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Assignment No. 1

1. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have proven useful for applications like traffic monitoring and environment monitoring. Advancements in networking and semiconductor technologies have driven lower costs and more diverse applications of WSNs. 2. The document describes 8 different types of wireless sensor network motes, including the Mica2/MicaZ motes, TelosB motes, Indriya motes, IRIS motes, iSense modules, Preon32 modules, Wasp motes, and WiSense motes. Each mote type has different specifications, sensors, power sources, and ranges that make them suitable for different application scenarios. 3. Selecting the appropriate mote depends on the

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Rahul Rajpurohitk
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114 views

Assignment No. 1

1. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have proven useful for applications like traffic monitoring and environment monitoring. Advancements in networking and semiconductor technologies have driven lower costs and more diverse applications of WSNs. 2. The document describes 8 different types of wireless sensor network motes, including the Mica2/MicaZ motes, TelosB motes, Indriya motes, IRIS motes, iSense modules, Preon32 modules, Wasp motes, and WiSense motes. Each mote type has different specifications, sensors, power sources, and ranges that make them suitable for different application scenarios. 3. Selecting the appropriate mote depends on the

Uploaded by

Rahul Rajpurohitk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT NO.

1
INTRODUCTION
WSNs have proved its use in the recent years with the rising need for wireless
sensing and monitoring applications. Innovative researches in WSNs have
resulted in the increase of application scenarios, which, at a time instant, were
not even well-thought-of to be automated by WSNs. WSNs are used to sense
certain parameters in an environment, manipulate the acquired data and
transmit/receive the information in an intra or inter communication network.
Advancements in networking and semiconductor technologies have driven the
deployment of WSNs to differ vastly from the initial strategies followed a decade
ago. Lower deployment and maintenance costs, fail-safe operating conditions
and diverse application scenarios have resulted in the increased usage of WSNs.
To corroborate the above stated fact, WSNs are now considered to be well suited
for applications like traffic monitoring, air pollution sensing, habitat and
environment monitoring, to name a few. Challenges for designing a WSN depend
on the scenario in which it is implemented. For example, a WSN deployed in
military surveillance is expected to have more enough power requirements,
increased and fail-safe connectivity within the network due to the severity
involved in the application. An application scenario involving agricultural
monitoring doesn’t require much security and fail-safe connectivity as compared
to that of military applications. But about the power requirements, it is an obvious
fact that motes deployed for agriculture monitoring are more power-hungry due
to the nature of application scenario. It might be less feasible for providing
continuous and adequate power supply unless a renewable power source is
used. Usage of renew-able power sources involves trade-off with the aesthetics
and design requirements of the mote. One possibility of efficiently deploying and
transceiving information through the motes is by involving more effective
clustering and routing algorithms in a WSN. Most importantly, a sensor node can
be possibly connected to a cluster of sensors, which streams in the sensed data
to the node. The collected data are processed or just the raw data are in turn
transmitted to a sink node which utilizes the received data for further
manipulation. On the contrary, for the sake of a counter argument, it could be
stated that the overhead in a mote may in-crease considerably with the
involvement of more complex routing and clustering algorithms. With the
availability of more commercial and custom-designed wireless motes in the
market, deciding the appropriate mote for an application has become a bit
tedious for researchers. To corroborate the above fact, with the inclusion of
di-verse application scenarios and varied environment and technical
specifications to be considered, wireless motes becoming customized for a test
bed have increased considerably.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS OF MOTE FAMILY
In the following paragraphs, different wireless motes are analyzed depending on
its application usage, technical specifications etc. For improving readability and
to provide a better picture, the survey is organized with specifications of the
motes in an ascending fashion, starting from older to recently arrived motes in
the market.

1) Mica2/MicaZ Motes:
Figure 1 pictorially represents the Mica2 Mote. These motes are the second
and third generation mote technologies from Crossbow Technology. Mica2
and MicaZ use an Atmega128L controller along with a CC1000/CC2420 RF
Module respectively. Mica2/MicaZ are equipped with humidity, temperature
and light sensors, with interface support for connecting sensors that connect
directly to the mote. These motes are capable of measuring barometric
pressure, acceleration/seismic activity etc. Possible uses of Mica motes lie in
pressure monitoring, structural health monitoring etc. The motes are powered
from an external 2 AA batteries with an operating range of 2.1 to 3.6 V DC.

Figure 1. Pictorial representation of a Mica2 Mote.


2) TelosB Motes:
Figure 2 pictorially represents the TelosB Mote. TelosB mote was initially
developed by University of California, Berkeley. The TelosB mote embeds an
802.15.4 compatible CC2420 radio chip from Texas Instruments. It provides
onboard humidity, and temperature IC type sensors (SHT2x from Sensirion).
The relative humidity reading is provided by the humidity sensor with an
accuracy of 3% and temperature sensor connected through SPI has accuracy
of 0.4 ̊C. The motes are powered from an external 2 AA batteries with an
operating range of 2.1 to 3.6 V DC. Apart from the TelosB, the XM1000 wireless
motes are based on the TelosB specifications but with an up-graded program
and data memory. In-built light sensors are also introduced in this product.

Figure 2. Pictorial representation of a TelosB Mote.

