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Raman PDF

The document discusses Raman amplifiers, which use transmission fiber as the gain medium through stimulated Raman scattering to amplify optical signals. Raman amplifiers have advantages like being ultra-wideband, having low noise figures when used with EDFAs, and being applicable to scenarios where regeneration sites are difficult. However, they also have disadvantages like typically providing lower gain than EDFAs and requiring high pump optical powers and high-quality fibers. Raman amplifiers can be classified as forward-pumped or backward-pumped depending on the direction of the pump light relative to the signal light.

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257 views3 pages

Raman PDF

The document discusses Raman amplifiers, which use transmission fiber as the gain medium through stimulated Raman scattering to amplify optical signals. Raman amplifiers have advantages like being ultra-wideband, having low noise figures when used with EDFAs, and being applicable to scenarios where regeneration sites are difficult. However, they also have disadvantages like typically providing lower gain than EDFAs and requiring high pump optical powers and high-quality fibers. Raman amplifiers can be classified as forward-pumped or backward-pumped depending on the direction of the pump light relative to the signal light.

Uploaded by

Ala Tulle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gezira College of Technology

The supervisor is:


Introduction to Raman Amplifiers

Raman Amplifier
The Raman amplifier is a distributed amplifier. It uses a transmission fiber as the gain medium
and can be used at both the transmit end (for forward amplification) and the receive end (for
backward amplification).
The erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is a centralized amplifier that uses the erbium-
doped fiber (EDF) as the gain medium

Working Mechanism of Raman Amplification


Based on the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect, a Raman amplifier uses a transmission
fiber as the gain medium to transfer Raman pump power to C-band signals for amplification.
The basic principles for SRS are as follows: If weak signal light and strong pump light are
transmitted along a fiber concurrently, and their wavelength difference is within the Raman
gain spectrum range (about 70–100 nm) of the fiber, the energy of the strong pump light is
coupled to the oscillation mode of the fiber silicon material through stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS), and then the energy is transmitted at a long wavelength, which is the
wavelength of the signal light. In this way, the weak signal light is amplified, and the Raman
gain is obtained.

Advantages of Raman Amplifiers


 Ultra-wideband amplifiers: The gain wavelengths of Raman amplifiers depend on
pump light wavelengths. Theoretically, optical signals of any wavelength can be
amplified when the pump light wavelength is proper.
Low noise figure: The Raman amplifier and EDFA can be used together to effectively
reduce the total noise of the system, improve the system OSNR, and extend the
unregenerated transmission distance and the total transmission distance.
 Wide application: The gain medium of a Raman amplifier is the transmission fiber itself.
The amplification is distributed along the fiber instead of being centralized. The optical
power of signals in the fiber is low. Therefore, the interference of non-linear effects,
especially the four-wave mixing (FWM) effects, can be reduced. In this way, long-haul
unregenerated transmission and remote pumping can be achieved. This solution is
especially applicable to scenarios where regeneration sites are difficult to be deployed,
such as seabeds and deserts.

Disadvantages of Raman Amplifiers


 Low gain: Generally, the gain of an Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) is less than 15 dB.
Therefore, an RFA needs to work with an EDFA.
 High pump optical power: Be cautious of security risks during delivery.
 High requirements on fiber quality and difficult delivery.

Classification and Application of Raman Amplifiers


Raman amplifiers can be classified into forward pump and backward pump modes.

Application
Pump Mode Definition Feature
Position
1. Amplifies the

The pump light and Wavelengths that cannot be amplified

Forward pump signal light are in the Tx end by the EDFA. 2. Increases the gain
same direction. flatness of the Raman

Amplifier.

Compared with the forward pump,

The pump light and the backward pump can avoid

Backward pump signal light are in Rx end the pump noise crosstalk into the signal,
different directions. so as to reduce the amplifier noise and

polarization dependence.

1.4 References:
[1] H. Masuda, “Review of wideband hybrid amplifiers,” in Tech. Dig. OFC’00,
[2] S. Namiki and Y. Emori, “Ultrabroad-band Raman amplifiers pumped and gain-equalized
by wavelength-division-multiplexed high-power laser diodes,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum
Electron., vol. 7, Jan.–Feb. 2001.

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