Fluid

Mohammad Ali Sofyan, M.Pd.

Standard of Competency:
Applying the concepts and principles of classical
mechanics to continuous systems in solving problems.

Basic Competency:
Analyzing the laws relating to static and dynamic
fuides and their application in everyday life.
What is Fluid?

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 Why should we study fluid?
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Keyword

Fluid : Fluida
Pressure : Tekanan
Hydraulic : Hidrolik
Flow : Mengair
Float : Mengapung / Melayang
Sink : Tenggelam
Density : Masa Jenis

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A. Hydrostatic Pressure
1. Pressure
Pressure, force per unit area.
Information:
F P = pressure (N/𝑚2 )
P
A F = force (N)
A = surface area (𝑚2 )

The unit of pressure in SI is N/𝑚2 (pascal), abbreviated Pa. For

the unit of air pressure the atmospheric (atm), mercury (cmHg)
or millibar (mb) units are used.
• 1 mb = 10–3 bar
• 1 bar = 105 Pa
• 1 atm = 76 cmHg = 1,01 × 105 Pa
• 1 mmHg = 1 torr = 1,316 × 10–3 atm = 133,3 Pa
 EXAMPLE

If the mass of the beam

is 8 kg, determine the
pressure applied by the
beam to the base!

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 EXERCISE

What is the maximum

and minimum pressure
which is it possible to do
by the beam?

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2. Fluid Pressure
Fluid pressure on static fluid is
called hydrostatic pressure.
Information:
P = hydrostatic pressure (N / m2)
P  gh ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
h = depth of liquid (m)

If the atmospheric pressure on the surface of

the liquid is Po, the absolute pressure at that
point or point is at depth h is
P  P0  gh
 EXAMPLE

If the earth's gravitational acceleration is

10 m/s2, then determine the hydrostatic
pressure experienced by fish?

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 EXERCISE

1. A diving diver with a depth of 3 m, density of water 1,000

kg/m3, the gravitational constant at that place is 10 m/s2.
Then the hydrostatic pressure is….
2. At the bottom of a pool the water is detected by a
hydrostatic pressure gauge showing the figure of 50,000
pascals. So what is the depth of the pool of water?

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The gravity of the liquid that
presses on the base of the
vessel is called the
hydrostatic force.

F  PA F   ghA

The main laws of hydrostatics:

"Hydrostatic pressure at any point on a flat plane in a
stationary type of liquid, the same amount."
 According to the main laws of
hydrostatics:
PA  PB
gh1  gh2

h2
x  
h1

Information:
x = density of liquid x (kg/m3)
h1 = high liquid x (m)
h2 = high standard liquid (m)
 = density of standard liquid (water)(kg/m3)
 EXAMPLE

The U pipe is filled with mercury and liquid oil as shown in the picture!

If the height of H2 oil is 27.2 cm, the

density of oil is 0.8 gr/cm3 and the
density of Hg is 13.6 gr/cm3 determine
the height of mercury (h1)!

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 EXERCISE

A U pipe is filled with 3 different liquid substances so as

shown below
If ρ1, ρ2 and ρ3 are the density of
liquid 1, 2 and 3, respectively,
and h1, h2, h3 are the height of
each liquid as shown in the
picture above, determine the
equation to determine the
density of liquid 1.
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B. Pascal’s Law
"The pressure exerted on
liquid in a confined space is
transmitted equally in all
directions. "
Because the pressure on both suckers is the same:
F1 F Information:
 2 F1 = force on cross section 1 (N)
A1 A2
F2 = force on cross section 2 (N)
A1 = cross-sectional area 1 (m2)
A2 = cross-sectional area 2 (m2)
 EXAMPLE

A child wants to raise a stone with a mass of 1 ton with a tool like the
following picture!

If the cross-sectional area of ​a large

pipe is 250 times the cross-sectional
area of ​a small pipe and the pressure
of the liquid filling of the pipe is
neglected, determine the minimum
force that the child must apply so the
stone can be lifted!

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 EXERCISE

A hydraulic jack is used to lift weights.

If the radius of the small pipe is 2 cm

and the radius of the large pipe is 18
cm, determine the minimum force
required to lift 81 kg!