3) Indriya-Zigbee Based WSN Development Platform:


The Indriya is a hardware development environment for building ambient
intelligence based WSN applications. It features a low power MSP430 core
with an IEEE 802.15.4 based CC2520 from Texas instruments. On-board
sensors include an accelerometer and light sensors with a lot of optional
add-ons. Possible applications include:
a) Indoor air quality management for which humidity and/or a CO2 sensor can
be added.
b) Range measurement, direction finding and tracking, for which an ultrasonic
or a magnetometer can be interfaced.
c) Image sensors can be integrated for security and surveillance.
d) Occupancy detection and human occupancy-based controls with the help
of a PIR interface. The RF module offers an achievable data rates of 250 Kbps.
The indoor and outdoor range of this mote varies between 20 - 30 meters and
75 - 100 meters respectively.
4) IRIS:
Figure 3 pictorially represents the IRIS Mote. One of the available wireless
node platforms which offer higher communication range (Near to 500 Meters
in LoS), is the IRIS. It uses a 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 wireless module. The mote
works on an open source TinyOS operating system on an ATmega1281 based
low-power Micro-Controller. The IRIS mote gives developers the support of
integrating sensor support boards through a standard 51-pin expansion
connector. The most interesting part is the current consumption where TX
current varies from 10 - 17 mA and the RX current reaches to 16 mA. The
communication range varies is >300 and >50 meters for outdoor and indoor
ranges (with LoS). Due to its higher communication range, the motes can be
deployed underground for agriculture and soil monitoring. Though, it is an
obvious fact that soil provides higher interference to RF communication, it is
possible to implement a network of underground motes within a mote-mote
communication range of ~30 meters under-ground. Moreover, IRIS motes can
also be integrated with a MIB600 TCP/IP Ethernet network which can act as a
base station.

Figure 3. Pictorial representation of an IRIS Mote.


5) iSense Core Wireless Module:
Figure 4pictorially represents the iSense Module. The iSense core module
combines the controller and an RF Transceiver in a single housing. One of the
main advantages of this module is that the software resource spent on an
external interface with the controller and RF module is nullified. The controller
runs on a powerful 32-bit RISC core with a shared 128 Kbyte program and data
memory. Higher data rates of up to 667 kBits/Sec can be achieved. The RF
module provides a receiver sensitivity of −95 dBm and a transmit power of
+2.5 dBm. It also supports addition of an extra power module through which
the receiver sensitivity is increased to −98 dBmand a transmit power level of
+10 dBm.
Figure 4. Pictorial representation of an iSense Mote.
6) Preon32-Wireless Module:
Figure 5 pictorially represents the Preon32 Sensor node. The module Preon32
is a universally usable sensor and actuator platform for realization of
sophisticated applications for short-range wireless networks. With a
high-performance Cortex-M3 controller, it has an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF
module. More interestingly, this module allows developers to program the
wireless module with an object-oriented language like Java. It features
external interfaces like the CAN, USB, and SPI, etc. Applications involve:
a) Home Automation.
b) Agricultural and Habitat Monitoring.
c) Monitoring of Road Traffic.

Figure 5. Pictorial representation of Preon32-wireless module.


7) Wasp Mote:
Figure 6 pictorially represents the Wasp Mote. Wireless Sensing has become a
needed entity to attain a “Smart Environment”. One of the prevalent examples
for this is the “Smart Water Sensor”, Utilizing Wasp Mote, introduced by
Libelium. Smart Water wireless sensing platform is used to simplify the
monitoring process for water quality. The module is equipped with sensors to
measure certain water quality parameters like pH, Conductivity, dissolved ion
content and Oxygen level. The nodes can be connected to a cloud network for
real-time monitoring and control. This platform uses an ultra-low-power
sensor node for use in rugged environments. It is possible to connect the
sensor network through long range 802.15.4/ZigBee (868/900 MHz). Most
importantly, this “Smart Water” sensor can accommodate solar panels for
maintaining autonomy over the power supply.

Figure 6. Pictorial representation of a Wasp Mote.


8) WiSense Mote:
Figure 7 pictorially represents the WiSense Mote. An interesting platform for
WSN and Internet-of-Things (IoT) implementation is the WiSense platform.
Apart from providing hardware modules for developers, Wi-Sense provides a
framework through which researchers and developers can build their own
mesh networks through a GUI. The software makes use of an easy-to -use
Eclipse platform with an IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack implementation. This
type of interface in terms of both the hardware and software provides an
extended support to the developer. The hardware platform involves a MSP430
low-power controller from Texas instruments. The mote runs on an 8/16 MHz
Clock along with a CC1101 RF module. With the usage of CC1101, possible
applications of this mote extend to Home automation, automated food
ordering system in restaurants, campus network, industrial automation, green
cities etc. The data and program memory are fixed at 4 KB and 56 KB
respectively.
Figure 7. Pictorial representation of a WiSense Mote.

9) panStamp NRG Mote:


Figure 8 pictorially represents the panStamp Mote. Recently introduced in the
market, the panStamp NRG relies on a CC430F5137 processor and an in-built
CC11xx RF module. The main advantage of this module is that, it has a very
lesser footprint compared to the other available motes. It offers a
programmable speed of 8 to 24 MHz with flash and RAM capability of 32 KB
and 4 KB respectively. With the inclusion of a 3-axs accelerometer and
support for AES security encryption, this mote out-performs the standard
available motes in the market. Options are provided for including a dual
temperature-humidity sensor at the bottom layer. Since the bottom layer is
used for the inclusion of optional sensors, it makes the sensing more efficient
by reducing the effect of dust and other environmental parameters on the
sensed values. Most importantly, panStamp provides the developers to
integrate the mote with Raspberry Pi as a shield, making it the most
supportive mote available.

Figure 8. Pictorial representation of a panStamp Mote.

CONCLUSION
WSNs have provided the best option for minimizing manual control in
application scenarios. Even in applications where utmost human intervention
is required, WSNs have managed to automate the processes to a greater
extent. We have also surveyed on possible RF modules to be used in newer
product design. The survey for RF modules was particularly concentrated
about the power consumption and RF-related parameters like Tx Power and
Rx Sensitivity. This will enhance the support for future developers to choose
an RF module based on the need and suitability for application

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