Grade 12

PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
Module 3: POLARITY OF MOLECULES AND ITS
PROPERTIES
1st Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Prepared by:

LLENA A. NARDO
Subject Teacher

____________________________________________________________________________
MDM-Sagay College, Inc.
Office: Feliza Bldg., Marañon St. Pob 2, Sagay City
Campus: National Highway, Poblacion 2, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
Tel.# 488-0531/ email: [email protected].

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Module 3: Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
Lesson 1. Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
Learning Outcomes: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define solubility, miscibility and polarity;
2. Identify the different types of intermolecular forces of attraction;
3. Explain how polarity of molecules related to its properties

What I know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is TRUE of polar molecules?

i. Have high boiling point iii. low surface tension

ii. Have high melting point iv. High vapor pressure
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. IV only

2. Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) is arranged from strongest to
weakest?
a. H- bonding – dipole-dipole – London forces
b. London-forces – dipole-dipole – H-bonding
c. Dipole-dipole – London forces – H- bonding
d. H-bonding – London forces – dipole-dipole

For numbers 3-6, consider the choices below:

3. Refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow.
a. boiling point c. Viscosity
b. solubility d. vapor pressure

4. Is temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.

5. Defined as the pressure exerted by a substance when in its gaseous state.
6. The ability of a substance to be dissolved in another substance to form a solution.

7. The following are examples of viscous substances EXCEPT:

a. blood c. vinegar
b. honey d. syrup

8. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about water?

a. has high surface tension
b. has high boiling point
c. has low viscosity
d. becomes denser when freezes

9. Which of the following substances will most likely be miscible in water?

a. Benzene (C6H6)
b. Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O)
c. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
d. toluene (C6H5CH3)

Which of the following will dissolve in polar solvents?

a. nonpolar solvents and ionic compounds
b. polar solvents and ionic compound
c. nonpolar solvents and ionic compounds
d. all of the above

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True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

10.The floating of ice on liquid water is an indication that ice has higher density
than liquid water.
11. The volatility of a substance depends on its vapor pressure.
12. Alcohol is less volatile than vinegar.
13. Between water (H2O) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), water has higher boiling
point.
14. Vapor pressure is inversely proportional to the strength of intermolecular
forces present.

What’s New
Analyze the lyrics of the song,
“Tubig at Langis”, and answer the questions below.
TUBIG AT LANGIS
Sharon Cuneta
Tubig at langis, ang katayuannati‟yyan ang kawangis
Pilitinmangmagsam‟y may mahahapis
Ganyang-ganyantayongdalawa
Ang panuntunan‟ymagkaiba
Langis at tubig, „di mapagsama ng tunaymangpag-ibig
Hinanakit ang s‟yanglagingmananaig
Mahal na mahal man kita
May mahal ka namangiba

Chorus:
Tubig at langis
Idarang man sainit, „di rin tatamis
Dahil ang halo‟yluha‟tpaghihinagpis
Ang kirot ay di maalis kung labis
Bakitnanaig ang dusasaligayasa „ting daigdig ?
May dasalbaakonghindiN‟yanarinig ?
Papelnatinsapag-ibig
Ako‟ylangis, ika‟ytubig

Guide Question:
1. What is the message of the song?
2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen? Will it create a single homogenous phase or will
it form two layers? Why?
3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when heated? Support your answer.

What is It
A. Polarity, Solubility, and Miscibility

One of the practical applications of polarity of molecule in real-life scenario is

manifested on the solubility and miscibility of substances to form solution.
Solubility is defined as the ability of a solid substance to be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent while miscibility is the ability of the two liquids to combine or mix in all proportions,
creating a homogenous mixture.
The general rule to remember about the solubility and miscibility of molecular compounds
can be summarized in a phrase, “like dissolves like” or “like mixes with like”. This means that
polar substances will only be dissolved or mixed with polar substances while nonpolar
substances will be soluble or miscible with another nonpolar substance.
Now I want you to try the exercises below in order to assess how much you have
understood the solubility (and miscibility) rule of substances in relation to their polarity.

Which of the following substances below will most likely mix with each other?

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 a. water (H2O) and chloroform (CHCl3)
b. benzene (C6H6) and chloroform (CHCl3)
c. water (H2O) and vinegar (CH3COOH)
d. acetone (C3H6O) and toluene (C6H5CH3)
e. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and water (H2O)

What chemistry concept did you used in answering the question above? If you answered
polarity of molecules, then you are on the right track. Great job! Benzene and chloroform are
both nonpolar compounds while water and vinegar are both polar compounds, thus they are
miscible to each other. However, the rest is a combination of polar and nonpolar molecules and
therefore will not mix and instead will form two layers even if shaken or carefully stirred.

B. Bond Strength and Physical Properties of Covalent Compounds

From the previous module, you learned the intramolecular forces of attraction, the attractive
force that binds atoms together. In this module, you will learn another type of attractive force,
the intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) which exists between molecules.
In this lesson, we will not discuss IMFA in so much detail because it will be tackled to you
in the next module. We will just focus on the following salient points of IMFA and its effect on the
physical properties of covalent compounds:

1. There are several types of IMFA and below they are arranged from STRONGEST to
WEAKEST.
Ion-dipole → H-bonding→ dipole-dipole→dipole-induced dipole→
London forces of attraction

2. The strength of IMFA greatly affects the physical properties of substances such as
boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, surface tension, etc.

