Understanding the Self

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Course Details Assessments

Modules Resources
 Module 1.
Introduction to
Understanding
the Self

Your understanding of your inner self holds the meaning of your life Click Here to Start
Module 1. Introduction to
Understanding the Self

Module Objectives
To introduce the concept, definition, and
processes of self-understanding encompassing
the scientific and philosophical explanations
about the Self and Identity. The module also
broadly introduces the factors that contribute to
one’s being and identity.
FAQs
Self VS. Identity
I vs. Me
Is self stable?
Self and Identity as mental concepts/ social concepts
What is reflexive capacity?
How does a person determine one’s identity?
Do our actions define who we are?
If there are so many theories about the self, why is it that there are still a lot of problems, such as mental
identities, that psychologist can’t cure.
Why is it that there are too many concepts in the article??????
What are the factors that affect one’s identity and self?
Is there a shortcut in knowing oneself?
What is a metacognitive experience.
The difference between self- efficacy and self- esteem
After reading the article, it did not help me change the way I view myself.
What are these self and identity that they are so important?
Is there an ideal way in knowing oneself?
Is it healthy to compare ourselves with others/Why do we need to compare ourselves with others?
Module 1. Introduction to Unit 2.a. What Philosophy
Says about the Self
Understanding the Self
This unit highlights how classical
This module tackles the fundamental and modern philosophical models
concepts and principles of the Self. This covers defined the Self, the evolution of
the different factors that contribute to one’s these philosophical frameworks
being, the philosophical and theoretical from ancient to contemporary
explanations about the self across generations times, and the relevance of the
of philosophers and theorists, as well as the philosophy of the self to how the
explanations of different fields of sciences younger generation define their
about the self and identity. own sense of self.

Unit 1. Social, Environmental, and other Unit 2.b. What Science Says
Life Factors (S.E.L.F) about the Self
This unit discusses the different
This unit introduces you to the journey of
aspects of science and how they
understanding the self. This will highlight the
explain the concept of the Self.
different factors (Social, Environmental,
Natural science and social
Biological, and other life factors) that contribute
sciences encompass a number of
to the development of the Self.
disciplines that have deliberated
Click Here to Begin on the nature of the Self. Such
discourses will be tackled in this
section.
Unit 1. Social, Environmental, and other
Life Factors (S.E.L.F)
This unit introduces you to the journey of
understanding the self. This will highlight the
different factors (Social, Environmental,
Biological, and other life factors) that contribute
to the development of the Self.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Determine the different factors that contribute to one’s being.

2. Evaluate the impact of the different Factors of the Self according one’s self-appraisal.
3. Synthesize the influence of the different Factors of the Self based on group assessment.
 Reflection:

What makes you who you are today?

Diagnostics
✓ Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

➢ We can be whatever or whoever we want to be.

➢ Our tendencies are completely controllable.

➢ We are what we are right now because we want to be like this.

➢ There are still many things that we haven’t discovered about ourselves.

➢ Our parents (or family members) can only influence us while we are in the
growing up years.
An Overview of Self/Identity

The Self is one of the most interesting topics that people

talk about everyday. We may not be conscious about it
but every time we mention the ‘I’ e.g., I will go to school, I
hangout with my friends, I like to eat burger, we are
talking about the self as “actors”. Further, we always
mention the ‘me’ as the object, e.g., tell me about it, give
me something, it makes me feel awesome. Noticeably, the
Self composes both the I- as an actor and the Me- as the
object. Our interest about the self is even more evident
in the functional word variations of I and Me that we use
in our everyday language depending on our purpose (e.g.,
my, mine, myself, etc.).

Our consciousness of the existence of the Self has been

almost automatic or reflexive and we are almost unaware
that in our everyday lives we are constantly talking about
it.
Issues on Understanding the Self
Many scholars (i.e., theorists, scientists, philosophers)
in different fields and across generations have
attempted to explain and thoroughly expound on
several issues and controversies about the nature,
existence, and dimensionality of self. The most
prevalent among issues on self, are the issues on:

NATURE vs. NURTURE

Uni vs. Multi
DIMENSIONALITIES

SELF vs. IDENTITY

Issue No. 1.
NATURE vs. NURTURE
NATURE
While some insist that the self is predominantly a product
Biological sciences which explain that our traits
of natural processes to which people are inherently
are passed on to humanity from one generation
predisposed, some argue that the self is largely influenced to another, and these transmitted traits served as
and principally constructed by one’s social environments. a blueprint of our self and make us predispose to
certain self-expressions (e.g., attitude, behavior,
tendencies, etc.). Here, the self is being studied
structurally and functionally, from the molecular
level to the entirety of human physiological
systems. Genetics for example contributed so
much information about the descriptions of the
self. This field of biology primarily deals with the
study of heredity (transmission of traits and
characteristics from generation to another) as a
process, as well as on the characterizations
(similarities and differences) of organisms.
Issue No. 1.
NATURE vs. NURTURE
NURTURE
While some insist that the self is predominantly a product
Social Sciences argue though that the self should
of natural processes to which people are inherently
be principally viewed as an outcome of various
predisposed, some argue that the self is largely influenced nurturing factors in the context of one’s social
and principally constructed by one’s social environments. life. Social Sciences have provided manifold of
insights and explanations about the self both on
the micro and macro level of one’s social life.
Different fields of social science stresses how
group life (formal and informal) affects
individuals’ behavior and attitude, and
emphasizes on the impact of various social
institutions to the self-construal of an individual.
LET’S REFLECT : What is your stand on the issue?
Issue No. 1.
We are what we are right
NATURE vs. NURTURE now because of….

NATURE NURTURE
LET’S REFLECT : What is your stand on the issue?
Issue No. 1.
NATURE vs. NURTURE While arguments about
the predominance of
either nature or
NATURE NURTURE nurture are still
unresolved, we could
settle for an eclectic
standpoint on this
issue. We can safely
assume that our self
is BOTH a product of
NATURE and NURTURE.
Issues on Understanding the Self
Many scholars (i.e., theorists, scientists, philosophers)
in different fields and across generations have
attempted to explain and thoroughly expound on
several issues and controversies about the nature,
existence, and dimensionality of self. The most
prevalent among issues on self, are the issues on:

