very much low as the earnings from fishing is comparatively very
much less as to save for future purpose like using these kinds of savings for survival.
It is observed as there are 6 among the respondents in Vizhinjam and 2 in number in
Mariyanadu whom are having savings as a source of income for consumption during
the time phase of disaster.

Figure 4.13 Source of Income

Source of Income during Disaster

35

30

25

20
Axis Title

15

10

0
Gpvernment Relatives or Financial
NGO's Savings
aid Friends Credit
Vizhinjam 15 4 6
Mariyanadu 18 5 2
Total 0 33 9 8

Source: Primary Data

Page | 59
4.5 Cage Culture Method of fish production
Table 4.15 Respondents willingness to adopt cage culture method of fish
production

Willingness to adapt Cage Culture

Willing Not Willing

Vizhinjam 16 9

Mariyanadu 20 5

Total 36 14
Source: Primary Data

Cage culture technique of fish production has been adopted by the respondents. As we
can see that, in the area of Vizhinjam has a high level of willingness made by the
respondents of 16 in number and 9 in the case of not willing. Willingness of
respondents in cage culture in areas of Mariyanadu is observed as 20 in size and 5 of
the respondents are not willing to take or adopt these methods of fish production. The
not willingness of the respondents are mainly due to the increasing size of ageing
population and they prefer to do the work as they were doing from the childhood
itself. They don’t want to take the new method of fish production and instead they
prefer in going to the sea and catch fish.

Figure 4.14 Willingness to adopt cage culture

Willingness to Adopt Cage Culture

Total
Willing, 36
Not Willing, 14

Mariyanadu

Vizhinjam

0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%

Source: Primary Data

Page | 60
 CHAPTER 5
Findings, Suggestions and Conclusions
Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu arefamous fishing harbors in Thiruvananthapuram
district. Individually, both of the fishing centres havegreater importance and its
peculiarity. The variety of fishes and other organism mainly constitute in the water
bodies of Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu. These two centres have got larger amount of
landings overtime which makes a partial role in the naming Kerala as the leading
producer and the consumer state in spite of fish products.

In recent times, the Vizhinjam harbor construction for accommodating more number
of vessels and landing to be occurred in the coming years has been started.
Mariyanadu fishing centre consists of traditional fishermen and also got a greater
proportion quality fishes in the landings. In the rise of the Tropical cyclone known as
Ockhi has destroyed the entire fish resources, vessels and gears used in fishing. Many
of the fishermen community have lost their lives and they have suffered serious issues
of damages.

Therefore, a study is made in order to find out the climate change and its impact on
fisher folk and the fish production in the marine life in areas of Vizhinjam and
Mariyanadu fishing centres. The objectives of the study were to analyze the impact on
climatic as well as the man made activities in fish production and to suggest a new
method fish production known as the cage culture to the fishing community as part of
their future survival. The major findings and the suggestions are pointed below.

5.1 Findings:

 The illegal type of fishing like light fishing is being practiced and is being a
threat to the entire fishing community in Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu
 Vizhinjam was the larger producer of vast varieties of fishes but it was
declined due to dredging for the construction of the port
 The disaster relief packages were not provided for the whole people instead it
was given to a few among them.
 The port construction has polluted the sea and lost its marine resources

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 The resources in marine has declined due to the eutrophication side effects and
also due to global warming
 The traditional fishermen in Mariyanadu faced severe damage to life
 More of the families in Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu are of nuclear type
 There are variations seen in the earnings of the fishermen as per daily, weekly
even monthly basis, although majority of them are having a daily base income
 The condition of houses are miserably poor
 The financial debt were more than the income they receive and are unable to
repay it
 The most experienced people are indeed greater in number
 People are facing serious issues regarding their average income received
 People are unable to meet their livelihood with the earnings received from the
sale of the catchment
 Most of boats are outboards which require more fuel to generate the motor.
They get fuel is not sufficient for the travel so they purchase the fuel in a
larger quantity at a higher price
 The traditional boats like Catamaram is being declining in the coming years as
the new technological outboards are getting its attention
 The gear used in fishing are drift seine where large proportion
 Hook and line, Boat seine and gill net of different mesh are also been used in
fishing
 The catchment received on a daily or monthly basis is very low.
 Health issues is higher in fishing activities and most of them are going for
work even they face serious health issue.
 Most of the people are doing this occupation as part of their hereditary
 Least people are bothered about the disaster as they have not been affected by
the issue
 The number of earners in the family are one in number in both joint as well in
the nuclear type family
 Most of the fishermen are least interested in bringing their children into this
job as they know about the serious health hazards and also a low profit

