AE-705: Introduction to Flight
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
Udit Vohra
Aerospace Engineering Department
PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
LAYOUT
• Earth’s Atmosphere
• Atmospheric Standards
• Different Altitudes
• Two magical equations
• Q Codes for altitudes
• Weather Effects
http://www.newtonsapple.org.uk/earth-as-a-magnet/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
ATMOSPHERE
http://www.slideshare.net/shalinipandey77985/res525-origin-of-earth-and -earth-atmosphere
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
AEROSPACE VEHICLES
Atmospheric vehicles Space vehicles
To study the
Vehicles which
design and
Vehicles
Why do wewhich
need fly
Lets see what I fly in deep space
in earth’sthese ?
togot
study
performance of
for you egthese
-satellites
vehicle
atmosphere only
http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/5374f0df
6bb3f73f5c360e25-1200-
1715/ap090416034735.jpg https://iasmania.com/launch-vehicles-for-satellites-space-probes/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Why do we need ISA ?
ISA (International Standard Atmosphere)
Aerospace Vehicles Design and Performance determination
Simulation and Analysis
To relate Flight test Wind tunnel results A/C design and performance
to a common reference
Properties of real atmosphere Constant ISA
Create a hypothetical model
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Somebody
help..!!
What are they ?
DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Somebody
help..!!
Geometric Density Alt.
Absolute Temperature.
Alt.
Geopotential Pressure Alt.
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Depends on whom
you ask..!!
Geometric Density Alt.
Absolute Temperature.
Alt.
Geopotential Pressure Alt.
We will study first
These will be
three for now
studied later
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Indicated Altitude
http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Also called
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE
Geometric Altitude/True Altitude – altitude from sea level
http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Absolute Altitude – Altitude from the center of earth
Anderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-McGraw-Hill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Geopotential Altitude - variation in g is considered with the altitude
h=
Where h is the Geopotential altitude
http://hemantmore.org/physics-1/p11202005/3898/
Figure out yourself
Geopotential altitude
&
is considered ONLY in
report
Why not foronatmospheric
Moodle..!!
case of space vehicles
vehicles??
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Hydrostatic Equation
Fluid element at rest
John%20Anderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-
McGrawHill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf
https://wikis.engrade.com/energyandearthsatmospher
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Pressure, temperature, density, viscosity
PARAMETER VARIATION WITH ALTITUDE
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Lets see it layer by layer
AE-705 Introduction to Flight
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Comparison_International_Standard_Atmosphere_spac
e_diving.svg/576px-Comparison_International_Standard_Atmosphere_space_diving.svg.png
Lecture 01
Capsule-01
with
P and T
Altitude
Variation of
geometric
Temperature Variation with Altitude
Atmospheric vehicles (fly at
about 10km ) …so we will not
consider this part
Gradient layer
Isothermal layer
Gradient layer
JohnAnderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-McGraw-
Hill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
P & ρ variation with altitude
Isothermal
Two magical equations
dp= - ρgdh
p= ρRT
Gradient layer
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Viscosity
Sutherland’s Formula
https://www.google.com/search?q=sutherland+formula+for+viscosity&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjQ8OWao5TU
AhUDq48KHb_XC9kQ_AUIBigB&biw=1408&bih=671&dpr=0.97#imgrc=Lyv9kfZ5j2KqoM:&spf=1496032614588
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Pressure Altitude
Altitude corresponding to the pressure values in the ISA table
Here –
the theoretical
location where at 15
degrees Celsius the
altimeter setting will
equal 29.92 inches
of mercury
Temp &
pressure
corrections
http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature
How to read
https://www.m0a.com/calculating-density-altitude/
this graph ??
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Temperature Altitude
Altitude corresponding to the temp values in the ISA table
https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/pilot/t_mm
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Important points
Use the geometric altitude of the tables when referring to p,
density, and temp altitudes
Pressure altitude can be different from temp altitude and
density altitude and vice-versa
These altitude might differ from geometric altitude as well
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
USA, India, Arctic, Tropical, ….
OTHER STANDARD ATMOSPHERES
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Other Standard Atmospheres
1976 U.S.
Standard
Atmosphere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Standard_Atmosphere
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
1976 U.S. Standard
Atmosphere cont..
https://www.google.com/search?q=united+states+standard+atmosphere+1976&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=
0ahUKEwjygv3XkJTUAhUMQo8KHeYeBl0Q_AUIBigB&biw=1570&bih=748#imgrc=hi4JaikQVNPzhM:&spf=1496027490886
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Indian Reference Atmosphere
Valid in Indian Equatorial Zone from Surface to 80 km
Data recorded in 1985
Series of tables containing data related to
• Temperature (K)
• Pressure (millibars)
• Density (kg m-3)
71
64
53
32
24
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3293-2
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3293-2
Monthly temperature profiles from 14 years of observations (2002-15)
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Mumbai Weather Data (Nov 2016)
Actual Data
Elevation of
Mumbai is
14 m AMSL
https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/mumbai/historic?month=11&year=2016
ISA
Hence, Mumbai atmosphere is
ISA +14
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Arctic Minimum & Tropical Maximum
Minimum temperature (Antarctic) = -75 oC
Maximum temperature (Somalia, South Africa) = + 65 oC
Earth’s surface Temperature varies from -75 oC to + 65 oC
Temperature as Latitude
https://www.google.com/#q=arctic+minimum+atmosphere&spf=14968184947
50
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Q CODES FOR ALTITUDES
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
QNH
• Pressure measured at ground reduced to MSL pressure
• Altitude displayed AMSL
Flight level
Height
QFE QNH
Altitude
station 1013.2
elevation
MSL
1013.2
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
QFE & QNE
QFE
• SL pressure corrected for
QNE temp for specific station
ISA mean atm pressure at SL
Referred as Standard
QFE • height above the station
QNE
QNH Runway (station)
29.92’’(1013.2 hpa ) Datum SL reference Datum (adjusted)
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Weather effects
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Weather Effects
Rain & Hail Turbulence
Microburst Windshear
Clouds
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