NATURE vs. NURTURE

Uni vs. Multi
DIMENSIONALITIES

SELF vs. IDENTITY

Issue No. 2.
SELF vs. IDENTITY
IDENTITY
While some insist that the self is predominantly a product
Identity: Based on lexical definition, Identity
of natural processes to which people are inherently (noun, iden·ti·ty\ī-ˈden-tə-tē, ə-, -ˈde-nə-\)
predisposed, some argue that the self is largely influenced referred to “the qualities, beliefs, etc., that
and principally constructed by one’s social environment. make a particular person or group different
from others… or the distinguishing character
Self and Identity are topics that remain popular not only
or personality of an individual”
among psychologists (authors of psychology articles) but
also to other social scientist like sociologists, cultural
anthropologists, economists, among others. Noticeably,
the term self and identity in various literatures have
been loosely interchanged by many authors. For many,
there is a very thin conceptual and functional distinction
between the two concepts and many people perceive
them as synonymous.
Issue No. 2.
SELF vs. IDENTITY
SELF
While some insist that the self is predominantly a product
Self: Based on lexical definition, Self (noun) is
of natural processes to which people are inherently “the person that someone normally or truly
predisposed, some argue that the self is largely influenced is… or the entire person of an individual”.
and principally constructed by one’s social environment.
Self and Identity are topics that remain popular not only
among psychologists (authors of psychology articles) but
also to other social scientist like sociologists, cultural
anthropologists, economists, among others. Noticeably,
the term self and identity in various literatures have
been loosely interchanged by many authors. For many,
there is a very thin conceptual and functional distinction
between the two concepts and many people perceive
them as synonymous.
LET’S REFLECT : What do you think, similar or different?
Issue No. 2.
SELF vs. IDENTITY I am my__________

SELF IDENTITY
LET’S REFLECT : What do you think, similar or different?
Issue No. 2. A comprehensive definition that underscores the
SELF vs. IDENTITY distinctions and overlap of self and identity was
given by Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith (pg. 69,
2012) which states that:
“Identities are the traits and characteristics, social
relations, roles, and social group memberships that
define who one is. Identities can be focused on the
past-what used to be true of one, the present-what
is true of one now, or the future-the person one
expects or wishes to become, the person one feels
obligated to try to become, or the person one fears
one may become; together, identities make up
one's self-concept variously described as what
comes to mind when one thinks of oneself’.
Issues on Understanding the Self
Many scholars (i.e., theorists, scientists, philosophers)
in different fields and across generations have
attempted to explain and thoroughly expound on
several issues and controversies about the nature,
existence, and dimensionality of self. The most
prevalent among issues on self, are the issues on:

NATURE vs. NURTURE

Uni vs. Multi
DIMENSIONALITIES
SELF vs. IDENTITY
Issue No. 3.
UNI vs. MULTI
Dimensionality of the Self DIMENSIONALITIES OF SELF
We are what we are right now not just because of a single Some people believe that the Self or
factor. We are developed by many factors… Identity can be more accurately
depicted using a single factor or
aspect. For example, we often hear
people ask another to describe a
particular person using a number of
words. Can we really describe
someone using only a few words?
Issue No. 3.
UNI vs. MULTI
Dimensionality of the Self DIMENSIONALITIES OF SELF
We are what we are right now not just because of a single You are now asked to describe a
factor. We are developed by many factors… particular person using only one
word (e.g., Your Best Friend), how
will you describe him/her?

My Best Friend is:

__________________________
Issue No. 3.
UNI vs. MULTI
Dimensionality of the Self DIMENSIONALITIES OF SELF
We are what we are right now not just because of a single My Best friend is _______________
factor. We are developed by many factors…
How will you categorize this
description in terms of aspect of the
self?
a. Physical
b. Emotional
c. Social
d. Intellectual
e. Spiritual
Issue No. 3.
UNI vs. MULTI
Dimensionality of Self DIMENSIONALITIES OF THE SELF
We are what we are right now not just because of a single Many people tend to provide
factor. We are developed by many factors…
Physical Description…
Physical Appearance – Refers to how we
physically present our self to other people.
Though we can consider that the physical
appearance is just a surface description that we
can use to describe a person, this dimension of
the Self tends to be very critical for some
practical purposes (e.g., easy recall, creating
impression, making judgement, etc. ) .
LET’S REFLECT : Do you think it’s fair to describe a person
using only a few words?
Issue No. 3.
UNI vs. MULTI Our Self cannot be singly
Dimensionality of the Self represented by a certain trait
because our Self/Identity is
composed of multidimensional
aspects and that we are a
PRODUCT of multidimensional
FACTORS.
Multidimensionality of the Self

Society
Heredity
Multidimensionality of the Self

Social Factor of the Self

Refers to the influences of significant people in a person’s
life. This particularly includes the social groups where and
individual identifies oneself. Social factors are strong
foundations of one’s being. The characteristics that we
acquired from the influences of the social groups where
we interact with during the growing up years are
integrated to form our identity, or our uniqueness and
similarities with others.
▪ Family
▪ Peer Groups
▪ Organizations
▪ And other significant people in a person’s life (e.g.,
teacher, role-model, relatives, etc.)
Multidimensionality of the Self

Environmental Factor of the Self

Broadly includes the physical and communal elements present in
our everyday surrounding, and is invariably dealt with by
individuals in a specific geographic region or area. This is not only
about the physical properties of the surrounding (i.e., climate
and temperature, forms of land, etc.) but this factor principally
includes the larger society or community and the expectations
and norms operating in that particular locality or place.

For example:
A person who grew up in a city, where competitiveness and
resiliency are needed in order to survive would tend to adapt in
to that kind of environment by consciously strengthening certain
traits and skills that will manifest competitiveness (e.g.,
communicative, intellective, etc.). In the process, the harnessed
characteristics become an integral part of one’s Self or Identity.
Multidimensionality of the Self

Hereditary Factor of the Self

Heredity is a biological process by which certain traits and
characteristics are passed on from one generation to
another. This factor compared with the two previously
discussed factors can be depicted as the non-negotiable
factor. If one has the choice whether or not to adopt the
influence of social groups and to change (improve) one’s
environment, heredity as a factor of one’s being and
identity is relatively fixed and permanent.

• Physical Attributes (e.g., height, complexion, color of

eyes, etc.)
• Some Cognitive Traits (e.g., I.Q)
• Some other Personal Characteristics
Multidimensionality of the Self

Person-Volition Factor of the Self

The most controversial factor of the Self or Identity. This
refers to the inclination of a person to form and construct
a specific identity, which will set him apart or unique
compared with others. Such factor emanates from within
the mentality of an individual, but also brought about by
the aggregated social-life experiences. Social scientists
(e.g., sociologist) may refer to this type of person as
deviant and non-conformist. But being one is not
necessarily negative, in fact, some of the people of this
type turned in to trend-setters, discoverers and inventors
Multidimensionality of the Self

Things to Ponder About

We have learned that our Self or Identity is a product of
both nature and nurture, and an outcome of various
factors (multidimensionality).

• If we are a product of both nature and nurture, which

between the two contributed more to our Self-
development?

• How do the different factors (of the self) interact in the

development of the self or identity?
Reflection:

Knowing the factors that constitute yourself:

1. Do you accept, like, love yourself?
2. Don’t you accept, like, love yourself?
3. Still confused?
Module 1. Introduction to Unit 2.a. What Philosophy Says
about the Self
Understanding the Self
This unit highlights how classical and
This module tackles the fundamental modern philosophical models defined
concepts and principles of the Self. This covers the Self, the evolution of these
the different factors that contribute to one’s philosophical frameworks from
being, the philosophical and theoretical ancient to contemporary times, and
explanations about the self across generations the relevance of the philosophy of the
of philosophers and theorists, as well as the self to how the younger generation
explanations of different fields of sciences define their own sense of self.
about the self and identity.

