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 Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment Chapter 6-2
6-2. Traceability
(1) Traceability system
Torque can be resolved into length by the force. As the units of length and force are approved
by official calibration laboratory respectively, the traceability is obtained through these units.
We invite you to use Tohnichi tools for your ISO 9000 torque control systems.
Tohnichi is producing a wide variety of torque tools based on the traceability system (Figure 6-2). Services, such as
calibration and repair, are very important and necessary factors in the control process. All of these services required
for internal company controls of torque tools, such as inspection sheets, calibration certificates, and traceability charts

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

(Figure 6-3), are available upon request. Use the Traceability Issue Request forms from Tohnichi agents and included
with the general product information for such traceability requests.

Figure 6-2. Traceability of Tohnichi products Figure 6-3. Traceability chart

Official Calibration

National Institute of Advanced

Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Laboratory

Measuring Calibration Institute Measuring Calibration Institute

Length Mass Force

Reference
Standard

Length Mass Force

Working Standard

Calibration Lever Weight

Force

Torque
Tohnichi Products

Torque Screwdriver

Bolt Tension Meter

Power Torque Tool
Torque Wrench

Torque Gauge

Torque Meter

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Chapter

(2) Movement to adopt new national torque standard traceability system

In order to secure traceability system using torque SI units, the establishment of calibration methods using
national torque standards is quickening worldwide. In Japan, a supply system using national torque standards
has been prepared, in which “torque meters” that measure pure torsion are already being supplied in a range of
5 N.m to 20 kN.m, and “reference torque wrenches” that occupy the top standard of torque wrench testers are
being provided in a range of 5 N.m to 1kN.m. Items from the technical requirement application principles to the
torque level structure for torque meters and reference torque wrenches disclosed by independent administrative
company product evaluation framework organizations are as shown in the figure 6-4.

Figure 6-4. New Traceability System Diagram

Torque Standard Machine

Torque Standard Machine

Torque Measuring Device Reference Torque Wrench

Designated Secondary
Standard Equipment
Torque Meter Calibration Machine Torque Wrench Calibration Machine
Primary Stage

Torque Calibration
Machine
Torque Measuring Reference Torque
Reference Torque Wrench
Device Screwdriver
Secondary Stage

Reference Torque
Wrench

Torque Testing Torque Screwdriver Torque Screwdriver Torque Wrench Torque Wrench
Machine Tester Checker Checker Tester
Tertiary Stage

Torque Wrench Tester

Testing Manual Torque Screwdrivers Manual Torque Wrenches

Torque Wrench

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 Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment Chapter 6-2

■ Designated standard equipment・・・ Equipment designated as the national standard that realizes the torque
(Torque standard Machine) units.

■ Designated secondary・・・・・・・・・・・ Reference torque wrench calibrated using the designated standard
standard equipment equipment.In addition to realizing the reference standards relating to the
　 (Reference torque wrench) calibration company’s torque, this is used for maintenance and control of
calibration equipment.
■ Working standard・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ This is an actual loading type, load cell type, or build-up type torque

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

(Torgue wrench calibration Machine) wrench standard tool used for direct comparison calibration of the
reference torque wrench, the calibration equipment, by the primary stage
calibration company.
■ Regular reference standard・・・・・・・・・・・ Among the torque measurement equipment, this indicates a tool with a
(Reference torque wrench) torque wrench shaped sensor part (torque converter) provided with a lever
that certainly conveys the torque together with the side force and bending
moment.
■ Torque wrench tester・・・・・・・・・・・・ This is a tool for calibrating (or testing) torque wrenches, and is equipment
that realizes torque using a torque loading device. It is used for calibrating
reference torque wrenches to higher standards.

Using these, through the establishing of a torque supply system by JCSS, a traceability system for torque will be
established similar to that for other units.
However, outside the torque ranges provided, local calibration will be required using [Force x Length = Torque]
(Assembly unit) as before. In addition, because the level provided by JCSS is only up to the secondary level, it will
basically only cover up to torque wrench testers and torque screwdriver testers.
It is expected that torque wrenches and torque screwdrivers will be transferred and have their calibration based on the
JIS B 4652 standard as described below.

