Titration Calculations: Calculating A Concentration
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Mohamed MaherTitration Calculations: Calculating A Concentration
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Mohamed MaherCHEMISTRY
Titration calculations
HIGHER This whole page covers Higher material
Calculating a concentration A titration should be repeated to
culate
In a titration, you will know the concentration identify any anomalous values. Cal
and volume of one of the reagents. You will the volume of solution added from
rt
only know the volume of the other reagent – the burette by subtracting the sta
h
its concentration will have to be calculated reading from the end reading in eac
using the mean volume from the titration. The run. Any anomalous volumes should
an
worked example below shows you the steps be left out when calculating the me
needed to do this. volume added.
25.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was pipetted into a conical Divide by 1000 to convert
from cm3 to dm .
flask. It was titrated against 0.10 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. 3
The mean volume of acid needed was 24.00 cm3.
(a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
(b) Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide used Notice that you do not need to
in the titration above. use any relative atomic masses
or relative formula masses in
Volume of HCl = 24.00 cm3 ÷ 1000 = 0.024 dm3
these calculations.
Number of moles of HCl = concentration × volume
= 0.10 mol dm–3 × 0.024 dm3 = 0.0024 mol
From the equation, 1 mol of HCl reacts with 1 mol of NaOH, so there will be 0.0024 mol of NaOH
Volume of NaOH = 25.00 cm3 ÷ 1000 = 0.025 dm3
Concentration of NaOH = number of moles ÷ volume
= 0.0024 mol ÷ 0.025 dm3 = 0.096 mol dm–3
1. 25.00 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, KOH,
solution was pipetted into a conical flask.
target
It was titrated against 0.20 mol dm–3 nitric
A*-C acid, HNO3.
A titration calculation like this one is usually
(a) A group of students carried out the worth three marks in the examination. In a recent
experiment three times and the volume examination, fewer than one in ten of students
of acid used was 25.5cm3, 29.0 cm3 gained full marks and over half only gained one
and 27.5 cm3. Calculate the mean mark. Remember that your working out often earns
volume of the acid used. (2 marks) marks, even if the final answer is wrong.
(b) With another group of students the
Students have struggled with this topic
mean volume of the acid used was in recent exams - be prepared!
28.00 cm3. Calculate the concentration
of potassium hydroxide solution.
(3 marks)
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02-Unit_2_Chemistry_pp035-065.indd 44 25/9/12 09:49:46
CHEMISTRY
More calculations
from equations
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Calculating a volume
You can use mole calculations to predict the volume of one reagent that will neutralise a
measured volume of another reagent. To do this, you need to know the concentrations of
both reactants.
with 2 mol
Notice that 1 mol of H2SO4 reacts
situation
of NaOH. This is different than the
n 1 mol of
(a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction when hydrochloric acid is used, whe
H:
between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. HCl reacts with just 1 mol of NaO
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
(b) What volume of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid will be needed to neutralise 25.00 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution? vert
Divide by 1000 to con
Volume of NaOH = 25.00 cm3 ÷ 1000 = 0.025 dm3 from cm3 to dm .
3
Number of moles of NaOH = concentration × volume
= 0.8 mol dm–3 × 0.025 dm3 = 0.02 mol
acid and
From the equation, 1 mol of H2SO4 reacts The ‘mole ratio’ between sulfuric
1:2 – this is why
with 2 mol of NaOH, so there will be sodium hydroxide solution is
is half
0.01 mol of H2SO4 the number of moles of sulfuric acid
hyd rox ide.
the number of moles of sodium
Volume of H2SO4 = number of moles ÷ concentration
= 0.01 mol ÷ 1.0 mol dm–3 = 0.01 dm3 (or 10 cm3)
Multiply by 1000 to
convert from dm to cm .
3 3
1. Calculate the volume of 0.5 mol dm–3 3. Calculate the volume of 0.25 mol dm–3
target hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise sulfuric acid needed to neutralise 20.00
target
25.00 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 sodium cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
C-A* hydroxide solution. (3 marks) C-A* solution. (3 marks)
2. Calculate the volume of 0.10 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution needed to
neutralise 20.00 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid. (3 marks)
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CHEMISTRY
Chemistry extended writing 1
When answering extended writing questions you should try to:
✓ apply your scientific knowledge
✓ present your answer in a logical and organised way
✓ write full sentences, and make sure that your spelling, punctuation and grammar are
as good as you can make them.
Ammonium bromide, NH4Br, is a white solid.
Describe chemical tests that you could carry on an unknown solid to identify if it is ammonium bromide.
You should include balanced chemical equations for any tests that you describe. (6 marks)
Sample answer 1
You can do a flame test for the ammonium ion and the flame goes yellow. To test for
bromide ions, you add silver nitrate. This makes a sort of creamy-white precipitate of
silver bromide.
This is a basic answer. The flame test is not correct – ammonium ions do not give a
flame colour. The test for the bromide ion is correct, although it does not give the other
reagent added. However, it does identify the substance that makes the cream precipitate.
Sample answer 2
Ammonium ion: add sodium hydroxide solution. This makes ammonia gas, which has a nasty
smell. It’s also alkaline.
Bromide ion: add nitric acid and then silver nitrate solution. This makes a creamy
precipitate. The equation is NH4Br (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgBr (s) + NH4NO3 (aq)
This is a good answer. The description of the bromide ion test is very good: the chemical
substances suggested for the test are correct and ‘creamy’ is OK although ‘cream’
is more usual. The equation is also correct, including the state symbols. The test for
the ammonium ion is mostly correct, but there are some important details missing. The
solution usually needs warming, and there should be a test given for ammonia gas (using
moist red litmus paper). These details would make the answer excellent – if you added the
equation for the reaction of ammonium bromide with sodium hydroxide to make ammonia
gas, the examiner would be very impressed indeed!
1. A chemist wants to make a sample of the soluble Remember that the method you
salt potassium chloride. He has been given need here is titration. You need
a solution of potassium hydroxide and some to say how this method works.
hydrochloric acid. Remember that the final crystals
Describe how he would make pure, dry crystals of made need to be dry and pure.
potassium chloride. (6 marks)
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