Unit 1. Social, Environmental, and other

Unit 2.b. What Science Says
Life Factors (S.E.L.F)
about the Self
This unit introduces you to the journey of This unit discusses the different
understanding the self. This will highlight the aspects of science and how they
different factors (Social, Environmental, explain the concept of the Self.
Biological, and other life factors) that contribute Natural science and social sciences
to the development of the Self. encompass a number of disciplines
that have deliberated on the nature
of the Self. Such discourses will be
tackled in this section.
FAQs
What is the biological meaning of self?
What is mind- body dualism?
Does the self want to replicate itself?
The replicating nucleotides sequence.
What is so positive about the Ryle’s positive view?
What is consciousness?
What are theoretical shuttlecocks?
Does the mind exist after death?
Metaphysical Musings?
Why is it important to understand the biological definition of the self in understanding consciousness?
Dispositional and Occurrent Mental States.
What is a category mistake?
Ghost in the machine.
Are humans advanced recognizable beasts?
Unit 2.a. What Philosophy Says About the
Self
This unit highlights how classical and modern
philosophical models defined the Self, the
evolution of these philosophical frameworks from
ancient to contemporary times, and the relevance
of the philosophy of the self to how the millennial
generation define their own sense of self.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Define and explain the different philosophical standpoints about the Self.
2. Trace and explain how philosophical models have transformed from classical to contemporary times.
3. Synthesize and evaluate the different perspectives of the Self.
4. Analyse the relevance of various philosophical standpoints to their sense of the Self.
Diagnostics
✓ Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

➢ Different Philosophers hold the same views about the Self.

➢ Philosophers have used empirical and rational lens in explaining the self.

➢ Philosophy of the Self as explained by modern philosophers are more

relevant than the standpoint of ancient philosophers.

➢ Philosophical views of the self are useful guide to a better life.

➢ Philosophy of the self should only be studied by older individuals and not
for younger generations.
The Philosophy of the Self
The Self has been defined as “as a unified being, essentially
connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency (or, at
least, with the faculty of rational choice) “. Different
philosophers have come up with more specific characteristics
of the Self, and over time, these meanings have transformed
from pure abstractions to explanations that hold scientific
evidences.
The Philosophy of the Self
The ancient philosophy of self can be traced back from the
ancient Greek aphorism (one of 147 aphorisms prominently
inscribed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi), “know thyself”
(Greek: γνῶθι σεαυτόν, transliterated: gnōthi seauton).

• The aphorism (or principle) was used by Socrates as his

guiding principle that he passed on to his students. Since
Socrates as a guru preferred to engage his students in
endless discussion, it is said that he had never written
down any of his ideas but instead untiringly discussed
concepts and principles with his students. Socrates believed
that the real self is not the physical body, but rather the
psyche (or soul). He further posited that the appearance of
the body is inferior to its functions.
The Philosophy of the Self
It was Plato, Socrates’ prized student who thoroughly expound
on Socrates ideas of self. Plato’s conceptualization of the Self
was profoundly introduced in his dialogue Phaedrus, which has
been a popular text for many decades in the subject of
Philosophy. The main idea in this dialogue is about truth-
seeking, and that the truth can be distinguished in two forms:
the metaphysical realm (mind) and the physical world (body).
Plato suggested that the existence or the truth about the
human self is fundamentally an intellectual entity whose
nature exists independent from the physical world. Plato
bifurcated the truth or reality into two: the “ontos” (ideal), the
ultimate reality which tend to be permanent and spiritual, and
the “phenomena” which refers to the manifestation of the
ideal. In contrast with ontos, phenomena is imperfect,
impermanent and inferior to the latter.
The Philosophy of the Self
Plato’s idea of truth about the human self was even more
expounded and formalized by his prized student, Aristotle.
While Plato emphasized the separation of ideal and
phenomenal existence (or being), Aristotle suggested that the
ideal is subsumed in the phenomena. Aristotle called ideal as
“essence” and the phenomena as “matter”. He also
emphasized that the two co-exist and are co-dependent, the
essence provides meaning and purpose to the matter, and the
matter provides substance and solidity to essence.
The Philosophy of the Self
Philosophy of the self has been defined through two distinct
philosophical lens:

Empiricism - derives explanations of the self from sensory and

bodily responses. We know things because we have
experienced it through our bodily senses.

Rationalism - there is innate knowledge; they differ in that

they choose different objects of innate knowledge.
Rationalism explains self from the standpoint of what is “ideal”
and the “truth”, not rooted in what is felt by the senses nor
our body.
The Philosophy of the Self
What are the different philosophical views of the Self?
There is abundance in literature that highlights the
similarities and contrasting standpoints of the self.
Socrates and Plato have explained the Self from a
theoretical and logical orientation; Aristotle was an
empiricist, deriving views of the self from physical and
scientific underpinnings. St. Augustine adopted the
views of Plato and infused it to his religious philosophy.
John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant were
empiricist philosophers; Rene Descartes was a dominant
rational philosopher during the Middle Ages. Among
contemporary philosophers, majority are empiricists:
Gilbert Ryle, Patricia Churchland, and Maurice
Merleau-Ponty have incorporated biological and
neuroscience in their philosophies.
 Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description
Philosophy of the Self
Classical Antiquity

Socrates Idealism Socratic • Knowledge is the personification of good

Philosophy while Ignorance is that of evil.
• Self-knowledge is the ultimate virtue. As the
ultimate virtue, it will lead to ultimate
happiness.
Plato Idealism Dualism • Moral virtue is rooted in the intellect and
and leads to happiness.
Idealism • Wisdom and knowledge leads to virtue which
will lead to happiness.

