Course Description: Principles of Education 2 – Methods and Strategies of

Teaching
General Objective: Demonstrate competence in applying the principles of
effective
teaching and learning in respective areas of specialization

Engage

Overview
This module help you analyze the nature, structure , and content of the Philippine
K to 12 mathematics curriculum You will learn what appropriate teaching
strategies and assessment techniques to apply in a specific learning situation. You
will be able to construct instructional plans based on the nature ,structure,
content, teaching strategies and instructional materials of the K to 12 mathematics
curriculum
Engage
To stimulate your mind get started with a word game. Good luck and have fun!
Directions: Find and encircle the words from the list below in the word search.
Words maybe printed horizontally, vertically, diagonally, forward and
backward.

Word List
Curriculum knowledge mathematics attitude
 Standards structure skills content
Wow! You figured it out correctly! Amazing! You have just encountered
words/terms necessary to learn in this module.
What do you Know?
What makes a great teacher? Teaching is one of the most complicated jobs
today. It demands broad knowledge of subject matter, curriculum, and
standards; enthusiasm, a caring attitude, and a love of learning; knowledge of
discipline and classroom management techniques; and a desire to make a
difference in the lives of young people. Do you still remember in your Principles of
Teaching I - how good you are in imbibing all these qualities required?
Try to check again! Ready?
Directions: Tell if the statement below described a teaching principle. Put/draw a
smiley face on the blank provided before each number and an X mark if the
statement is incorrect.
_____ ______1. The goal of education is to improve learning for all learners,
including teachers.
______ _____2. Learning is enhanced when learning experiences are
meaningful, engaging, and hands-on.
_____X______3. Teach only subject matter that you like and can actively share to
your students
______ _____4. Students learn best when they have choice and adaptive options
on how to learn and how
to demonstrate their learning.
_____ ______5. Engaging parents and families in student learning strengthens
the learning experience.
______ _____6. Ongoing assessment designed to improve learning is the most
helpful assessment for
students.

Explore

Brainstorming
The K to 12 Mathematics Curriculum
Activity 1

Directions: In a group try to generate ideas and analyze the nature , structure, and
content of K to 12 Mathematics curriculum refer to the conceptual framework ,
core learning area standard and grade level standards below. You can create your
own group chat or you can use the iBrainstorm app. To gain additional insights
you may download the complete curriculum guide from the website of the
Department of Education at www.deped.gov.ph .
Source: DepED’s K to 12 mathematics Curriculum Guide: August 2016

Guide Questions:
Answer the following questions. You are expected to come up with an overview of
the K to 12 mathematics curriculum
1. What are the two main goals of the K to 12 mathematics education?
The two main goals of the K to 12 are the critical thinking and problem
solving.

2. What are the underlying learning principles and theories in teaching

mathematics?
The learning principles and theories in teaching mathematics are
Experimental and Situated learning, Reflective learning, Constructivism,
Cooperative learning, Discovery and Inquiry Based.

3. What are contents of Mathematics learning curriculum?

The content of mathematics learning curriculum are numbers and
number sense, measurement, geometry, patterns and algebra, Statistics and
probability.

4. What skills and processes are emphasized in the curriculum?

The skills and processes that are emphasized in the curriculum are
knowing and understanding, estimating, computing and solving, visualizing
and modelling, representing and communicating, conjecturing, reasoning,
providing and decision-making, applying and connecting.

5. What desirable values and attitudes must be developed to learners?

The desirable values and attitude must be developed to learners are
accuracy, creativity, objectivity, perseverance, productivity.

6. What are the different contexts of Filipino learners?

 The different contexts of Filipino learners are beliefs, environment,
language and culture that includes traditions and practices, learners prior
knowledge and experiences.