Page | 62
 The level of satisfaction among the fishermen in this particular job is seen
very low but still they go for fishing as this is the only source of income for
their livelihood survival
 The government aids were not given for their source of consumption during
the disaster period and majority of them are taking credit by the means of gold
loan and borrowing money from relatives or friends
 The ageing group of above 60 does not prefer to adopt the new method of cage
culture as an alternative to sustain their livelihood from future decline in the
marine resources due to low health condition
 The middle age groups are willing to change their activities into cage culture
technique of fish production as to sustain the earnings for their livelihood
 In the areas of Vizhinjam, it is been noted that the Vizhinjam project has been
initiated without the improper polling of the residing people
 People in Vizhinjam and as well as in Mariyanadu is severely facing a proper
quality of water
 No information were passed to the fishing community regarding the climatic
disaster by the Indian Meteorological Department
 There were no communication facilities available to contact the people whom
are already gone too far away from the shore for catching
 Medical kits were not provided to the entire boats in the study area
 There is no law to protect the fishermen from the natural calamities and to
provide aids for their sustainability
 The welfare pension were not giving at proper intervals
 The offshore area is been increasing day by day and the fishermen are forced
to go to long distances for fishing
 It is also been noted that the illegal level of fishing practice is still been done
and the government initiative to restrict are done been so effective till now and
it should be encouraged.

5.2 Suggestions:

 Radar communications facilities should been given to the entire fishermen

in order to pass the message for help

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 Life jackets are to be given in a subsidized rate which are now purchased
at a higher rate
 Helicopter facilities should be initiated by the government to help the
fishermen are struck in the sea
 Relief package should be given to all irrespective of caste, religion, high or
low income group at the time of these natural calamities
 A proper law to protect the livelihood of the fishermen is needed as it
would seeks to sustain the livelihood
 Good quality water should be given through pipeline system
 The government should insist the fishermen to save a part of their income
for future needs
 Alternative methods of fish production should be promoted as to survive
from the drought in marine resources
 Governments aids should be implemented as quickly as possible to the
needy people
 Welfare pension should be given at correct timings as most of the ageing
groups are having serious health problems. With these pension, they can
approach to hospitals for their treatment
 Government should increase the amount of fuel given to the fishermen to
use in the generation of the motor for going into the sea
 Empowerment of fisherwomen will helps to earn an income for their
livelihood
 A society for sale of fish should be formed under the guidance of the state
government to collect the fishes entirely from the fishermen and selling it
in a price more than the actual price. The profit earned through the share
should be accounted in their society account. Whenever there is a need of
funds for the fishermen, they can seek their share from this account. Only
person having membership in this society are eligible for these activities
 The knowledge and ideas regarding the fluctuations in the climate are to
properly penetrated into the minds of the fishing communities in order to
make them aware about the issues
 There should be a monthly base survey by the government to understand
the difficulties and conditions of the fishing community and proper

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 remedies or action should be taken by the government to eradicate the
issue