Aristotle Empiricist Aristotelian • Ideal is found inside the phenomena and the
Philosophy universals inside the particulars.
• Ideals are ESSENCE.
• Phenomena is MATTER.
• Matter has no form. Essence has no mass.
• Matter and Essence need each other.
Philosophy of the Self

Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description

Middle Agess
• All knowledge leads to God.
• Only the pure in heart can see God.
St. Augustine Platonism Neoplatonism • Love of God, faith in Him and
Understanding of his Gospel will
ultimately lead to Happiness.
 Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description
Philosophy of the Self
Renaissance
Descartes Rationalist Mind-body • “I think, therefore, I am.”
Dualism • The mind and soul can exist without the body.
• Establishing the distinction of soul from the body can
make people believe in the afterlife and the soul’s
immortality.
Locke Empiricist Theory of • It is in consciousness alone that identity exists, not
Personal on the body and soul.
Identity • There is a distinction between man and person.
• The soul may change, but consciousness remains
intact.
Hume Empiricist Skeptical • All knowledge passes through the senses.
Philosophy • Separate ideas can be joined in the mind.
• There is no self, only a bundle of perceptions.
Kant Rationalist Metaphysics • Reason is the final authority of morality.
/ Empiricist of the Self • There is the inner self and outer self;
• The inner self includes rational reasoning and
psychological state.
• The outer self includes the body and physical mind,
where representation occurs.
Philosophy of the Self Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description

Modern Times
Ryle Empiricist The Concept of • “I act, therefore, I am.”
Mind • The mind is not the seat of self.
• It is not a separate, parallel thing to our physical
body.
• The mind is a category mistake, brought about by
habitual use. The only way it can affect the other
is through the external world.
Churchland Empiricist Neurophilosop • A fully matured neuroscience will eliminate the
hy need for beliefs since “they are not real.”
• The physical brain gives us a sense of self.
Merleau- Existentialism Phenomenolog • Both empiricism and intellectualism are flawed
Ponty Empiricist y of Perception in nature.
• “We are our bodies.”
• Our bodily experiences do not detach the
subject/object, mind/body, rational/irrational.
Philosophy of the Self Things to Ponder About
We have seen how philosophy of the self has evolved
from ancient to modern times. From conceptual
hypotheses of the self, modern times have seen the self
from scientific and biological standpoints.

➢ Do you agree with what these philosophers have concluded

about the self?
➢ Do you see how their explanations of the self apply to you in
the present?
➢ If you are to choose one particular philosophy of the Self,
what would it be and why?
Module 1. Introduction to Understanding the Self
Unit 2.a. What Philosophy Says About the Self
Module Assessment
Check your workbook:
• Exercise No. 1 . How Do I See My Self (p. 16)
• Exercise No. 2. How Do I See My Self and Others (p. 17)

Assignment No. 2
Metacognitive Reading Report (p. 18)
Readings:
• Chafee, J. (2013) Who are you? Consciousness, Identity and the Self. In the
Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically about Profound Ideas. Pearson. 106-169
• Mahdi, M (1962). Alfarabi’s Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle.
• Speaks, J (2006). Ryle’s behaviorist view of the mind.
Module 1. Introduction to Unit 2.a. What Philosophy
Says about the Self
Understanding the Self
This unit highlights how classical
This module tackles the fundamental and modern philosophical models
concepts and principles of the Self. This covers defined the Self, the evolution of
the different factors that contribute to one’s these philosophical frameworks
being, the philosophical and theoretical from ancient to contemporary
explanations about the self across generations times, and the relevance of the
of philosophers and theorists, as well as the philosophy of the self to how the
explanations of different fields of sciences younger generation define their
about the self and identity. own sense of self.

Unit 1. Social, Environmental, and other Unit 2.b. What Science Says
Life Factors (S.E.L.F) about the Self
This unit discusses the different
This unit introduces you to the journey of
aspects of science and how they
understanding the self. This will highlight the
explain the concept of the Self.
different factors (Social, Environmental,
Natural science and social
Biological, and other life factors) that contribute
sciences encompass a number of
to the development of the Self.
disciplines that have deliberated
on the nature of the Self. Such
discourses will be tackled in this
section.
Unit 2.b. What Science Says About the Self
This unit discusses the different fields of science
and how they explain the concept of Self. Natural
science and social sciences encompass a number
of disciplines that have deliberated on the nature
of Self. Such discourses will be tackled in this
section.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Define and explain the different scientific standpoints about the Self.
2. Synthesize and evaluate the different scientific perspectives of Self.
3. Come up with a comprehensive definition of self according to scientific outlooks.
Diagnostics
✓ Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

➢ Philosophy and Science share the same views about the Self.

➢ Science encompasses biological evolution of self.

➢ Science explains how environments and contexts shape the self.

➢ Science makes use of systematic methodologies in conceptualizing the self.

➢ The physical aspect of the self is the only scientific standpoint that matters.
The Science of the Self
Science has invested much of its efforts in understanding
world phenomena, but none more so than in explaining
how human beings have evolved from its basic life forms to
its more complex make-up today. Science has been lexically
defined as “the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.” Thus, attempts to explain
Self have been made from the perspective of scientific
methods. Further, scientific approaches to the study of the
Self is of two-fold: physical sciences and social sciences. The
former focuses on biological factors that make up the
human body, the underlying growth and maturational
mechanisms of people, and environmental influences that
contribute to human development, central focus of which is
the Self. On the other hand, social sciences is concerned
with institutions, society, and interpersonal relationships of
people living within society.
Biological Science
Science has made sufficient advances in explaining human
beings in the biological context. Beginning with the tenets of
Aristotle and his scientific approach to the study of human
experience, to the Natural Selection within the Evolutionary
theory of Charles Darwin, human development,
individuality, and inevitably the Self, has been defined,
analyzed, and explained according to specific mechanisms.

The human body has been explained from a number of

scientific standpoints. From a biological perspective,
genetics has been studied extensively by scientists and
doctors on how genes from both parents contribute to the
characteristics of their offspring.

The study of the human body from a physical perspective

has paved the way for a fuller understanding of the self, as
consciousness, deemed to be a fundamental core of the self,
is influenced by inner dynamics and environments.
Biological Science
New breakthroughs in the understanding of the self has
resulted in the emergence of new scientific fields of study:
NEUROPHILOSOPHY and PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY.