Establishment of Hand Torque Tools - Requirements and Test Methods (JIS B 4652) Standard

Following the progress in establishing the torque supply system described above, it was required to prepare standards
for manual torque tools because the contents of the previously used JIS B 4650 standard for manual torque wrenches
mainly gave stipulations regarding torque wrench product specifications, resulting in the following problems:
  1) The standard only covered torque wrenches, with no stipulations for torque screwdrivers.
  2) There were many specifications relating to manufacturing according to models and materials, and the method of
calibration was unclear.
  3) The standards had not been agreed to conform with international standards.

Here, the international standard ISO 6789: 2003 (Assembly tools for screws and nuts. Hand torque tools.
Requirements and test methods for design conformance testing, quality conformance testing and recalibration
procedure) was translated and submitted by the Japan Measuring Instruments Federation as the Japanese industrial
standards, and this was established as JIS B 4652 on April 20, 2008.

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(3) ISO 9000-related documents

Torque equipment is also required to be controlled, calibrated and have traceability with national standards as a
measurement instrument according to ISO 9000.
Tohnichi provides customers who have acquired and are maintaining ISO 9000 certification with the required documents
shown in Figure 6-5. The documents available are as follows.
Figure 6-5. ISO 9000-related documents issued by Tohnichi
1. Calibration Certificate 2. Overall Traceability Chart
(※ Combined with Inspection
Certificafe)
3. Respective Traceability Chart

Tohnichi has been providing a documentation service related to ISO 9000 accreditation since 1991. In general, the
documents required for accreditation are the inspection certificate and the calibration certificate. However, upon the
customer’s request, we also issue a traceability chart. Further, calibration certificates are provided with torque wrenches.
Tohnichi stores the histories of these issued documents for the request period for customers, and helps them maintain their
ISO 9000 certification.
Figure 6-5. Certificate of calibration supplied with torque wrenches

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 Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment Chapter 6-3
6-3. Accuracy and Uncertainty
(1 ) Accuracy
Accuracy is the overall favorable condition including the correctness and precision of values shown by
measuring equipment or measurement results. Further, correctness is the condition where there is little
deviation, while precision is the condition where there is little dispersion.

Accuracy = Deviation + Dispersion

Deviation: In graduated torque measuring devices, this is the difference between the graduated values and the

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

measured values. In torque measuring devices without graduation (preset type), this is the difference
between the set torque value and the measured torque value.
Dispersion: T he standard for the dispersion is taken as 2σ or 3σ.

Figure 6-6. Relation between deviation and dispersion

Deviation
かたより

True
真の値value Deviation
かたより
真の値
True value

True value
X X X
（a） （b） （c）
Case where dispersion is Case where deviation is small, Case where there is
small, but there is deviation but there is dispersion deviation and dispersion

Figure 6-7 Table 6-1. Glossary of terms used in measurement

True
夏の値value (Extracted from JIS Z 8103, Glossary of terms used in measurement)
Population mean
Sample mean
母平均
試料平均
Term Definition
Value consistent with the definition of a given particular quantity. (refer to Figure 6-7)
True value Remarks: Excluding particular cases, this is an ideal value it is unattainable practically.
Measured
測定値 value Measured That value which has been obtained by a measurement. (refer to Figure 6-7)
value
Residual
残差 That value subtracted by the true value from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-7)
Deviation
偏差 Error Remarks: The ratio of an error to the true value is called the relative error. However, in the case where
Error
誤差 it is not liable to be confused, it may also be called simply an error.
Bias
かたより
Bias A subtracted value of population mean of measured value by a true value. (refer to Figure 6-7)
Correction
補正
Deviation A subtracted value by population mean from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-7)
Residual A subtracted value by sample mean from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-7)
Value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement to compensate for systematic error.
(refer to Figure 6-7)
Remarks 1: The correction is equal to the negative of the estimated systematic error.
2: The ratio of the correction to the read out value or calculated value is called the correction
Correction rate, and the value of correction rate expressed in percentage is called the correction
percentage.
3: For the purpose of compensating the presumable systematic error, the factor to be
multiplied to the measured result before correction is called the correction factor.
Unevenness of the magnitudes of measured values. Otherwise, the degree of irregularity.
Dispersion Remarks: In order to express the magnitude of dispersion, for example a term of “standard deviation” is used.

