Wireless and Mobile Communication

1. Introduction

Sosina M.
AAiT
Course outline
1. Introduction 4. Mobile communication
i. Challenges of wireless communication i. Cellular concept
ii. Spectrum allocation ii. Generation of mobile communication
iii. Applications  GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G
2. Radio channel characteristics 5. Wireless LAN
i. Wireless channel i. IEEE standard
ii. Propagation models ii. Bluetooth
3. Medium access techniques 6. Mobile Ad Hoc networks
i. Channelization/ Random access/ i. Properties of MANET
Controlled access ii. Routing algorithm
iii. Sensor network
7. [Satellite communication]

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Grading policy
Quizzes – 10%
Test – 20%
Lab/assignments – 20%
Final Exam – 50%

References
Schwartz M., Mobile Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005
Molisch A. F., Wireless Communications, IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, 2005

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4
Introduction
 From wired to wireless communication
 Wireless links replace the cables
 Transmission of information via electromagnetic waves

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Wireless communication
Wireless communication is a fast developing and evolving technology
 Emerging new technologies
 Number of subscribers has been growing tremendously
Type of services
 Broadcast
o Simplex (unidirectional)
 Cellular telephony
o Bidirectional

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Wireless communication
Type of services
 Ad hoc networks and sensor networks
o No infrastructure is required

 Wireless LANs

 Satellite networks
o Broadcasting of video and audio over large geographic regions

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Wireless network classification
 Wireless networks can be classified based on
 Coverage
 Node mobility
 Architecture or operating modes

Coverage and node mobility

 Satellite
o Covers very large areas (global coverage)
 Cellular
o Provides a wireless connection for any user within the
radio range of the system
 Wireless LAN and personal area networks
o Link two or more devices over a short distance
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Networks architecture
Infrastructured wireless networks
 A central infrastructure node coordinates node communication
 All stations must be associated with the central node (access point) to access the
network
 E.g., cellular networks

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Wireless networks architecture
Hybrid
 Nodes can communicate each other directly or via an access point

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Networks architecture
Ad hoc wireless network
 No access point
 Nodes form an ad hoc network directly with each other

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Wireless network design
Requirements for services
 Different applications have different requirements
o Data rate
• Sensor networks, speech communication, high speed data services, and so on have different data rate
requirement
o Range and number of users
• The communication distance and the number of users that they can serve
o Mobility
• The ability to move around while communicating
o Energy consumption
• Most wireless devices use batteries
o Direction of transmission
o Spectrum

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Wireless communication
Advantages
 Mobility
 Less expensive to deploy than fixed services
 Expandability
 Easy to install

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Technical Challenges
Wireless channel is an unpredictable
 Experiences random fluctuations in time due to so many reasons (surrounding
objects)
 Higher loss rates due to interference
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
 Radio spectrum is a scared resource controlled by regulatory bodies– must be
allocated to many different applications and systems
Low transmission rates
 can not compete with wired systems in terms of data rates and reliability
Security
 Airwaves are susceptible to snooping from anyone with an RF antenna

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Design Challenges
Mobility management
 Locating users
 Routing information to users
Medium access
 Shared access to the communication channel
 Mechanisms that allow users to access a common channel is required
Maintaining quality of service over unreliable link

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Spectrum allocation
The spectrum available for wireless communications services is limited

Frequency assignment for different wireless services is regulated by ITU

 Further regulations are issued by the regional and national frequency regulators

Regulated and unregulated spectrums

 Regulated spectrums
o Frequency bands assigned exclusively to a licensee
 Unregulated frequency bands
o No exclusive use, available for license free operation
o Anybody is allowed to transmit in these bands, as long as they complies with certain restrictions
on the emission power and bandwidth
o WLAN works within the license free (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) ISM band
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Spectrum allocation
Different frequency ranges are optimum for different applications
 E.g., low frequency bands are best for services that require good coverage
Spectrums assigned for different wireless systems
Europe USA Japan

Cellular GSM 450-457, 479- AMPS, TDMA, CDMA PDC

Phones 486/460-467,489- 824-849, 810-826,
496, 890-915/935- 869-894 940-956,
960, TDMA, CDMA, GSM 1429-1465,
1710-1785/1805- 1850-1910, 1477-1513
1880 1930-1990
UMTS (FDD) 1920-
1980, 2110-2190
UMTS (TDD) 1900-
1920, 2020-2025
Cordless CT1+ 885-887, 930- PACS 1850-1910, 1930- PHS
Phones 932 1990 1895-1918
CT2 PACS-UB 1910-1930 JCT
864-868 254-380
DECT
1880-1900
Wireless IEEE 802.11 902-928 IEEE 802.11
LANs 2400-2483 IEEE 802.11 2471-2497
HIPERLAN 2 2400-2483 5150-5250
5150-5350, 5470- 5150-5350, 5725-5825
5725
Others RF-Control RF-Control RF-Control
27, 128, 418, 433, 315, 915 426, 868
868
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 Application scenarios
 Intelligent transport system
 For transferring vital traffic information

Autonomous driving

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Environmental monitoring
Habitant monitoring

Forest fire monitoring

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Smart home

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Military operation

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