NEUROPHILOSOPHY
The study of Neurophilosophy is attributed to Paul and
Patricia Churchland. Neurophilosophy is concerned with the
association of the brain and the mind; in order to
understand the workings of the human mind, we must first
understand the brain, its functions, and wave activity. They
further argued that philosophical notions of free will,
common sense, and conscientiousness, we must be able to
explain it in the context of neuroscience as advances in this
field seemingly converge with how people think, feel, and
behave. In the context of the self, our consciousness,
worldviews, beliefs, and other human attributes are
distinctly connected to our brain physiology and
functioning.
Biological Science
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
Psychoneuroimmunology draws its assumptions from how
our immune systems function, similar to the shaping of self.
Our body is made up of nucleotides, and its composition
make up our DNA. In the context of our immune system,
our human bodies “reject” foreign matter that can harm
our bodies and build up on the existing molecules, leading
to a healthy bodily system. However, there times when
foreign matter that enters our system can be helpful for our
bodily maintenance and thus, becomes a permanent fixture
within the body. In the context of the self, individuals
capitalize on their innate attributes and are likely to reject
environmental factors seen to be harmful to the body and
their well-being. In discovering our self, we are likely to
imbibe external experiences that are seen to be helpful to
us and reject those that we do not like or those we do not
derive pleasure from.
Social Sciences
Whereas physical science has devoted much
of its time to understanding the physical
nature of people, social science is concerned
with human functioning in the context of
society and social institutions. Psychology,
sociology, anthropology, politics, and
economics are some of the social sciences
that have contributed much to the study of
the Self.
Social Sciences
Psychology is one of the most popular social
sciences, defined as “the study of human behavior”. A
number of theoretical perspectives have been introduced
within this field of interest to explain the “self”.
Psychology has contributed a lot in the study of the self as
a theoretical construct. In fact, the development of the so
called Science of Self is significantly rooted from various
psychological theories and principles. In many
psychological theories (e.g., social and personality
psychology), the term self has been used as a predicate of
several psychological constructs (e.g., self-awareness, self-
construal, self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-regulation, etc.).
Such usages of the term indicate not only an acceptance
of its existence but also signify its importance in
characterizing human psychological and personal
attributes.
Social Sciences
Sociology is the study of collective
behavior of people within society and
focuses on social problems encountered
by people. It does not see the individual
on his own, but rather, how social
institutions and his social relationships
within society create an impact on his
thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It
provides tools for understanding human
experience and how society shapes the
person and vice versa.
Social Sciences
Anthropology is the “science of
human beings; especially the study of
human beings and their ancestors
through time and space and in relation
to physical character, environmental and
social relations, and culture.” In the
context of studying the self,
anthropology provides the lens of the
developmental advancements society
has made and how it has impacted
generations who existed within that
society.
Social Sciences
Political Science is concerned with
participation of individuals in establishing a
government and making political choices. It
is not about political affiliations but rather,
the factors involved in how one arrives at
his political choices and behavior. In
studying self, how an individual participates
in government, his ideologies and
advocacies, are significant contributors to
his selfhood.
Social Sciences
Economics is “concerned chiefly with
description and analysis of the production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and
services". Nature of goods, how we
manufacture them, how we share in its
consumption, our state of finances and
purchasing power, and its equitable
distribution to society shapes our self through
valuation of products and services that society
has to offer. Our economic activities have
shaped our value system, and sense of self.
Science of the Self Things to Ponder About
In this unit, we have outlined the impact of the sciences to our
self- discovery and self-understanding.

➢ Do our physical bodies define who we are?

➢ Do our societal identities change?
➢ To what extent does society shape our self and
identity?
Module 1. Introduction to Understanding the Self
Unit 2-b.What Science Says About the Self
Module Assessment
Check your workbook:
• Exercise No. 1 . My DNA (Diversity, Nature-Nurture, and Anatomy (pp. 24 – 26)
• Exercise No. 2. My RNA – Relations and Nature/Nurture Analysis (pp. 27 – 28)

Assignment No. 2
Metacognitive Reading Report (p. 29)
Readings:
• Blaisedell, A. (2009). A Biological Definition of Self.
• Golubović, Z. (2010). An Anthropological Conceptualisation of Identity.
• Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for
cognitive science.
 Module 1 - Unit 3

Unfolding the
Biological Self

I think therefore I am… Click Here to Start

Unfolding the Biological Self

Module Objectives
To introduce the different biological processes
that shape our Self. This will introduce the
physical dimensions as well as the sexual
characteristics representing oneself.
Unfolding the Biological Section 2. The Sexual
Dimension of Self
Self This unit discusses among
This module focuses on two important others, the sexual
representations of the self: the physical and development of individuals,
sexual self. This specifically discusses the from their physical attributes
characteristics and the factors that shape and to issues of gender identity,
influence our physical attributes. Also, a
objectification of human
thorough discussion on sexual development
and characterization shall be tackled in this
bodies, and society’s attitude
section. toward sexual identity and
behavior.
Section 1. The Physical Dimension of Self
This unit tackles the changes one’s body go
through; how it grows, develops, matures,
and acquires skills as one progress in life.

Click Here to Begin

UNIT 1. The Physical Dimension of Self

This unit tackles the changes one’s body go

through; how it grows, develops, matures,
and acquires skills as one progress in life.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Discuss and elaborate the concepts of heredity, maturation and environment.

2. Evaluate oneself by identifying the physical changes that one had been through.
3. Distinguish the contributing factors of heredity, maturation and environment to one’s physical
self.
Diagnostics
✓ Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?
➢ Our looks and physical appearance solely depend on
heredity.

➢ The physical self is merely our physical appearance.

➢ We could also inherit some traits from our ancestors.

➢ There are parts of our physical self that we could not anymore change.

➢ What we inherited from our parents will be our traits for the rest of our
lives..
The very first thing that we see in an individual is his or her
physical appearance. Before we get to know a particular
person, we already judge or assess the person based on his or
her looks. The physical self is a very vital dimension of the self
because it is the very first dimension of ourselves that we
notice when we wake up in the morning and even before we
sleep at night. According to Singh (n.d), the physical self is a
marvelous, complex and finely tuned container which we use
to interact with the environment and other human beings. The
physical self is the concrete and tangible dimension of the
person that can be directly observed and examined.

But what constitute the physical self? What are the factors
that hone or enhance it?

In this unit, we will try to unearth the different factors that

affect one’s physical self. Using the lens of nature vs. nurture
controversy, we will dissect each part of the physical self so as
to fully understand its wonders.
What constitute the Physical Self?
In this unit, we will try to unearth the different factors
that affect one’s physical self. Using the lens of nature
vs. nurture controversy, we will dissect each part of
the physical self so as to fully understand its wonders.

Heredity
Environment

Maturation
 Heredity
Heredity
If there are two people in this world whom we could blame for
our looks, that would be our parents. It is not a secret to Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents
everybody that most of our physical traits came from our to offspring. This transmission happens during
parents. These traits parents were transferred to us through the union of the egg cell and the sperm cell. This
natural selection and that is basic genetics--the study of union creates a zygote which carries 23 pairs of
heredity. chromosomes. For us to have a clearer
understanding of heredity, let us have a review of
some genetic terminologies:

