HYRONS COLLEGE PHILIPPINES Inc.

Sto. Niño, Tukuran, Zamboanga Del Sur

EC. No.: CN200931518
Tel. No.: 945 – 0158
[email protected]
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

MIDTERM

MODULE 5

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS

 Module Course Code IT 100
Module Name Information Technology Fundamentals
Semester taught 1st Semester
Module Instructor Mashelet V. Valle

On successful completion of this module,

students should be able to :

LO1. Help the learners become competent and

confident users of Information Technology
Fundamentals who can make efficient,effective
and creative use of basic application software in
Module Learning Objectives and Competences their everyday activities.

LO2. To encourage the learners to become

critical and reflective users ofInformation
Technology Fundamentals who can evaluate the
capabilities and limitations of the teachnology
and of social,
technical,political,thical,organisastional and
economical principles associated with its use.

LO3.To encourage the learners to develop the

appropriate personal skills that are essential for
independent learning.

LO4. To prepare the learners for the society of

tomorrow by making them adaptable users of
computers who have the necessary openness and
flexibility of mind to be able to adjust to fututre
changes in the technology.

In this module you can learn about different parts

of a computer, as well as some of the key
concepts of Information Technology
Fundamentals , such as those relating to
networks and security:
– Understand what hardware is, know about
Module Content factors that affect computer performance and
know about the peripheral devices.
– Understand what software is and give
examples of common applications software and
operating system software.
– Understand what Information Technology
Fundamentals is and give examples of its
practical applications in everyday life.
– Understand health and safety and
environmental issues in relation to using
computers.
– Recognize the important security issues
associated with using computers.
– Recognize the important legal issues in relation
to copyright and data protection associated with
using computers.

DISCUSSION

Information Technology Fundamentals

 IT 100

MIDTERM

Chapter 7
Input and Output

 Input devices convert what we understand into what the system unit can process
 Output devices convert what the system unit has processed into a form that we can understand

Input
 is any data or instructions that are used by a computer.
 Can come directly from you or other resources.

Input Devices
 are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that people understand into a form
that the system unit can process.

Keyboard Entry

Keyboard
 (using this) one of the most common ways to input data.
 convert numbers, letters, and special characters that people understand into electrical signals.
 mostly used an arrangement of keys called QWERTY.

Common Types of Keyboard

 Traditional keyboards
o full-sized, rigid, rectangular keyboards that include function, navigational, and numeric keys.
 Ergonomic keyboards
o similar to traditional keyboards.
o not rectangular and a palm rest is provided.
o designed specifically to alleviate wrist strain associated with the repetitive movements of typing.
 Wireless keyboards
o transmit input to the system unit through the air.
o provide greater flexibility and convenience.
 PDA keyboards
o miniature keyboards for PDAs and smart phones to send e-mail, create documents, and more.
 Virtual keyboards
o display an image of a keyboard on a touch screen device.
o common on tablet computers and mobile devices.

Features
 A computer keyboard combines a typewriter keyboard with a numeric keypad, used to enter numbers
and arithmetic symbols.
 It also has many special- purpose keys. Some keys, such as the CAPS LOCK key, are toggle keys.
 Others, such as the CTRL key, are combination keys, which perform an action when held down in
combination with another key.

Pointing Devices

Pointing devices provide an intuitive interface with the system unit by accepting pointing gestures and
converting them into machine-readable input.

Mice (Mouse)
 controls a pointer that is displayed on the monitor.
 Its pointer usually appears in the shape of an arrow and changes depending on what application you are
using.
 Some have wheel button that can scroll through information displayed on the monitor.
Three Basic Designs of Mouse
 Optical mouse
o has no moving parts and is currently the most widely used.
o It emits and senses light to detect mouse movement.
o can be used on almost any surface with high precision.
 Mechanical mouse
o has a ball on the bottom and is attached with a cord to the system unit.
o As you move the mouse across a smooth surface, the roller rotates and controls the pointer on the
screen.
 Cordless or wireless mouse
o is a battery-powered device that typically uses radio waves or infrared light waves to
communicate with the system unit.

Devices Similar to a Mouse

 Trackballs - also known as the roller ball, to control the pointer by rotating a ball with your thumb.
 Touch Pads - to control the pointer by moving and tapping your finger on the surface of a pad.
 Pointing Sticks - located in the middle of the keyboard, to control the pointer by directing the stick with
one finger.
Touch Screens

 allows users to select actions or commands by touching the screen with a finger or penlike device.
 they are widely used with tablet PCs, netbooks, and smartphones and also commonly used at restaurants,
automated teller machines (ATMs), and information centers.
 Multitouch screens
o can be touched with more than one finger, which allows for interactions.
o used on mobile devices such as the Apple iPhone, as well as some notebook computers and
desktop monitors.

Joysticks
 a popular input device for computer games. You control game actions by varying the pressure, speed,
and direction of the joystick.

Stylus
 a penlike device commonly used with tablet PCs and PDAs and are used to draw on screen.
 interacts with the computer through handwriting recognition software.
 Handwriting recognition software translates handwritten notes into a form that the system unit can
process.