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（2）Uncertainty
Without assuming the conventional concept of the true value (which is generally unknown),
the uncertainty is obtained from the data dispersion (already known) in the data range, using
the measured results themselves. (P.75 Figure 6-6) The methods of evaluating uncertainty are
classified under the following two types:

(1) Evaluation method by statistical analysis from a series of measured values.

(Uncertainty type A)
(2) Evaluation method by a means other than statistical analysis from a series of 　　　
measured values.
(Uncertainty type B)

Further, for both of type A and type B, the standard uncertainties and the standard deviations
(or similar values) are estimated from the normal distribution, rectangular distribution and
trapezoid distribution. Finally, these are combined by the propagation rule of errors. (The
combined standard uncertainty)
Under these procedures, the overall uncertainty is indicated as the Extended Uncertainty.

Table 6-8. Factors for uncertainty in general measurements

Measurement Measuring Work piece Measuring
method device environment
Measurement
principle
(Rules, definitions)

Measuring period Measuring person Measurement time

Table 6-9. Uncertainty

Generally within the range of 2σ (k = 2)

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Measured Uncertainty
value 0.96
99.3
98.34 100.26

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 Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment Chapter 6-3

Table 6-10. How to estimate the uncertainty

Normal distribution Rectangular distribution

a
σ Standard uncertainty

σ = a/√3

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

2σ Triangular distribution
Extended uncertainty a

σ = a/√6

In normal distribution, σ (standard error) equals the standard uncertainty and generally,
2σ equals the extended uncertainty. In rectangular distribution, dividing the half width of
distribution (a) by √3 equals the extended uncertainty (a/√3). In triangular distribution, dividing
the half width of distribution by √6 equals the standard uncertainty (a/√6).

Table 6-11. Example of estimating the uncertainty from the rectangular distribution

Resolution of digital display

1 [digit]
Uncertainty for 1 [digit] (Udigit)
Resolution Nmin at Tmin 1/resolution × 100%
Udigit = 1/(Nmin × 2√3) ×100%
1/resolution × 100%

Nmin Udigit
100 0.29% u u
200 0.14%
1 [digit]/ 2√3
400 0.07%

To obtain the resolution of a digital display for the uncertainty of 1 [digit], dividing 0.5 [digit] (half
the width of 1 [digit]) by √3 equals the standard uncertainty (1 [digit]/2√3). For example, if the
resolution (Nmin) using the minimum torque capacity (Tmin) is taken as 100, 1 [digit] equals
1% and the uncertainty of its resolution (Udigit) equals 0.29%.

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Chapter

(3)　
Analysis procedure for uncertainty in measurements
(1) Setting the method of measurement and calibration. (Describe the procedure concisely.)
Describe the principles and measuring methods, measuring devices and instruments
concisely.

(2) C onstruction of the mathematical model ( Write the formulas or state the principal
factors.)
a) Describe the formulas if they can express the uncertainty.
b) If the uncertainty cannot be expressed by numerical formulas, indicate the factors of the
uncertainties and combine them by adding.
c) Execute the test of significance through experiments based upon the design of experiments
and factor analysis. Then estimate the uncertainties of each factor.

(3) C orrection of values ( Describe the correction items and the methods, if any. ) If
corrections are made, the estimation of uncertainties should be carried out after the data
correction.

(4) A nalysis and estimation of uncertainty elements ( Including type A and type B
classification) Point out and classify the uncertainty elements, and estimate the standard
deviation (or similar values) per element as follows:
a) Uncertainty of standard. (Described as the standard uncertainty.)
b) The uncertainty compared to the standard. Uncertainty resulting from factors such as the
calibration equipment, calibration environment, calibration period, work piece, etc.
(Described in the standard uncertainty; show the basis of the method of determination).

(5) Calculation of combined standard uncertainty (Square root of sum of squares)

(The apparent differences between type A and type B will disappear.)