✓ Chromosomes. These are a threadlike bodies in

the nucleus of the cell and the storage unit of
genes. Studies revealed that most human cells
contain 46 chromosomes.
Heredity
Terminologies
If there are two people in this world whom we could blame for
our looks, that would be our parents. It is not a secret to ✓ Autosomes. The 22 pairs of chromosomes.
everybody that most of our physical traits came from our ✓ Sex chromosomes. The 23rd pair of the
parents. These traits parents were transferred to us through chromosomes which identifies the sex of
natural selection and that is basic genetics--the study of
an individual. The 23rd pair could either be
an XX or an XY. The XY is for males while
heredity.
the XX is for females.
✓ Gene. This is the unit carrier of heredity.
Genes alone can determine the sex of the
fertilized cell.
✓ Genome. This is the collection of genetic
information.
✓ DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. This is a
nucleus acid that contains the genetic
instructions specifying the biological
development of all cellular forms of life.
Heredity
Terminologies
If there are two people in this world whom we could blame for
our looks, that would be our parents. It is not a secret to ✓ Genotype. This is the part (DNA sequence)
everybody that most of our physical traits came from our of the genetic makeup of a cell which
parents. These traits parents were transferred to us through determines a specific characteristic.
natural selection and that is basic genetics--the study of ✓ Phenotype. This is the expression of our
heredity. genotype (e.g. hair color, weight, or the
presence or absence of a disease).
Heredity
Genetic Concepts
If there are two people in this world whom we could blame for
our looks, that would be our parents. It is not a secret to These genetic concepts are very crucial in the
everybody that most of our physical traits came from our physical development of a human being.
parents. These traits parents were transferred to us through What we are now or the way we look
natural selection and that is basic genetics--the study of depends on what our parents transferred or
heredity. passed unto us. For instance, our looks
depend on the genotype that we got from
our parents which is manifested through
phenotypes. Now, it is important to note that
our genes have different versions. Since
human cells carry two copies of
chromosomes, they have two versions of
each gene. These versions are called the
allele. An allele could either be dominant or
recessive.
Heredity
Genetic Concepts
If there are two people in this world whom we could blame for
our looks, that would be our parents. It is not a secret to Dominant alleles show their effect even if the
everybody that most of our physical traits came from our individual only has one copy of the allele. For
parents. These traits parents were transferred to us through instance, curly hair. The dominant allele is
natural selection and that is basic genetics--the study of curly hair, therefore, you only need one copy
heredity. of this allele for you to curly hair. Although,
you can still have curly hair even if you have
two copies. Recessive alleles only show their
effect if the individual has two copies of
alleles. For example, the allele for straight
hair is recessive; therefore, for you to have
straight hair, you need to have two copies of
the straight hair allele.
What constitute the Physical
Self?
In this unit, we will try to unearth the different factors
that affect one’s physical self. Using the lens of nature
vs. nurture controversy, we will dissect each part of
the physical self so as to fully understand its wonders.

Heredity
Environment

Maturation
 Maturation
These changes affect our behavior and we
Maturation is known as the completion of growth of become too conscious about it. Because of
genetic character due within an organism or the these “subjective undesirable traits” that we
unfolding of an individual’s inherent traits or potential. acquired as we mature, we tend do
As we grow older, there are physical traits that tend to be something so as to look good and to fit in in
gone and there are traits that remain, thus, affecting our our society. We then use the environment to
physical appearance. The biological changes in our body develop ourselves into a more pleasing
are all examples of maturation. individuals.
Our height, weight and modulation of our voices are just
few of the changes we encounter while growing. As we
aged, there are some changes and developments that
are quite unacceptable because they do not look good
based on the standards of the society.
For example, our height. In our society, tall people are
admired by many. But there are some of us who matured
and yet did not even reach the height of 5 feet. Having
pimples is also one of the scariest and irritating moments
for an individual.
What constitute the Physical
Self?
In this unit, we will try to unearth the different factors
that affect one’s physical self. Using the lens of nature
vs. nurture controversy, we will dissect each part of
the physical self so as to fully understand its wonders.

Heredity
Environment

Maturation
 Environment
Environment
What can you say about the picture? Do all people Environment includes all the conditions
possess this kind of physique? Probably not. inside and outside an organism that in any
way influence our growth, development
and life processes. Basically, the
environment is our surroundings. This
includes the people around us such as our
family, friends, teachers and even
strangers. This also includes different
establishments and places such as our
house, school, community and even the
larger society. Further, the environment
includes all the natural elements in our
surroundings i.e., climate, weather, and
others.
Unfolding the Self Section 2. The Sexual Dimension of
Self
This unit discusses among others,
This module focuses on two important the sexual development of
representations of the self: the physical and individuals, from their physical
sexual self. This specifically discusses the attributes to issues of gender
characteristics and the factors that shape and identity, objectification of human
influence our physical attributes. Also, a
bodies, and society’s attitude
thorough discussion on sexual development
and characterization shall be tackled in this
toward sexual identity and
section. behavior.

Section 1. The Physical Dimension of Self

This unit tackles the changes one’s body go
through; how it grows, develops, matures,
and acquires skills as one progress in life.
Section 2. Unfolding the Sexual Self
This unit highlights how classical and modern
philosophical models defined the Self, the
evolution of these philosophical frameworks from
ancient to contemporary times, and the relevance
of the philosophy of the self to how the millennial
generation define their own sense of self.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Discuss the concepts of sexual self, sex, gender and other sex related issues.
2. Elaboratethe philosophical and scientific explanations of human sexuality
3. Identify factors that contribute to one’s sexual self.
Diagnostics
✓ Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

➢ Sex is all about pleasure or sexual desire.

➢ Sex should be discussed within the family only.

➢ Sex and Gender are just the same.

➢ Sexuality is fluid, thus, it can be changed over time.

➢ Sexual intercourse is bad especially if you are not yet married.

 Sexual Self Defined
Sexual selfhood is vaguely defined as how one thinks
about himself or herself as a sexual individual.

On the other hand, sexual self-schema, is a more specific

sexual self model that focuses primarily on cognitive
attributions and evaluations of the sexual self.

Sexual subjectivity is another sexual self model that

focuses primarily on physical esteem and entitlement to
sexual pleasure (Horne & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2006).

Among these sexual models, the sexual self- concept is

the most researched term and has the most variations as a
construct (Deutsch et al., 2013).
 Sexual Self (cont.)
As per Andersen, Cyranowski, & Espindle (1999), sexual
self- concept is a broader sexual self model compared to
other models.

The sexual self-concept (SSC) model, contains factors

that deal with evaluations of cognitive, affective,
interpersonal, behavioral, and physiological aspects of
sexuality. This also includes attributions of desire and
arousal.

This bigger scope of factors provides a more

comprehensive lens which includes ‘‘thoughts and
feelings’’ of a person about his or her own sexuality.
 Sex vs. Gender
Swap ME
Boy/Man Girl/Woman Boy/Man Girl/ Woman

Police Vagina Fixed Can Swap Fixed Can Swap

Laryngeal Prominence Menstruation

Carpentry Fallopian Tube

Welding Laundry

Beard and Mustache Flight Attendant

Penis Teacher
Sex, as operationally defined, is the biological features that distinguish
humans as female, male or intersex. Simply put, sex is based on biology.
This includes external genitalia, chromosomes, hormones and the
reproductive system. Sex is assigned at birth.