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C. Archimedes’ Law
1. Buoyancy
If an object is put into fluid in whole
or in part, the object will have an
buoyancy of the weight of the fluid
being removed.
The buoyancy on objects in a liquid is:
Information:
F  gvV FA = lifting force (N)
ρ = liquid density (kg/m3)
V = the volume of objects in the fluid (m3)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
2. Effect of buoyancy on Objects
Floats, conditions:
•  object <  liquid substances
• W sinking object = buoyancy of fluid

Hovering, terms:
•  object =  liquid
• W object = buoyancy of fluid.
 Sink, conditions:
•  objects >  liquid substances
• W object > buoyancy of fluid

3. Application of Buoyancy
a. Ship
So that the ship is always in a
normal state (not sinking)
then the force of work to the
water must pass through the
center of gravity of the ship
b. Shipyard
After the ship entered the
shipyard, the seawater in the
shipyard was released so that
the shipyard was lifted.

c. Air Balloon
Balloons filled with gas whose
density is smaller than the density
of air. If the buoyancy is greater
than the weight of the balloon, the
balloon will lift.
 EXAMPLE

An object is partially immersed in a liquid which has a density of 0.75

gr/cm3 as shown in the following image!

If the volume of the immersed object is

0.8 of the total volume, determine the
density of the object!

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 EXERCISE
A child inserts a 500 gram M object in a broken glass filled with water,
spilled water is collected with a measuring cup as shown in the following
picture:

If the Earth's gravitational acceleration

is 10 m/s2 determine the apparent
weight of objects in the water!

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Fluid Pressure Measuring Instruments
The difference in
absolute P and the
atmospheric pressure Pat
is called the gauge
pressure.
Absolute pressure P is obtained from the sum of gauge
pressure and atmospheric pressure.
P  Pgauge  Pat Information:
P = absolute pressure on the tube (N/m2)
Pgauge = gauge pressure = ρgh
Pat = current atmospheric pressure (N/m2)
D. Liquid Surface Tension

Liquid surface tension, a complicated

force experienced by each unit of
length in the liquid surface.
F
 
l
Information:
 = surface tension (N / m)
F = force that touches the surface of
the liquid (N)
l = length (m)
Nilai Tegangan Permukaan Beberapa Zat () pada Berbagai Suhu
E. Meniscus and Capillarity
1. Meniscus
Meniscus, symptoms of curvature of the
surface of the liquid in the vessel due
to the influence of cohesion and
adhesion of the liquid and the jar.
2. Capillarity
Capillarity, the event of rising or
falling of liquid in the capillary tube
compared to the liquid outside it due
to the influence of cohesion and
adhesion.
Length of rise / fall of liquid (y) in capillary tubes is
calculated by, information:
 = liquid surface tension (N/m)
2 cos Ө = contact angle
y
rg ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
r = radius of base (m)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
F. Ideal Fluid and Continuity Equation
1. Ideal Fluid The ideal fluid, has the following
characteristics:
Fluid that is not compressible (does
not change in volume due to pressure),
• Frictionless flowing, both from the surrounding
fluid layer, as well as from the wall where it
passes.
• Laminar flow, fluid flow that follows a certain
water line or current line.
2. Continuity Equation
Relationship between cross-
sectional area and fluid velocity
in the pipe is:
V
Q
t
Continuity Equation : A1v1  A2 v 2
Information:
Q = discharge (m3/s)
The value of A.v is V = fluid’s volume (m3)
Q  Av v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
called discharge: t = time (s)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
 1 Ahmad fills a bucket that has a capacity of 20 liters with water from a faucet
like the following picture!

If the cross-sectional area of ​the faucet with a D2 diameter is 2 cm2 and the
speed of water flow in the faucet is 10 m / s specify:
2 The underground water pipe has a shape like the following picture!
If the cross-sectional area of ​the large pipe is 5 m2, the cross-sectional
area of ​the small pipe is 2 m2 and the speed of water flow in the large pipe
is 15 m / s, determine the speed of the water when flowing on the small
pipe!
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G. Bernoulli’s Law

Bernoulli’s Equation:
1 1
P1  v1 2  gh1  P2  v 2 2  gh2
2 2
1
P  v 2   gh  konstan
2
1. On Horizontal Pipe

1 1
Bernoulli’s Equation: P1 
2
v1 2  gh1  P2  v 2 2  gh2
2
On horizontal pipe, h1 = h2, so:
1 1
P1   v12  P2   v2 2
2 2
 Pipes for channeling water stick to a house wall as shown in the following
picture! The ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​large pipes and small pipes
is 4: 1.