(6) Calculation of extended uncertainty

k: Coverage factor
(Generally, k = 2 is taken. If not, describe the reason for this.)

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(4) Example of uncertainty

1) Theoretical formula
Torque [N·m] = Mass of dead weight [kg] x Gravitational acceleration [m/s²] x Effective length of calibration
lever L [mm]

2) Hypothetical models
・Torque calibration kit DOTCL100N

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

・Torque wrench tester DOTE100N

3) Uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester

・Extended uncertainty of torque calibration kit: UIA
・Extended uncertainty of torque calibration work: UIB
・Extended uncertainty of measured torque: UIT (UIT² = UIA² + UIB²)
・Extended uncertainty of torque wrench tester: UC
・Extended uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester: UT (UT² = UIT² + UC²)

4) Uncertainty of torque calibration kit

Standard
Factors uncertainty
・Mass (standard dead weight) 0.0004% Combined standard uncertainty for force
・Mass for measurement 0.01%
・Gravitational acceleration 0.005%
(＊Refer to P. 23, ''Acceleration of gravity'')
・Corrections of specific gravity 0.015%
・Vertical/horizontal conversion 0.014%

･ Scale (calibration) 0.006%

Combined standard uncertainty of length of lever
･ Length of lever
(process tolerance) 0.02%
･ Diameter of wire 0.02%
･ Elongation of lever 0.014% Combined standard uncertainty of torque calibration kit

Extended standard uncertainty of torque calibration kit (k = 2) ;

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5) Uncertainty of torque calibration

Factors Standard uncertainty
・Horizontality of wire 0.06%
・Inclination of lever (horizontality) 0.06%
・Length of lever (angle of drive) 0.03%
・Newton conversion 0.03%
・Repeated uncertainty 0.1%

Combined standard uncertainty of torque calibration work:

Extended uncertainty of torque calibration work:

Extended uncertainty of calibration torque:

6) Uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester

Factors Standard uncertainty
・Resolution of torque wrench tester (zero point) 0.06%
・Resolution of torque wrench tester (display) 0.06%
・Friction of axis bearing area 0.005%
・Uncertainty of gauge 0.14%
・Uncertainty of display 0.14%
Combined standard uncertainty of torque wrench tester:

Extended uncertainty of torque wrench tester:

Extended uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester:

7) Traceability of torque tools

The extended uncertainty of the torque wrench tester is required to be below ±1% (k = 2).
The extended uncertainty of the torque of the torque calibration kit should be below ±0.3% (k = 2).
Therefore, the standard uncertainty of the calibration kit is expected to be below 0.15%.
Each standard uncertainty of inferior characteristics that is below 0.015% can be ignored.

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(5) Accuracy of torque tools

Situation where calibration of a torque wrench or torque screwdriver is being carried out using a measuring instrument.
Match the indicated value on the index of the graduated scale of the measuring instrument being calibrated with the measuring
point, and read the numbers on the measuring instrument.

As (%): Torque tool deviation measured value

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

　 : Torque tool indicated value
　 : Reference value (Determined using the calibration equipment)

Torque tool indicated value – Reference value (Calibration equipment)

Torque tool deviation = x 100
Reference value (Calibration equipment)

Torque tool indicated value Reference value (Calibration equipment)

Calculation example　　As (%)　　 = 100　　 = 104

（100 ­ 104） 100

As ＝ ＝ ­ 3.85%
104

Figure 6-12. Accuracy

Maximum scale
最大目盛 value
±
%
Accepttable
Measured torque
実測トルク

合格範囲
range

Minimum scale or main

最小目盛、または
minimum
最小主目盛 scale value

Torque目盛上のトルク
shown on the scale

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Table 6-2. List of torque equipment accuracies