Gender, on the other hand, is an identity that is

learned. It changes over time and it changes from one
culture or society to another. Hence, gender is both a
social construct and a personal identity. As a social
construct, gender is known to be the socially created
roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors and
values attributed and acceptable for men and women.
Debate
Instructions: Divide the class into two groups; one affirmative, one
negative. Debate on the topic “Do pageants objectify women?”
Sexual Orientation vs. Sexual
Preference
sexual orientation is defined as an innate
feeling of attraction toward another individual
regardless of gender. Furthermore, sexual
orientation is defined as the erotic or romantic
attraction for sharing sexual expression with:

• Members of the opposite sex

(heterosexuality)

• Members of your own sex (homosexuality)

• Members of both sexes (bisexuality)

Study the figure above. As you can see, the figure is not a step-by-step process,
meaning, there is no start nor beginning. It has to be remembered that most
individuals’ sexual orientation falls somewhere along this continuum. While it is
true that an individual cannot change his or her sexual orientation based on
scientific studies, sexual orientation might change throughout a person’s lifetime.
People interchangeably used sexual orientation with gender roles. Gender
roles are societal expectations of how men and women should act. Often,
when a man acts in a feminine manner, he is assumed to be homosexual, but
this may not be true because gender roles and sexual orientation are
different. A person’s gender roles can also move across the continuum over
time or can be based upon a given situation.
Another distinction to make is that a person’s sexual behavior does not always indicate
his or her sexual orientation. Not all individuals who have had one or more sexual
contacts with members of their own sex define themselves as homosexual or are
considered homosexual by society.
 Sexual Preference
Sexual preference is a term that is confused with
sexual orientation. Based on several literature, sexual
preference is somewhat the same with sexual
orientation. As a matter of fact, these terms could be
interchangeably used.

The term sexual preference largely overlaps with

sexual orientation, however, it is generally
distinguished in psychological research. For example a
person who identifies himself as bisexual may sexually
prefer one sex over the other. In other words, sexual
preference suggests a degree of voluntary
choice, whereas, the scientific consensus is that sexual
orientation is not a choice.
 Sex: The Intercourse
Sex should be defined conceptually and normatively:

Conceptual analysis is carried out in the philosophy of sex in order to clarify the
fundamental notions of the discipline, including sexual desire and sexual activity.
Conceptual analysis is also carried out in attempting to arrive at satisfactory
definitions of specific sexual practices, for example, adultery, rape, and
prostitution. Conceptual analysis is said to be difficult and seemingly picky, but
proves rewarding in unanticipated and surprising ways.

Normative philosophy of sexuality talks about the value of sexual activity and
sexual pleasure and of the various forms they take. Thus, normative philosophy of
sexuality is concerned with the perennial questions of sexual morality and
constitutes a large branch of applied ethics. It investigates what contribution is
made to the good or virtuous life by sexuality, and tries to determine what moral
obligations we have to refrain from performing certain sexual acts and what moral
permissions we have to engage in others.
Debate
Knowing that sex is a need based on some scientists, do you think that
sex should be performed even without the sanctity of marriage?
 Decisions About Sex
Some things to think about if people are considering having sex:

• Am I doing this because it’s what I want? If your partner is constantly

trying to encourage you to have sex, you need to think about whether he
or she really cares for, or is truly listening to you.

The risk of sexually transmitted infections. Is sex going to be safe? Have

you got condoms?

• The risk of pregnancy. Is sex going to be safe? Have you got condoms?
Do you need to use other forms of contraception? (Also see getting
pregnant).
CONTRACEPTION
 Types of Contraception
1. Barrier contraceptives
2. Hormonal contraceptives
3. Sterilization

Note: No single method of birth control is the

“best” one. Each has its own advantages and
disadvantages. Abstinence is the only 100%
effective way to prevent pregnancy and STD’s
 Barrier Contraceptives
• Methods that physically or chemically block sperm from
reaching an egg AND provide a BARRIER between direct
skin to skin contact

• Act as a physical block between you and your sexual

partner

• Great for STD protection!

Types: MALE CONDOMS
Male Condom, Cont.
 Male Condom:
 Male condoms are 82 to 98 percent effective at
preventing pregnancy
 Condoms can only be used once
 Do not use oil-based lubricants such as massage oils,
baby oil, lotions, or petroleum jelly.They will weaken
the condom, causing it to tear or break.
 Water-based are the best – can prevent breaking of
condom.
 Good choices: Latex condoms and polyurethane
 Bad choices: Never choose “natural” or “lambskin”
Female Condom
Female Condom, cont…
Female Condom:
 Female condoms are 79 to 95 percent
effective
 Worn by the woman, this method keeps
sperm from getting into her body
 It can be inserted up to eight hours before
sexual intercourse (though not necessary)
Dental Dam
• Small, thin, square pieces of latex
• Used to keep partners' body fluids out of each other's bodies
• Can help to prevent skin-to-skin contact
• Placed on the vulva or the anus when the mouth, lips, or
tongue are used to sexually arouse a partner.
• Can also cut a condom open on one side
 Hormonal Methods
• Methods that prevent the release of an egg
(ovulation)
• Prevents a fertilized egg from implanting in
the uterus (prevents pregnancy).
• NO hormonal methods reduce chances of
STD’s!
 Oral Contraceptives
• Also called “the pill,”
• Some contain estrogen, progestin, or mix of other
hormones depending on pill
• The pill is 91 to 99 percent effective at
preventing pregnancy.
• Prescribed by doctor
• A pill is taken at the same time each day (once a
day for three weeks, no pill fourth week -will get
menstrual period)
 Birth Control Patch
 This skin patch is worn on the lower abdomen,
buttocks, or upper body
 The patch is 91 to 99 percent effective at
preventing pregnancy
 It releases hormones progestin and estrogen into
the bloodstream
 You put on a new patch once a week for three
weeks. During the fourth week, you do not wear
a patch, so you can have a menstrual period
 Vaginal Ring
 The birth control ring releases the hormones progestin
and estrogen
 It is 91 to 99 percent effective at preventing pregnancy
 Ring goes inside vagina up around your cervix
 You wear the ring for three weeks, take it out for the
week you have your period, and then put in a new ring
 This method does not protect you from HIV or other
STDs.
 Birth Control Shot
 Every 3 months (or 12 weeks), women get
shots of the hormone progestin in the buttocks
or arm from their doctor.
 It is 94 to 99 percent effective at preventing
pregnancy.
 It does not protect you from HIV or other STDs
 Emergency Contraception
 Also known as the “morning after pill”
 The pills are 75 to 89 percent effective at preventing
pregnancy
 Can be taken up to 3-5days AFTER unprotected sex
(depending on brand)
 No prescription needed over age of 15
 Effectiveness decreases after 24 hours
 Emergency contraception should only be used after no
birth control was used during sex, or if the birth control
method failed, such as if a condom broke
 Intrauterine Device
• It is placed inside the uterus by a doctor.
• 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
• Copper IUD: Can stay for up to 10 years
• Interferes with sperm, fertilization, and prevents implantation
• Hormonal IUD: Can stay for up to 5 years
• It releases a small amount of hormone each day to keep you
from getting pregnant.
 Sterilization
• Vasectomy: This operation is done to keep a man’s sperm
from going to his penis, so his ejaculate never has any
sperm in it that can fertilize an egg.

• Operation is more simple than tying a woman’s tubes

 Sterilization
Tubal ligation or “tying tubes.”