Read and Learn

Teaching Mathematics
Chapter 1. The Nature, Structure, and the Content of the K to 12
mathematics Curriculum
Nature of Mathematics
Mathematics is a core subject of basic education that encompasses life at any
stage. Its importance goes beyond the lesson and the school. It provides learners
with the answer to many questions about the world they live in. It plays a vital role
in many fields including natural science, social sciences, engineering, finance, and
many more. Its application to these fields makes use of new mathematical
innovations in which new disciplines are developed.
The K to 12 Mathematics Basic Education Curriculum provides learners with
essential knowledge and mathematical skills in Numbers and Number sense,
Geometry, Patterns and Algebra, Measurement, and Statistics and Probability. The
specific skills and processes to be developed are: knowing and understanding,
estimating, computing and solving, visualizing and modelling: representing and
communicating : conjecturing, Reasoning, proving and decision making; and
applying and connecting. It encourages teachers to help learners become confident
and self-motivated , through the application of underlying learning principles and
theories, namely: experiential and inquiry-based learning. To help you better
understand the program, the K to 12 Mathematics Framework is presented below.
Content of Mathematics curriculum
The Mathematics curriculum consists the grade level delineation of what we expect
from the learners by the end of the year. Its structure shows the alignment of
content, learning standards and learning competencies.
Two classification of learning standard:

 Content standard
 Performance standard

**Content standard – specify the essential knowledge ,skills and attitudes

**Performance standards- are statements that describe what the learners should
90)mknow and be able to do in order to demonstrate the intended outcome
(competency)
The 21st century and functional literacy core skills are embedded in the formulation
of content and performance standards.
**Learning competencies – are specific skills that provide teachers with a very clear
information about what specific skill should be taught and learned by learners.
The mathematics curriculum has been viewed as a guide on teaching, embodying
outlines of knowledge and skills to be taught to learners by grade level. When
teachers understand the entire math curriculum they can be guided in planning
math instructional materials and learning activities for the learners. Its content
and focus have changed over time and can be considered to have reflected the
needs of the times. For example, this new curriculum provides a solid foundation
for mathematics at Grades 11 to 12 to better prepare learners for higher education
or employment after senior high school. Likewise it provides necessary concepts
and skills needed by every Filipino learner in the 21 st century.
To help you better understand of what are expected to be developed to the learners
about mathematics, refer to the core learning area standard and grade level
standard that you have analyzed in your activity.
K to 12 Mathematics Core Learning Area Standard
From your activity you were able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation
of the key concepts and principles of mathematics -using appropriate technology in
problem solving, critical thinking, communicating, reasoning, making connections,
representations, and decisions in real life.
Mathematics Scope and Sequence
It can be very important to a teacher to take a look at the scope and sequence of
the curriculum, as it can greatly affect the decision making process for teaching
and learning activities. This provides specific details of the content to be taught in a
particular subject area. One usually finds a list of all the major concepts covered by
the grading period or quarter. Below is the scope and sequence of the K to 12
Mathematics curriculum.

Grade Level
Quart G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
er
Q1 Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers
and and and and and and
Number Number Number Number Number Number
Sense Sense Sense Sense Sense Sense
Q2 Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers
and and and and and and
Number Number Number Number Number Number
Sense Sense Sense Sense Sense Sense
Q3 Numbers Numbers Numbers Geometry Numbers Geometry
and and and and
Number Number Number Number
Sense Sense Sense Patterns Sense Patterns
 and and
Algebra Algebra
Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry

Measurem Measurem
Patterns Patterns Patterns Patterns
ent ent
and and and and
Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra

Measurem
ent
Q4 Measurem Measurem Measurem Measurem Measurem Measurem
ent ent ent ent ent ent

Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics

and and and and and and
Probabilit Probabilit Probabilit Probabilit Probabilit Probabilit
y y y y y y

Grade Level
Quarte G7 G8 G9 G10
r
Q1 Numbers and Patterns and Patterns and Patterns and
Number Algebra Algebra Algebra
Sense
Q2 Measurement Patterns and Patterns and Patterns and
Patterns and Algebra Algebra Algebra
Algebra
Geometry Geometry
Q3 Geometry Geometry Geometry Statistics and
Probability
Q4 Statistics Geometry Geometry Statistics and
and Probability
Statistics and
Probability
Probability
Source: DepED’s K to 12 mathematics Curriculum Guide: August 2016

