Homework Title / No.

: 1 Course Code: CSE 410

Course Instructor: Miss Sneha Sahi Course Tutor (if applicable):

Date of Allotment: Date of submission: 7-2-2011

Student’s Roll No. RB2801B38 Section No. :

RB2801B38

Declaration:
I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not
copied from any other student’s work or from any other source
except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text,
nor has any part been written for me by another person.

Student’s
Signature: Rohan Kandwal

Evaluator’s comments:
__________________________________________________________________
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Marks obtained: ___________ out of ______________________

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PART-A

Que1: Explain why a pair of modems is required to transmit a digital signal

over a PSTN. With the aid of Diagram, show the location of the two modems
when two digital devices communicate over a PSTN and the types of signal
analog or digital- that are used over each part of the access circuit?
Ans1:

Modem is because we need a converter so data can be transferred to the analog

system of the telephone. Today we can also change data that is digital to analog
mode. The signal is then changed into digital by the modem through demodulation.
This is the simple explanation on the processes that takes place in a modem. Other
processes that take place in a modem are error corrections, detection of errors,
compressing data and encryption.The figure shows that how two systems
communicate over the network of PSTN lines.

It shows two systems , System A and System B. Both the systems are
communicating with each other through PSTN network. The use of modems
is clearly shown in the figure. They are modulating the data at the sender
end and again demodulating at the receiver side.

Que2: With the aid of the diagram, describe how the following gain access to the
internet:

a) a user at home or in small business.

b) a distributed community of users around a single site or campus.

c) a distributed set of users all attached to the same enterprise-wide private
network. Why is the latter sometimes called an intranet.

Ans 2: (a) A user at home or in small business:-

(b) A distributed community of users around a single site or campus:-

c) A distributed set of users all attached to the same enterprise-wide
private network. Why is the latter sometimes called an intranet:-

Que3: Explain why most data networks operate in a packet mode. Hence explain
why services involving audio and video are supported?
Ans 3: Example Of Packet Switching :-

Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are broken up into small
packets before they are sent. Each packet is transmitted individually across the net
and may even follow different routes to the destination. Thus, each packet has
header information about the source, destination, packet numbering etc. At the
destination, the packets are reassembled into the original message.

There are two important benefits from packet switching.

Benefits of Packet Switching

1. The first and most important benefit is that since packets are short, the
communication links between the nodes are only allocated to transferring a single
message for a short period of time while transmitting each packet. Longer
messages require a series of packets to be sent, but do not require the link to be
dedicated between the transmission of each packet. The implication is that packets
belonging to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message
being sent from A to D. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each
of the links.

2. Another benefit of packet switching is known as "pipelining". Pipelining is visible

in the

figure above. At the time packet 1 is sent from B to C, packet 2 is sent from A to B;
packet 1 is sent from C to D while packet 2 is sent from B to C and packet 3 is sent
from A to B and so forth. This simultaneous se of communications links represents a
gain in efficiency. The total delay for transmission across a packet network may be
considerably less than for message switching, despite the inclusion of a header in
each packet rather than in each message.

For audio and video services are mainly supported by circuit switching. Once
a circuit is established it remains connected for the duration of the session.
Circuit switched creates temporary or permanent dedicated links that are
well suited for this type of communication.

PART -B

Que4: Define the meaning of the term “channel bandwidth” in relation to a

transmission channel. Hence with the aid of diagram, explain the meaning of
the term “band limiting channel”.

Ans 4:

The bandwidth of a transmission channel is the frequency interval over which the
signal does not experience line loss greater than a certain value (generally 3 dB, as
3 decibels corresponds to a signal loss of 50%).

TELEPHONE LINE BANDWIDTH

USED FOR VOICE

USED FOR DATA

300 600 3000

3300

2400Hz FOR DATA

3000Hz FOR VOICE

Que5: Define the aspect ratio of a display screen. Give two examples for
current widely used screen sizes?

Ans: An aspect ratio is the width by height dimensions (the ratio) of a display screen. It's often
used in terms of a movie screen, TV, or computer monitor.

The standard aspect ratio for television is 4:3. In other words, if the width of the screen is four
inches, the height would be three inches. If the width is eight inches, the height would be six
inches. If the width is 16 inches, the height would be 12.

Wide-screen television broadcasts and DVDs are 16:9.

Modern movies are either 1.85:1 or 2.35:1.

Que6: Derive the bit rate that results from the digitization of a 525-line and a 625-
line system using the 4:2:0 digitization format and interlaced scanning. Hence
derive the amount of memory required to store a 2-hour movie/video.

Ans 6: In 525 system

Resolution of luminance and two chrominance

Y=720 x 480

Cb =Cr=360 x 240

Line sampling rate is fixed at

13.5 Mhz for Y

3.375 for both Cb & Cr all with 8 bits per sample

Bit rate =13.5 x 106 x 8 + 2(3.375 x 106 x 8)=162Mbps

Memory required per line=720 x 8+ 2(360 x 8)= 11520 bits or 1440 bytes

Hence, memory per frame each of 240 lines= 240 x 11520

=2.7648 Mbits or 345.6 Kbytes

Memory to store 2 hours assuming 60 frames per second= 345.6 x 60 x 2 x 3600

Kbytes

=149.2992 Gbytes
In 625 system

Resolution of luminance and two chrominance are

Y=720 x 480

Cb =Cr=360 x 288

Line sampling rate is fixed at

13.5 Mhz for Y

3.375 for both Cb & Cr all with 8 bits per sample

Bit rate =13.5 x 106 x 8 + 2(3.375 x 106 x 8)=162Mbps

memory per frame each of 288 lines= 288 x 11520

=3.317775 Mbits or 414.72 Kbytes

Memory to store 2 hours assuming 50 frames per second= 414.72 x 50 x 2 x 3600

Kbytes

=149.2992 Gbytes

Que7: the following character string is to be transmitted using Huffman coding:

ABACADABACADABACABAB

1) Derive the Huffman code tree.

2) Determine the savings in transmission bandwidth over normal ASCII and binary
coding.

Ans 7: (1)

The given series is: ABACADABACADABACABAB

According to the priority of the letters the huffmann tree is as shown below:

20

0 1

A 0 1
 10 10

5 5
B
0 1

3 2
C D
SYMBOL FREQUENCY CODE CODE TOTAL
LENGTH LENGTH

A 10 0 1 10

B 5 10 2 10

C 3 110 3 9

D 2 111 3 6

THIS TREE WOULD TAKE

10 x 1 + 5 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 3= 35 bits

(2) ASCII code uses 7 bits per code word. This makes the total bits
to be

FREQUENCY CODE LENGTH TOTAL LENGTH

10 7 70

5 7 35

3 7 21

2 7 14

Then the same data will take 140 bits. That means 105 bits more than the
huffmann tree coding.

Therefore, huffmann tree saves the transmission bandwidth.