Before we move further, try to perform the exercise below to test your ability to analyze
concepts and principles that you have learned from the discussion.
Put a check (/) to those properties applicable for polar molecule.
____1. High boiling point ____7. High vapor pressure
____2. Low boiling point ____8. Low vapor pressure
____3. High melting point ____9. High surface tension
____4. Low melting point ____10. Low surface tension
____5. High volatility ____11. H-bonding & dipole-dipole present
____6. Low volatility ____12. London dispersion is present

How well did you perform in this exercise? Continue reading for you to find out the correct
answers for this activity.

From the above discussion you learned that there are several types of IMFA and their
relative strength as compared to other types. Strong intermolecular forces tend to yield solids
and liquids while weak intermolecular forces favor formation of gases.
Table 1 shows the comparison of the various types of IMFA while table 2 shows the physical
properties of polar and nonpolar molecules as affected by the type of IMFA present.

Table 1. Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)

Type of IMFA Interacting Substances Examples
Ion-dipole Ion (cation or anion) and a NaCl dissolved in H2O;
polar molecule
Ca2+ and PCl3

Hydrogen bonding Polar molecules containing H2O, NH3, CH3OH

H chemically bonded to a
small and highly
electronegative nonmetal
atom such as N, O, and F

Dipole –dipole Polar molecules CH3F and H2S; HCl;

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 Dipole-induced dipole Polar and nonpolar HI and CH4
molecules

London forces All substances and solely for O2, N2, He gas, Br2
nonpolar molecules and
noble gases

Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules

Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

• IMFA type: H-bonding • IMFA type: London

and dipole-dipol dispersion
• exist as solids or liquids • exist as gases at room
at room temperature temperature
• High boiling point
• Low boiling point

• High melting point • Low melting point

• High surface tension • Low surface tension

• Low vapor pressure • High vapor pressure

• Low volatility • High volatility

• Soluble in water • Insoluble in water

Let us define the physical properties of substances:

A. Boiling point: temperature at which the vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure of a
liquid substance are equal.

B. Melting point: temperature at which solid becomes liquid. At this point, the solid and
liquid phases exist in equilibrium.

C. Surface tension: energy needed to increase the surface area by a unit amount;

D. Viscosity: the resistance of the liquid to flow

E. Vapor pressure: pressure exerted by a substance in its gaseous state.

F. Volatility: measures the rate at which a substance vaporizes (changes from liquid to
gas)

In the simplest sense, boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension increase as
the strength of intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand, vapor pressure and volatility
decrease with increasing strength of IMFA. London dispersion forces increase as the molecular
mass of a substance increases. Unlike in H-bonding, as the molar mass increases, the boiling
point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension decrease.

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 What’s More

Activity 1. Strength of IMFA and Physical Properties of Covalent

Compounds
For each pair of molecules, identify the one with the higher boiling point (BP), melting point
(MP), viscosity (V), surface tension (ST) and vapor pressure (VP). Briefly explain your choice.
BP MP V ST VP

Methane, CH4 carbon tetrachloride, CCl4

Dihydrogen sulfide, H2S water, H2O

Methanol, CH3OH ethanol, CH3CH2OH

Acetic acid, CH3COOH acetone, CH3OCH3

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following IMFAs is considered as the weakest? a. H-bonding

b. Ion-dipole
c. Dipole-dipole
d. London forces

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 2. The boiling point of water is greater than dihydrogen sulfide because of ______.
a. Dipole-dipole bond
b. H-bonding
c. London dispersion
d. Ion-dipole

3. Which of the following substances will dissolve most likely in water? a. Oil
b. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
c. Vinegar (CH3COOH)
d. Hexane (C6H14)

4. Which of the following molecules has high melting point?

a. CHCl3
b. CCl4
c. BCl3
d. BeCl2

5. ______ refers to the energy required to increase the surface area by a unit amount.
a. Viscosity
b. Surface tension
c. Vapor pressure
d. Density

6. Which of the following statements is TRUE about nonpolar molecules

a. Have high boiling point
b. Have high melting point
c. Have low surface tension
d. Have low vapor pressure

7. Which of the following substances is miscible in hexane (C6H14)?

a. Acetone (C3H6O)
b. Vinegar (CH3COOH)
c. Chloroform (CHCl3)
d. Methanol (CH3OH)

8. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT:

a. H-bond
b. Dipole-dipole
c. Covalent bond
d. London forces

9. Which of the following properties has indirect relationship with the strength of IMFA?
a. Boiling point
b. Melting point
c. Surface tension
d. Vapor pressure

10. In which of the following solvents would molecular iodine (I2) be most soluble?
a. Vinegar
b. Water
c. Ethyl alcohol
d. Carbon tetrachloride

True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. H-bonds are broken when ice melts.

12. Molecules with H-bonds have higher boiling point than molecules with dipole-dipole
bond.
13. In covalent molecules, vapor pressure decreases with decreasing strength of
intermolecular forces.
14. When the attractive forces holding particles together are greater, you have to get to a
higher temperature to break those forces, so the melting point is higher.
15. The strength of dispersion (London) forces tends to increase with increased
molecular weight.