Equipment Name Model Name Accuracy

Digital torque wrench tester TF, TCC, DOTE

Digital torque meter TME

Digital torque screwdriver ±1% + 1digit

TDT
tester
Digital torque wrench
LC
checker

Digital torque screwdriver STC

±1%
Digital torque wrench CEM, CTA, CTA-P, CTB

Analog torque meter TG, TM

±2%
Analog torque wrench tester DOT

FTD-S, FTD, MTD, RTD,

Manual torque screwdriver
LTD, NTD, RNTD, AMLD
F, DB, CDB, QL, CL,
±3%
Manual torque wrench *±5%
YCL, QSP, SP
( *repaired)
Semi-automatic torque
A, AC
wrench
U, AUR, AS, AP, MC, DAP,
Power torque tool
HAT
±5%

(6) Durable accuracy of torque tools (Tohnichi standards)

■ Manual torque tools・・・・・
100,000 cycles (operation at maximum torque value) or one year.
For click type torque wrenches, by measuring and adjusting each 100,000
cycles, it will be possible to use for up to around 1,000,000 cycles for a
capacity of 420 N·m or less, 500,000 cycles between 550-1000 N·m, and
250,000 cycles for 1400 N·m or more.
■ Power torque tools・・・・・ 500,000 〜 1,000,000 cycles (operation at maximum torque) or one year.

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 Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment Chapter 6-4
6-4. Control Method

Every torque tool will operate in error at some time. To prevent this, daily checking and regular calibration are required
Daily check (Regular) : To prevent the occurrence of a large quantity of defects.
Periodic calibration : To control the accuracy of torque tools (For traceability)
Table 6-3. Individual control and centralized control
Individual control Centralized control
Torque wrench accuracy inspection Daily inspection by the worker Regular inspection in the tool room
Earlier detection to prevent the occurrence Can be detected only during a regular

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

Degradation of torque of a large number of defective products. inspection. Linked to the discovery of a
large number of defective products.
Can prevent occurrence beforehand. In case of breakdown, this will be the first time
Torque wrench breakdown to discover it.
Click-type torque wrench. Indicating type (All types when individual
Applicable torque wrenches Powered-type torque wrench. control is not being carried out.)
Torque wrench tester Torque wrench checker (LC) Torque wrench tester (DOT, DOTE, TF, TCC)
Precision check, and replacement only Replacement of defective torque wrenches.
Worker of defective components of torque
Control of torque wrenches.
wrench Checking of testers in the field and Checking of all normal and defective torque
Tool room readjustment or arranging the repair only wrenches and arrangement of repairs or
of defective torque wrenches. readjustment of defective torque wrenches.

(2) Selection of testers

Checker (for daily check) ･･････ ■ Dead weight correction is necessary because the dead weight of the
torque wrench will be added in the vertical direction. (LC, etc.)
■ Loading is not stable all the time because it is loaded by hand, not with
loading equipment. (Speed, position, direction, etc.)
Tester (for calibration) ･･･････ ■ Loading is not affected by gravitational acceleration (g) because the
torque wrench is loaded in the horizontal direction.
■ The speed, loaded position, and direction can be constant because
loading is applied by loading equipment.
Table 6-4. Selection of testers
Checker Tester
Checker / Torque Torque range Torque range
Spec. Tester For For rotating Torque range
range 1:30 1:10
wrenches equipment (Mechanical) 1:10 (Digital)
model Wide (Digital)
(Digital)
LC ST TDT DOT DOTE TF,TCC
Torque Power tool, Torque
Measured instrument Torque wrench Torque wrench Torque wrench
wrench Torque wrench screwdriver
Accuracy ±1% + 1digit ±1% + 1digit ±1% + 1digit ±2% ±1% + 1digit ±1% + 1digit
Small, Small, medium, Small, medium, Small, medium,
Capacity Small Small, medium
medium large large large large
Analog display x x x ○ x x
Digital display ○ ○ ○ x ○ ○
Manual
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○（TCC）
(handle driven)
Powered
x x x ○（DOT-MD） ○（DOTE-MD） ○（TF）
(motor driven)
Measurement direction Right Right / left Right/left Right Right/left Right/left
Price ◎ ◎ ○ ◎ ○ △
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(3) Testers for torque tools Table 6-5. Torque tools and Testers / Checkers
Torque tools Tester / Checker
Pneumatic screwdriver TCF + TP + CD42
Semi-automatic airtork DOT, DOTE, LC, TF, TCC Torque Wrench Tester
Fully automatic airtork TCF + TP + CD42, ST
Multiple unit TCF + TP + CD42, ST
Manual torque screwdriver TDT
Manual torque wrench DOT, DOTE, TCC, LC, TF Torque wrench tester
Torque meter Calibration kit (dead weight + calibration lever)

