There are many Affacting factor.
For Orthogonal Cutting can be be classified into 3
workpiece factor,knife/blade factor and feeding factor.
For workpiece factor is wood species.Each species of wood is unique in its structure.
Therefore, workpieces of difference species are difference in either coefficient of friction
(between the wood and the knife) or machining characteristic. After that is Moisture content
(MC),MC has an effect on workpiece coefficient of friction. Workpiece of different MC are
different in the coefficient of friction and thus are also different in the cutting forces. Next is
the cutting plane (R,T,X) because of systematic arrangement of wood fiber which is
elongated longitudinally, along with systematic annual rings and rays formations, the wood
has 3 different cutting planes: tangential T, radial R, transversal X. Other than that,The
density of wood have relation to the size of lumen and the thickness of cell wall. The size of
lumen and the thickness of cell wall are related to the wood strength. High density wood
need more forces to cut and to bend. Last is temperatures because have an effect on the
coefficient of friction and elasticity of workpiece. Both the coefficient friction and wood
elasticity have an effect on the cutting forces.
For Blade factors is Angles of the knife. Angles of the knife are not only give an effect on
the cutting performance but also on the cutting quality. Each angle must be maintained
optimal. Next factor is Sharpness of the knife edge A sharp knife cuts the wood (cell) clearly,
the cutting forces are small, and the cutting surfaces are clean. A blunt knife crushes the
Lateral vibrations. Other than that, Lateral vibration is the vibrations or movements of knife
laterally against the cutting direction. wood cell instead of cut high cutting forces, fuzzy
cutting surface, and unstable cutting line. Last for Blade factor is Bias angle .Bias angle is the
angle between the line perpendicular to the knife edge and the cutting direction.
For Feed factors is Width of cut. Width of cut refer to the width of workpiece
perpendicular to the cutting direction. Width of cut gives proportional effect on the cutting
forces. Next is Depth of cut and grain orientation.Depth of cut and the relative grain
orientation against the cutting direction give a significant effect on the cutting forces. Last
for Feed factor is Feed speed (f).In orthogonal cutting, feed speed (f) equal to the cutting
speed (c). The feed speed gives an effect on the cutting force.
There are many Affacting factor. For Peripheral milling can be be classified into 3
workpiece factor,knife/blade factor and feeding factor.
For Workpiece factors is Wood species,same with orthogonal cutting. Next is Moisture
content (MC),the higher the MC, the higher the cutting forces. Next is density, also same
with factor Orthogonal cutting.Last is Cutting surface (R, T). The cutting forces at the radial
surface are slightly higher than the cutting forces at the tangential surface.
For Cutterhead factors, first factor is Cutting speed the higher the cutting speed, the
higher the cutting forces relationship.Next is Diameter of cutting circle. The higher the
cutting circle, the higher the cutting forces. The effects of the cutting circle to the cutting
forces are emphasized when workpiece is wet. This is due to of high acceleration force.The
higher the cutting circle, the higher the cutting quality this is because of decreasing of the
height of knife mark (h). Number of knife in cutterhead (n) The higher the number of knives
in the cutterhead, the higher the cutting forces. Next is Geometry, The smaller the rake
angle, the higher the cutting forces. The effect may differ between wet and dry workpiece.
Next factor is The sharpness of the knife the smaller the cutting forces. Next is, Width of
“joint”, the wider the knife joint, the smaller the and the higher the cutting forces. Next
factor is Knife extension, the lower the knife extension, the higher the cutting forces. Next is
Gib shape, The shape of the knife gib can be square or curve. The gib shape gives effect on
the gullet effectiveness, and thus to the cutting forces. Next is Bias angle,the greater the bias
angle, the lower the cutting forces.
For the Feeding factors, first is Feed speed (f), feed or bite per knife (ft) and number of
knife in cutterhead (n) have correlations each other ft = f / (n.N). Next is Depth of cut (d)
The deeper the depth of cut, the higher the cutting forces. Next is Relationship between
cutterhead rotation & feeding direction (up and down milling). Up milling is better than
down milling and more common than down milling