Scanning Devices

Scanners move across text and images. Scanning devices convert scanned text and images into a form that the
system unit can process.

Four Types of Scanning Devices

 Optical Scanners
o known simply as a scanner, accepts documents consisting of text and/or images and converts
them to machine-readable form.
o Examples:
 Flatbed scanner
 Document scanner
 Portable scanner
 Card Readers
o Magnetic Card Reader
 Used for information that is stored on a thin magnetic strip located on the back of the
card.
o Radio Frequency Card Readers
 Used for card that have RFID (radio frequency identification) microchip that contains the
user’s encoded information.
 Bar Code Readers
 o are either handheld wand readers or platform scanners.
o contain photoelectric cells that scan or read bar codes, or the vertical zebra-striped marks printed
on product containers.
 Character and Mark Recognition Devices
o able to recognize special characters and marks.
o Three types:
 Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) —used by banks to automatically read those
unusual numbers on the bottom of checks and deposit slips.
 Optical-character recognition (OCR) —uses special preprinted characters that can be read
by a light source and changed into machine-readable code.
 Optical-mark recognition (OMR) —senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as a
pencil mark.

Image Capturing Devices

Digital Cameras
 are similar to traditional cameras except that images are recorded digitally on a disk or in the camera’s
memory rather than on film and then downloaded, or transferred, to your computer.
Digital Video Cameras
 Unlike traditional video cameras, digital video cameras record motion digitally on a disk or in the
camera’s memory. Most have the capability to take still images as well.
o WebCams are specialized digital video cameras that capture images and send them to a computer
for broadcast over the Internet.

Audio-Input Devices

Audio-input devices convert sounds into a form that can be processed by the system unit.

Voice recognition systems

 use a microphone, a sound card, and special software.
 allow users to operate computers and other devices as well as to create documents using voice
commands.
Output

 is processed data or information.

 typically takes the form of text, graphics, photos, audio, and/or video.

Output Devices
 Output devices are any hardware used to provide or to create output.
 translate information that has been processed by the system unit into a form that humans can understand.
 Widely-used output devices are monitor, printers and audio-output devices.

Monitor
 Also known as display screen and most frequently used output device
 present visual images of text and graphics and vary in size, shape, and cost.
 Output is called soft copy.

Features of Monitor
 Clarity - refers to the quality and sharpness of the displayed images.
 Resolution – one of the most important features. Images are formed on a monitor by a series of dots or
pixels (picture elements).
 Dot (pixel) pitch – the distance between each pixel.
 Refresh rate – indicates how often a displayed image is updated or refreshed.
 Size, or active display area – is measured by the diagonal length of a monitor’s viewing area.
 Aspect ratio – is determined by the width of a monitor divided by its height.

Flat-panel Monitors
 are the most widely used type of monitor today. Compared to other types, they are thinner, are more
portable, and require less power to operate.
 Many of today’s flat-panel monitors are LCD (liquid crystal display).

Cathode-Ray Tubes
 Just a few years ago , the most common type of monitor for the office and the home was the cathode-ray
tube (CRT).
 They are bulky, are less energy efficient, and occupy a considerable amount of space on the desktop.

Other Monitors
 E-book readers – are handheld, book-sized devices that display text and graphics.
 Data projectors – are specialized devices similar to slide projectors.
 High-definition television (HDTV) – delivers a much clearer and more detailed wide-screen picture than
regular television.

Printers

 translate information that has been processed by the system unit and present the information on paper.
 Printer output is often called hard copy.

Features of Printers
 Resolution – similar to monitor resolution; measures the clarity of image produced
 Color – capability is provided by most printers today.
 Speed – measured in the number of pages printed per minute.
 Memory – is used to store printing instructions and documents waiting to be printed.
 Duplex printing – allows automatic printing on both sides of a sheet of paper.

Ink-Jet Printers
 spray ink at high speed onto the surface of paper. This process not only produces a letter-quality image
but also permits printing to be done in a variety of colors, making them ideal for select special
applications.

Laser Printers
 uses a technology similar to that used in a photocopying machine.
 use a laser light beam to produce images with excellent letter and graphics quality.
Other Printers
 Dot-matrix printers – form characters and images using a series of small pins on a print head.
 Thermal printers – use heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper.
 Plotters – are special-purpose printers for producing a wide range of specialized output.
 Photo printers – are special-purpose printers designed to print photo quality images from digital
cameras.
 Portable printers – are usually small and lightweight printers designed to work with a notebook
computer.

Audio-Output Devices

 translate audio information from the computer into sounds that people can understand. The most widely
used audio-output devices are speakers and headsets.
 are used to play music, vocalize translations from one language to another, and communicate
information from the computer system to users.

Chapter 8
Secondary Storage

 Secondary storage devices are used to save, to back up, and even to transport files consisting of data or
programs from one location or computer to another.
 Provides permanent or nonvolatile storage.
 Using these storage, data and programs can be retained after the computer has been shut off.

 Involved in secondary storage: writing files to and reading files from secondary storage devices
o Writing is the process of saving information to the secondary storage device.
o Reading is the process of accessing information from secondary storage.