5.3 Conclusion

The marine resources are been decreasing with several issues. The major
findings of the study itself show that there is a huge level of depletion in the
marine resources with the impact of climate change and other anthropogenic
activities. The marine fisher folks are the section of people whom are having
slower pace of earnings and living conditions. The diminishing trend of
resources in marine leads to the fishing community to live in poverty. The
people of both Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu consequently stated about the
decline and government interference in this sector is not seen with effective
measures. They are now been the weaker sections of the society and no such
developments or improvement is happening in their lives. So, in order to uplift
the lower section of fisher folks, it is indeed to have a certain alternative to
give a suitable and sustainable means to their livelihood from these kinds of
natural disaster and from the scarcity of marine resources. The hard work and
effort made in fishing activities are of greater strength and the return get from
the catches is comparatively very low. The low income generations will make
the situations of life worse as they are unable to access the food nutrients to
nourish their family. The government and other non-governmental
organizations enacted in providing the schemes for the upliftment of the
fishing community but the reach of the schemes is very low to the people.
Efficient policy schemes and efficient role of a group of personalities in
monitoring the functions are essentially required. The cage culture methods of
fish production will definitely makes the vulnerable fishing community to
have an income for their day to day needs. The methods are implemented by
giving proper training to the fishermen and they acquire the specified
knowledge and skill required for the processing of cage culturing. An
alternative will definitely help the weaker sections of the society to have an
income earnings thus leading to a standardized and secure means of living
conditions.

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 Interview Schedule
On
Climate Change and its Impact on Fisher Folks: a special
reference to Vizhinjam and Mariyanadu
1. General Details

1.1 Serial Number :

1.2 Age :
1.3 Religion:
1.4 Educational Qualification :
1.5 Marital Status:

2. Family Details

2.1 Type of Family: Joint / Nuclear

2.2 No. of Households Earners:
2.3 Earnings : Daily/Monthly
2.4 Type of House owns : Thatched/Tiled/Concreted
2.5 Do you have any financial indebtedness?
(a) Yes
(b) No
3. Employment
3.1 Years of Experience in the work
(a) Below 5
(b) 5 to10
(c) 15 to 20
(d) Above 20
3.2 What is average amount of income receives?
(a) Below 500
(b) 500 – 1000

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 (c) 1000 – 1500
(d) 1500 – 2000
(e) Above 2000

3.3 Why you choose Fishing as Occupation?

(a) Traditional/Hereditary (c) Due to Interest
(b) Profitable (d) Unemployment

3.4 What types of vessels are used?

(a) Mechanised
(b) Non Mechanised
(c) Traditional
(d) Plywood(Outboard)
(e) Plywood(Inboard)
(f) Partially Motorised
(g) Tsunami Boat
3.5 What type of fishing gears is used?
(a) Boat seine
(b) Drift Gill Net
(c) Hook and Line
(d) Gill net of different mesh size
3.6 The daily/monthly catchment received (in kg) ?
(a) Below 100kg
(b) 100kg – 200kg
(c) 200kg – 300kg
(d) 300kg – 400kg
(e) Above 400kg

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 3.7 Are you interested to bring your children into this job?
(a) Yes
(b) No

If No, why?

I. Low earnings
II. Health issues
III. Others
3.8 Are you satisfied with the work?
(a) Yes
(b) No

If No, why?

4.1 Are you a Member of Matsyafed Welfare Scheme?

(a) Yes
(b) No

4.2 Have you got any sort of help from Matsyafed?

(a) Yes
(b) No

5. Have you got any information regarding the climatic changes from
Department of Fisheries or Indian Meteorological Department?

(a) Yes
(b) No
6.1 Has the disaster (Ockhi or Kerala Flood) affected fish production?
(a) Yes
(b) No
If Yes, how far?

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6.2 How much does it affect your livelihood?
(a) Worse
(b) Somewhat
(c) Least affected
(d) Not sure
6.3 What are the sources of income forconsumption expenditures after
natural calamities?
(a) Government aid
(b) Relatives or friends
(c) Financial Credit
(d) NGO’s
7.1 Are you aware of cage culture and the methods used in fish
production?
(a) Yes
(b) No
7.2 Are you willing to adopt new methods of fish production as a solution
measure for sustainability in future?
(a) Yes
(b) No
If No, why?

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8. What are the safety measures do you prefer that the govt should initiate
to sustain from these calamities?

9. Does the Vizhinjam project affects fishing/fishery resources?

10. Is there a need of any laws or act to protect your livelihood from these
kinds of natural calamities?

a) Yes
b) No

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