 A woman can have her fallopian tubes tied (or closed) to

stop eggs from being fertilized

 Over time, the ends of your fallopian tubes could fuse back
together, and it may be possible to get pregnant
Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
(STIs)
Overview
• Definition of STIs: “What are they?”
• Transmission: “How are they spread?”
• Types of infection:
• Bacterial (Chlamydia, LGV, Gonorrhea, Syphilis)
• Viral (HSV, Hepatitis B, HIV, HPV)
• Parasitic (Pubic lice, scabies, trichomoniasis)
• Prevention: “How can I protect myself?”
• Testing: “Where can I go for help?”
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Infections that are most commonly passed through
sexual contact:
• Oral
• Vaginal
• Anal
• Skin-to-skin
TRANSMISSION
• In order for transmission to occur, it is necessary to have:
• A body fluid with the germ in it
• A way of spreading the germ from one person to another
BODY FLUIDS: Which one’s are considered
infectious?
• Semen • Saliva
• Vaginal fluid • Tears
• Blood • Sweat
• Fluid in sores or • Urine
blisters • Ear wax
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
Low Risk or No Risk
▪ Abstaining ▪ Sharing lip balm
▪ Hugging ▪ Mutual monogamy
▪ Kissing ▪ Massage
▪ Holding hands ▪ Sharing forks,
▪ Dancing knives, etc.
▪ Sitting on toilets
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
High Risk
▪ Sexual Intercourse
▪ vaginal
▪ anal
▪ oral
▪ Blood-to-blood contact
▪ Sharing needles or other drug-use equipment
▪ Tattoo or body piercing
▪ Infected mother to her baby
Bacterial vs. Viral STI’s
• Bacterial STI’s include Chlamydia, LGV, • Viral STI’s include HPV, HIV, Herpes, &
gonorrhea & syphilis Hepatitis B
• Can be treated and cured with • There is NO cure
antibiotics • Medication available to treat
• Untreated infection can cause PID, symptoms only
infertility, & epididymitis • Can pass onto others for the rest of
your life
Chlamydia
• The most common bacterial STI
• Greatest number of infections found in people 15
to 24 years old
• Untreated, it can affect the cervix and urethra,
and occasionally the rectum, throat and eye
• 50% have NO symptoms - men and women
• Can be treated with antibiotics
CHLAMYDIA
CHLAMYDIA - Epididymitis
GONORRHEA
• The 2nd most common bacterial STI
• Most common in people aged 15 to 29
• Can affect the cervix, urethra, rectum, throat, and occasionally the
eyes
• Can be treated with antibiotics
• Often NO symptoms, especially in females
GONORRHEA: Signs & Symptoms
• Female • Male
• Increased vaginal • Thick, yellowish-green discharge
discharge from penis
• Painful urination • Painful urination
• Lower abdominal pain • Testicular pain or swelling
• Bleeding after sex and • Rectal pain, discharge or itching
between periods
• Pain during sex
GONORRHEA
SYPHILIS
• A bacterial infection that progresses in stages:

• Primary: (3 days – 3 months) starts as a small,

painless sore called a chancre; goes away on it’s own

• Secondary: (2 – 24 weeks) rash on the body, palms of

hands & soles of feet, hair loss, feeling sick

• Latent: lesions or rashes can recur

SYPHILIS - Complications
• Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary syphilis,
which can damage:

• The cardiovascular system (heart & blood vessels)

• The neurological system
• Other major organs of the body
• Complications may lead to death
Genital Herpes
(Herpes Simplex Virus - HSV)
• Two types: HSV-1, causing cold sores, and HSV-2, causing
genital herpes
• It is a viral infection causing outbreaks of painful sores and
blisters
• Spread through direct vaginal, oral or anal sexual contact with
an infected partner
• Also transmitted by receiving oral sex from a partner with a
history of cold sores
• Symptoms can be treated with antiviral medications, but NO
CURE
Genital Herpes – Signs & Symptoms
• Prior to an outbreak, the person may feel a
tingling or burning sensation where the virus first
entered the skin
• Painful sores (external or internal)
• Inflammation and redness
• Fever
• Muscular pain
• Tender lymph nodes
Genital Herpes
Hepatitis B (HBV)
• Virus that attacks the liver
• Most infected people (90%) naturally produce
antibodies to fight the disease, but some develop
chronic HBV and will carry the virus for the rest of
their life
• Chronic infection can lead to liver damage,
cirrhosis, and cancer
• There is NO CURE, but vaccination can prevent
infection
Hepatitis B
Woman suffering from liver cancer caused by HBV

Photo courtesy of
Patricia Walker, MD
Human Papilloma Virus or HPV
(Genital Warts)
• One of the most common STIs
• About 75% of people will have at least one HPV
infection during their lifetime
• There are over 100 types of HPV
• Low-risk HPV types cause genital warts
• High-risk HPV types may cause cancer of the
cervix
• There is NO CURE, but vaccination is available to
prevent certain types of HPV
HPV – Signs & Symptoms
• Many people with low-risk types have no
symptoms
• Other HPV types may cause:
• Warts on vulva, cervix, penis, scrotum, anus or in the
urethra
• Itchiness
• Discomfort and bleeding during sex
HIV/AIDS
• HIV is a virus that destroys the immune system
over time, robbing the body of its ability to fight
other infections and illnesses
• Once the immune system is weakened, other
infections occur and AIDS develops (the fatal
stage of HIV infection)
• The virus is present in blood, semen, vaginal
secretions & breast milk
HIV / AIDS – Signs & Symptoms
• 2 to 4 weeks after exposure, some people
experience mild flu-like symptoms that last a few
weeks, then disappear
• Many people have NO symptoms until years after
exposure
• The only way to know is to get TESTED!
Pubic Lice & Scabies
• Infections caused by parasitic infestations
• Pubic lice: tiny crab-like insects that nest in pubic
hair & bite their host to feed on blood
• Scabies: mites that burrow below the surface of
the skin to lay their eggs
• Can live for 1 – 3 days on bedding, towels and
clothing
• Treated with medicated creams & lotions
Pubic Lice
Scabies mite
STI Prevention
• Abstain from sexual intercourse (only method that is 100% effective)
• Don’t share needles or other drug-use equipment
• Have only 1 mutually faithful, uninfected sexual partner
• Get tested for STI’s before having sex
• Use a latex condom & spermicide
• Avoid alcohol & other drugs
When should I get tested?
• Once you become sexually active, you need a check-up & STI testing
once a year
• You also need an STI test if:
• You didn’t use a condom or the condom broke
• Your partner has an STI
• Your partner is having sex with someone else
• You have ever injected drugs
• You or your partner have any STI symptoms
• You have been raped
Where to go for help:
• Parents
• Health Teacher
• Health Unit Clinic
• Family Doctor or Nurse Practitioner
• Walk-in-clinic
• Hospital Emergency Department