Generally, the scope and sequence is helpful because the information listed in
there shows exactly what will be taught to learners in every quarter and in the
entire school year.
Math Concepts: The Spiral Approach
The Mathematics K to 12 curriculum is seamless. This ensures smooth transition
between grade levels and a continuum of competencies through spiral progression
where learning of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes increases in depth and
breadth. There is also a continuity of competencies and standards from elementary
to secondary level through a unified curriculum framework. The unified standards
and competencies ensure integration of what learners learn across grade levels and
across learning areas for a more meaningful learning. Below is an example of a
spiralling of concepts about numbers and Number Sense and Geometry from
Kindergarten to Grade 3

Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

Number and Number Sense
Demonstrates an Demonstrates an Demonstrates an Demonstrates an
understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of
key concepts of key concepts of key concepts of key concepts of
sets and numbers whole numbers up numbers
relationship to 100
between numbers
and quantities up
to 20.
Geometry
Begins to identify Demonstrates an Demonstrates an Demonstrates an
the common understanding of understanding of understanding of
attributes of an 2 dimensional and 2 dimensional and 2 dimensional and
object and the 3 dimensional 3 dimensional 3 dimensional
common 2 to 3 shapes objects shapes
dimensional
objects in the
environment
In this example, the concepts about the numbers and number sense as well as
geometry would be built up over a period of time. Still within the framework of the
spiral approach, more subconcepts would be introduced in succeeding grades until
the study of concepts had been fully informed.
Apply

Try this…
Group Name:______________ Date:_______ Course:______________
Create a concept map to illustrate the components of the k to 12 mathematics
curriculum. You may need to draw arrows to connect the key words and write some
ideas along the arrows to explain the links. Discuss with your groupmates the flow
of ideas in the diagram. Be ready to present and explain your output with the other
groups. ( This well be done next meeting through zoom or google meet)

Buzz session

Discuss the output of your activity to the class. Within each group, every student
contributes thoughts and ideas. Discussion and collaboration among the students
within each group is highly encouraged. Everyone should learn from each other’s
input and experiences.
Assess

Name: Sanchez, Ma. Alona Date:____________________________

Course: BSED-TLE 3A

What did you learn in studying the nature, content and structure of the K to 12
mathematics curriculum? Write your analysis on each of the curriculum
components.

Mathematics Curriculum Component My Analysis

Curriculum Framework
Learning Area Standards
Key Stage Standards
Grade level Standards
Scope and Sequence
Content Standards
Performance Standards
Learning Competencies

How are you Graded?

Rubrics

Content Exemplary Good Needs Unsatisfactory

8 points 6 points Improvement 2 points
4 points
Summary Demonstrate Good Summary show Major issues
an excellent understanding some with
understanding of the misunderstanding articulating
of the material, but of major points, is the key
material, well the synthesis missing elements elements of
synthesized borrows too the material
with an heavily or is
appropriate not
amount of articulated in
qouting a clear
manner
Argument Argument is Argument is Argument lacks Argument is
well reasonable the support unsupported
articulated but is not necessary to otherwise not
and addressed convincingly convince the completely
the issues articulated reader articulated
Grammar No major A few content Consistent Significant
and grammatical problems with problem with problems with
Mechanics issues grammar or grammar or grammar and
mechanics mechanics that mechanics
 could have been
solved with
further editing
Formatting Citations are Minor citation Citation format is Few or no
citations in the proper formatting misunderstood or citations
format and errors or small citations missing
paper layout issues with
and paper layout
formatting and
follow class formatting
standard

Reflection: Write for one minute on a specific question. It might be generalized

to “what was the most important thing you learned today”. 

Prepared by:

Evangeline Q. Omoy
Part-Time Lectuer