TRANSFORMERS

MUQADSA IFTIKHAR
FA13-R09-005
ZUNAIB ALI
FA13-R09-013
MADIHA NAEEM
FA13-R09-024
 TRANSFORMER ACTION
A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction
(transformer action). The electrical energy is always
transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve
changes in magnitudes of voltage and current.
So In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change in frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
It is based on principle of MUTUAL INDUCTION.
According to which an e.m.f. is induced in a coil when current
in the neighboring coil changes.
 COMPONENTS OF A
TRANSFORMER
The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are:
• The CORE,
which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
• The PRIMARY WINDING,
which receives energy from the ac source.
• The SECONDARY WINDING,
which receives energy from the primary winding and delivers it
to the load.
• The ENCLOSURE,
which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and
mechanical damage.
 CORE CHARACTERISTICS
 The composition of a transformer core depends on factors such
as voltage, current, and frequency.
 Size limitations and construction costs are also factors to be
considered.
 Commonly used core materials are

Air
Soft Iron
Steel
 CONTINUED…
• air-core transformers are used when the voltage source has a
high frequency (above 20 kHz).

• Iron-core transformers are usually used when the source

frequency is low (below 20 kHz). The iron-core transformer
provides better power transfer than does the air-core
transformer.

• A soft-iron-core transformer is very useful where the

transformer must be physically small, yet efficient.
 LAMINATED CORES
 A transformer whose core is constructed of laminated sheets of
steel dissipates heat readily; thus it provides for the efficient
transfer of power.
 These steel laminations are insulated with a non-conducting
material, such as varnish, and then formed into a core. It takes
about 50 such laminations to make a core an inch thick.
 The purpose of the laminations is to reduce certain losses.
 An important point to remember is that the most efficient
transformer core is one that offers the best path for the most
lines of flux with the least loss in magnetic and electrical
energy.
HOLLOW CORE TRANSFORMERS
• There are two main shapes of cores used in laminated-steel-
core transformers. One is the HOLLOW CORE, so named
because the core is shaped with a hollow square through the
center. Figure illustrates this shape of core.
 HOLLOW CORE TRANSFORMERS
• The core is made up of many laminations of steel.
• Figure illustrates how the transformer windings are wrapped
around both sides of the core.
 SHELL CORE TRANSFORMERS
• The most popular and efficient transformer core is the SHELL
CORE, as illustrated in figure.
• Each layer of the core consists of E- and I-shaped sections of
metal. These sections are butted together to form the
laminations. The laminations are insulated from each other and
then pressed together to form the core.
 TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• When the primary winding is completely wound, it is wrapped
in insulating paper or cloth. The secondary winding is then
wound on top of the primary winding. After the secondary
winding is complete, it too is covered with insulating paper.
• Next, the E and I sections of the iron core are inserted into and
around the windings as shown.
 TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• The figure shows four leads, two from the primary and two
from the secondary. These leads are to be connected to the
source and load, respectively.
 SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR
TRANSFORMER
• The symbol for an air-core transformer is shown in figure (A).
Parts (B) and (C) show iron-core transformers .
 HOW A TRANSFORMER WORKS
NO-LOAD CONDITION
• A no-load condition is said to exist when a voltage is applied to
the primary, but no load is connected to the secondary, as
illustrated by figure.
 EXCITING CURRENT
• With the switch open and an ac voltage applied to the primary, a
very small amount of current called EXCITING CURRENT
flowing in the primary. The exciting current does is "excite" the
coil of the primary to create a magnetic field.

• Exciting Current will flow in the primary winding at all times to

maintain this magnetic field, but no transfer of energy will take
place as long as the secondary circuit is open.
 HOW A TRANSFORMER WORKS
EFFECT OF A LOAD
• When a load device is connected across the secondary winding
of a transformer, current flows through the secondary and the
load. The magnetic field produced by the current in the
secondary interacts with the magnetic field produced by the
current in the primary. This interaction results from the mutual
inductance between the primary and secondary windings.
 COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING
• The COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING of a transformer is
dependent on the portion of the total flux lines that cuts both
primary and secondary windings.
• Ideally, all the flux lines generated by the primary should cut
the secondary, and all the lines of the flux generated by the
secondary should cut the primary.
• The coefficient of coupling would then be one (unity), and
maximum energy would be transferred from the primary to the
secondary.
• Practical power transformers use high-permeability silicon
steel cores and close spacing between the windings to provide
a high coefficient of coupling.
 LEAKAGE FLUX
• Lines of flux generated by one winding which do not link with
the other winding are called LEAKAGE FLUX.
• The leakage flux generated by the primary does not cut the
secondary, it cannot induce a voltage into the secondary. The
voltage induced into the secondary is therefore less than it
would be if the leakage flux did not exist.
• The effect of leakage flux is to lower the voltage induced into
the
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
PHASE RELATIONSHIP
• The secondary voltage of a simple transformer may be either
in phase or out of phase with the primary voltage. This
depends on the direction in which the windings are wound and
the arrangement of the connections to the external circuit
(load). Simply, this means that the two voltages may rise and
fall together or one may rise while the other is falling.