The position of the big pipe is 5 m above the ground and the small pipe is
1 m above the ground. The speed of water flow in large pipes is 36 km/h
with a pressure of 9.1 x 105 Pa. Determine:
a) The speed of the water in a small pipe
b) Pressure difference in the two pipes
c) Pressure on small pipes
39 (ρ = 1000 kg / m3)
2. Theory of Torricelli
• Speed ​(v) of liquid coming
out of the hole:
v
v 2 gh 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑣 + 2𝑔ℎ1
vt

• Time (t) required for liquid Information:

to come out of the hole until h = surface distance of liquid
it touches the floor: to hole (m)
g = gravitational acceleration
t 
2h1 (m/s2)
g
• Horizontal distance • Discharge (Q) liquid
(x) where the liquid that comes out of the
on the floor falls hole
from the wall of the Q  A 2 gh
vessel:

𝑥 = 2 ℎ. ℎ1 Information:
A = hole cross-sectional area (m2)
v = the speed of the liquid coming
out of the hole (m/s)
t = the time of the liquid from the
hole to the floor (s)
 1 water tank with leak hole is shown in the following picture!
on the small pipe!
The distance of the hole to the ground is 10 m and the distance of the hole
to the surface of the water is 3.2 m. Determine:
a) Speed ​of water discharge
b) The furthest horizontal distance reached by water
c) The time required for a water leak to touch the ground

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3. Venturimeter
Venturimeter, alat untuk meng
ukur kecepatan aliran zat cair
dalam pipa.
2 gh (  '   )
v1  a
 ( A2  a 2 )

Keterangan:
v1 = kecepatan aliran air cair pada penampang lebar (m/s)
a = luas penampang pipa sempit (m2)
A = luas penampang pipa lebar (m2)
 = massa jenis fluida (kg/m3)
’ = massa jenis fluida dalam manometer (kg/m3)
 Venturimeter dengan
pipa-pipa pengukur beda
tekanan.

Kecepatan aliran air pada penampang lebar dihitung

dengan:
2 gh
v1  a
( A2  a 2 )
4. Tabung Pitot

Tabung pitot, alat yang

digunakan untuk mengukur
kecepatan aliran gas.
2  ' gh
v

Keterangan:
v1 = kecepatan aliran air gas dalam tabung (m/s)
 = massa jenis gas (kg/m3)
’ = massa jenis zat cair dalam manometer (kg/m3)
g = percepatan gravitasi (m/s2)
5. Gaya Angkat Pada Pesawat Terbang
Pada sayap pesawat, berlaku
persamaan Bernoulli. Karena
sayap pesawat tipis tinggi
sayap dianggap sama h1 = h2
sehingga persamaan Bernouli
menjadi: 1 1
P1   v1  P2   v2
2 2

2 2

Karena v1 < v2 maka P1 > P2. Selisih tekanan

antara sisi atas dan bawah sayap itulah yang
menimbulkan gaya angkat pada sayap.
6. Alat Penyemprot Nyamuk dan Parfum
• Jika pengisap ditekan,
udara ke luar dengan
cepat dari lubang pipa
• Tekanankecil
padayang adaini
tempat di menjadi
ujung A.
sangat kecil.
• Cairan zat insektisida yang berada
di ujung B terhisap menuju ujung
pompa A. tersebut akan
• Cairan insektisida
tersembur (tersemprot) oleh udara yang
keluar dari ujung pompa A.
H. Viskositas dan Hukum Stokes
1. Viskositas
• Viskositas (kekentalan), gesekan
pada fluida.
• Fluida, baik zat cair maupun gas
mempunyai viskositas.
• Jenis alat pengukur viskositas
zat cair yang disebut
• Zat cair lebih kental dibanding gas,
viskosimeter.
sehingga gerak benda di dalam zat cair akan
mendapatkan gesekan yang lebih besar
Viskositas Beberapa Fluida
2. Hukum Stokes
• Gaya gesek terhadap bola
yang bergerak di dalam fluida
diam disebut dengan gaya
Stokes.
• Gaya gesek Stokes dirumuskan
dengan:
Fs  6rv

Keterangan:
Fs = gaya gesekan Stokes (N)
 = koefisien viskositas (N/m2)
r = jari-jari bola (m)
v = kecepatan relatif bola terhadap fluida (m/s)
 Jika sebuah bola jatuh ke
dalam fluida yang kental,
selama bola bergerak di
dalam fluida pada bola
bekerja gaya-gaya
berikut.
• Gaya berat bola (w) berarah vertikal ke bawah.
• Gaya Archimedes (FA) berarah vertikal ke
atas.
• Gaya Stokes (FS) berarah vertikal ke atas.
Koefisien viskositas fluida dihitung dengan
persamaan:
2 r2g
  (  '  )
9 v

Keterangan:
 = koefisien viskositas (Ns/m2)
r = jari-jari bola (m)
v = kecepatan maksimum bola (m/s)
 = massa jenis bola (kg/m3)
’ = massa jenis fluida (kg/m3)
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