(4) Standards of Tohnichi, ISO, JIS (ISO 6789, JIS B 4652)

Table 6-6. Permissible deviation of torque value
1. Tohnichi standard Wrench / Screwdriver ±3%
A. Dial Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
2. ISO standard
indicating Screwdriver ±6%
type Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
3. JIS standard
Screwdriver ±6%
1.Tohnichi standard Wrench / Screwdriver ±3%
Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
B. Adjustable 2. ISO standard ±6%
Screwdriver
type
Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
3. JIS standard
Screwdriver ±6%
1.Tohnichi standard Wrench / Screwdriver ±3%
Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
2. ISO standard
C. Preset type Screwdriver ±6%
Wrench Below 10 N·m ±6% Above 10 N·m±4%
3. JIS standard
Screwdriver ±6%

Table 6-7. Measurement procedure

1. Tohnichi
A. Dial standard Preliminary loading at maximum capacity → Release
indicating loading → Zero adjustment → Measure 5 times at
2. ISO standard
type each measuring point
3. JIS standard
1. Tohnichi
B. Adjustable standard 5 times preliminary loading at maximum capacity →
type 2. ISO standard Measure 5 times at each measuring point
3. JIS standard
1. Tohnichi
standard 5 times preliminary loading at torque set value →
C. Preset type
2. ISO standard Measure 5 times
3. JIS standard

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Table 6-8. Measurement point

1. Tohnichi standard
A. Dial indicating
2. ISO standard
type
3. JIS standard 20%, 60%, 100%
1. Tohnichi standard of maximum torque value
B. Adjustable type 2. ISO standard
3. JIS standard
1. Tohnichi standard
C. Preset type 2. ISO standard Torque set value

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

3. JIS standard

(5) Naming of torque tools Table 6-9. Naming of torque tools

Type I Indicating type torque tool (ISO, JIS) Tohnichi equivalent model
Class A Twisting or deflection beam type wrench F, CF, T
High rigidity housing type wrench with scale, dial, or display
Class B DB, CDB
unit
Class C High rigidity housing type wrench with electronic indicator CEM
Class D Screwdriver with scale, dial, or display unit FTD
Class E Screwdriver with electronic indicator STC

Type II Adjustable type torque tool (ISO, JIS) Tohnichi equivalent model
Class A Variable torque type wrench with graduations or display unit QL, CL, PQL
Class B Fixed torque type wrench QSP, CSP
Class C Variable torque type wrench with no graduations -
Class D Variable torque type screwdriver with graduations or display unit LTD, RTD
Class E Fixed torque type screwdriver NTD, RNTD
Class F Variable torque type screwdriver with no graduations -
Class G Deflection beam / variable torque type wrench with graduations -

(6) Cautions for calibration of torque tools

Common items・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ■ Calibration equipment: The maximum permissible uncertainty of the calibration equipment:
measurement should be ±1% of the indicated value. (including coefficient k = 2)
■ Calibration temperature: Should be in the range of 18 to 28°C and should have a
temperature variation of less than ±1°C. (The maximum relative humidity should be 90%)
Type I Indicating type torque tools・・ ■ Setting: within ±3%, applied force within ±10°, screwdriver gradient within ±5°.
■ Preliminary loading: Carry out preliminary loading one time up to the maximum value in
the working direction, and set to zero after releasing the load.
■ Loading method: Load gradually with increasing force until the indicated torque value is reached.

Type II Adjustable type torque tools・・ ■ Setting: within ±3%, applied force within ±10°, screwdriver gradient within ±5°.
■ Preliminary loading: Carry out loading five times to the maximum capacity (torque tool nominal
capacity) in the working direction, and carry out averaging.
■ Loading method: After loading gradually with increasing force up to 80% of the target
torque value, slowly apply a final loading evenly over 0.5 to 4 seconds to reach the target
torque value.

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