• Transformers in which the secondary voltage is in phase with

the primary are referred to as LIKEWOUND transformers,
while those in which the voltages are 180 degrees out of phase
are called UNLIKE-WOUND transformers.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
PHASE RELATIONSHIP
• Dots are used to indicate points on a transformer schematic
symbol that have the same instantaneous polarity (points that
are in phase).
• In part (A) of the figure, both the primary and secondary
windings are wound from top to bottom in a clockwise
direction.
• Part (B) of the figure illustrates a transformer in which the
primary and secondary are wound in opposite directions.
 TURNS AND VOLTAGE RATIOS
• Emf induced into the secondary will be the same as the emf
induced into each turn in the primary.
• This proportion Is expressed by the equation:
 TURNS AND CURRENT RATIOS
• The flux is the same for both windings, the ampere-turns in
both the primary and secondary windings must be the same.
 POWER RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY WINDINGS
• All power delivered to the primary by the source will be
delivered to the load. The form of the power may change, but
the power in the secondary almost equals the power in the
primary .
 IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
• ZERO LEAKAGE FLUX:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents
are confined within the core
• THE WINDINGS HAVE NO RESISTANCE:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
• THE CORE HAS INFINITE PERMEABILITY:
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
• LOSS-LESS MAGNETIC CORE:
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
 TRANSFORMER TESTS
•The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of
equivalent circuit
•The four main parameters of equivalent circuit are:
- R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02)
- the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary
(or secondary X02)
- Magnetising susceptance B0 ( or reactance X0)
- core loss conductance G0 (or resistance R0)
•The above constants can be easily determined by two tests
- Oper circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)
•These tests are economical and convenient
- these tests furnish the result without actually loading the
transformer

Electrical Machines
 Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s secondary winding is open-circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.

V0
Core loss = Woc = V0 I 0 cos φ0 R0 =
Iw
Woc
cos φ0 = V0
V0 I 0 X0 =
Iµ
I c or I w = I 0 cos φ0
I
G0 = w
• Usually conducted on I m or I µ = I 0 sin φ0 = I 02 -I w2 V0
H.V side I0 Iµ
I 0 = V0 Y0 ; ∴ Yo = B0 =
• To find V0 V0
(i) No load loss or core Woc
Woc = V02 G 0 ; ∴ Exciting conductance G 0 =
loss V02
(ii) No load current Io & Exciting susceptance B0 = Y02 − G02
which is helpful in
finding Go(or Ro ) and Bo
(or Xo )
 Short-circuit Test
In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited
windings is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and power is
measured.

• Usually conducted on L.V side

• To find
(i) Full load copper loss – to pre determine the
efficiency
(ii) Z01 or Z02; X01 or X02; R01 or R02 - to predetermine the
voltage regulation
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
• Small power transformers used in electrical equipment have an
80 to 90 percent efficiency range, while large, commercial
power line transformers may have efficiencies exceeding 98
percent.
• The total power loss in a transformer is a combination of three
types of losses.
Copper Loss
Eddy-Current Loss
Hysteresis Loss

• Copper loss, eddy-current loss, and hysteresis loss result in

undesirable conversion of electrical energy into heat energy.
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
• To compute the efficiency of a transformer, the input power to
and the output power from the transformer must be known.
• The input power is equal to the product of the voltage applied
to the primary and the current in the primary.
• The output power is equal to the product of the voltage across
the secondary and the current in the secondary.
• The percentage of efficiency of a transformer is
 ALL DAY EFFICIENCY
out put in watts
ordinary commercial efficiency =
input in watts

output in kWh
ηall day = ( for 24 hours)
Input in kWh

•All day efficiency is always less than the commercial

efficiency
 no - load voltage − full - load voltage
Voltage regulation =
no - load voltage
Vs N s
recall =
Vp N p
N 
Secondary voltage on no-load V2 = V1  2 
 N1 
V2 is a secondary terminal voltage on full load

Substitute we have  N2 
V1   − V2
 N1 
Voltage regulation =
 N2 
V1  
 N1 
 TRANSFORMER RATINGS
• The maximum voltage that can safely be applied to any
winding is determined by the type and thickness of the
insulation used. When a better (and thicker) insulation is used
between the windings, a higher maximum voltage can be
applied to the windings.
• The maximum current that can be carried by a transformer
winding is determined by the diameter of the wire used for the
winding. If current is excessive in a winding, a higher than
ordinary amount of power will be dissipated by the winding in
the form of heat. This heat may be sufficiently high to cause
the insulation around the wire to break down. If this happens,
the transformer may be permanently damaged.
 TRANSFORMER RATINGS
• The power-handling capacity of a transformer is dependent
upon its ability to dissipate heat. If the heat can safely be
removed, the power-handling capacity of the transformer can
be increased. This is sometimes accomplished by immersing
the transformer in oil, or by the use of cooling fins. The power
handling capacity of a transformer is measured in either the
volt-ampere unit or the watt unit.
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
• POWER TRANSFORMERS
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
• AUTOTRANSFORMERS
 APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSFORMER
• AUDIO-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER—A transformer
used in audio-frequency circuits to transfer af signals from one
circuit to another.
• RADIO-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER—A transformer
used in a radio-frequency circuit to transfer rf signals from one
circuit to another.
• IMPEDANCE-MATCHING TRANSFORMER—A
transformer used to match the impedance of the source and the
impedance of the load. The mathematical relationship of the
turns and impedance of the transformer is expressed by the
equation:
EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON THE
BODY
CUT VIEW OF TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER WITH
CONSERVATOR AND BREATHER
THANK YOU