Characteristics of Secondary Storage

 Media – are the actual physical material that holds the data and programs.
 Capacity – measures how much a particular storage medium can hold.
 Storage devices – are hardware that reads data and programs from storage media. Most also write to
storage media.
 Access speed – measures the amount of time required by the storage device to retrieve data and
programs.

Hard Disks
 Save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disk’s surface to represent 1s and 0s.
 Use rigid, metallic platters for storage
 Large capacity (terabytes)
 Are sensitive instruments
 Files organized using:
o Tracks – are rings of concentric circles without visible grooves.
o Sectors – invisible wedge-shaped sections of Tracks.
o Cylinders – runs through each track of a stack of platters and differentiate files stored on the
same track and sector of different platters.
 Example: Storing the Letter A

Head Crash
  occurs when a read/write head makes contact with the hard disk’s surface or with particles on its surface.

Two Types of Hard Disk

 Internal Hard Disk
o Located inside system unit and often designated as the C: drive
o Used to store programs and data files such as OS and MS Office (large applications).
o Advantages over removable media : capacity and access speed
 External Hard Disk
o Removable hard disks
o Used to complement internal hard disk with an unlimited amount of additional storage
o Capacities extend into the terabytes (TBs)

Performance Enhancements of Hard Disks

 Disk caching
o to improve hard disk performance
o uses hardware and software to anticipate data needs;
o Frequently used data is stored in memory; when needed, the access time is much faster
 Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
o to expand storage and to improve access speed
o groups of low cost hard-disk drives grouped together using networks and special software and
performs as a single large-capacity disk;
o Often used by Internet servers and large organizations
 File compression and decompression
o to increase capacity
o Reduce space required for storage; reduce up to ¼ of original size
o WinZip and UltimateZip are well-known programs
Optical Disks

 can hold over 100 gigabytes of data, equivalent to millions of typewritten pages or a medium-sized
library all on a single disc.
 a laser beam is used to alter the surface of a plastic or metallic disc to represent data.
 Attribute:
o Flat areas are called lands
o Bumpy areas called pits
 The disc is read by an optical disc drive using a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas.

Types of Optical Discs

 Compact Disc (CD)
o Optical format and capacity of 650 MB to 1 GB
o Rotation speeds vary
o Three basic types:
 Read only (CD-ROM) - Commercial music CD
 Write once (CD-R) - Used to archive data or to record music downloaded from the
Internet
 Rewriteable (CD-RW) - Used to create and edit multimedia presentations
 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
o are very similar to CDs except that more data can be packed into the same amount of space.
o Capacity of 4.7 GB to 17 GB
o Three basic types
 Read only (DVD-ROM) – Read by DVD players; movies
 Write once (DVD+R and DVD-R) – DVD Recordable
 Rewriteable (DVD+RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM)
 Blu-Ray (Hi-Def) Disc (BD)
o Next generation optical disc for recording high-definition (hi def) video
o Capacity of 25 GB to 100 GB
o Blu-ray optical drives are usually capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs in addition to Blu-
ray discs

Solid-State Storage (SSD)

 Faster and more durable
  Contain solid-state memory instead of magnetic disks
 Common Examples:
o Flash memory cards – Widely used in computers, cameras, and portable devices such as mobile
phones
o USB Drives (or Flash Drives) – Compact and easily transported and capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB

Cloud Storage
 Cloud computing is where the Internet acts as a “cloud” of servers
 Applications provided as a service rather than a product (for example, cloud or online storage)
 Cloud storage services make it easy to upload and share files with anyone
 Google Apps and Amazon S3, basic example.

Mass Storage Devices

 Organizations require tremendous amounts of secondary storage called mass storage
 Enterprise storage systems ensure data security using specialized strategies and devices, such as
o File servers — dedicated computers with very large storage capacities that provide users access
to fast storage and retrieval of data.
o Network attached storage (NAS) — similar to a file server except simpler and less expensive;
widely used for home and small business storage needs.
o RAID systems — larger versions of the specialized devices discussed earlier in this chapter that
enhance organizational security by constantly making backup copies of files moving across the
organization’s networks.
o Tape library — device that provides automatic access to data archived on a library of tapes.
o Organizational cloud storage — high-speed Internet connection to a dedicated remote
organizational cloud storage server.

ACTIVITY 1
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong.
1. Optical Scanners known simply as a scanner, accepts documents consisting of text and/or images and
converts them to machine-readable form.
2. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) are very similar to CDs except that more data can be packed into the same
amount of space.
3. Input Devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that people understand
into a form that the system unit can process.
4. Cloud computing is where the Internet acts as a “cloud” of servers
5. Pointing devices provide an intuitive interface with the system unit by accepting pointing gestures and
converting them into machine-readable input.
6. Resolution translate information that has been processed by the system unit and present the information
on paper.
7. Dot-matrix printers – form characters and images using a series of small pins on a print head.
8. Touch Pads - to control the pointer by moving and tapping your finger on the surface of a pad.
9. Tape library save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disk’s surface to represent 1s and 0s.
10. Media – are the actual physical material that holds the data and programs.

Activity 2

Essay.
How information gets into your computer or comes out in a form you can use? (10 POINTS)