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ELL211 Lecture 7: IIT Delhi

The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

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Vamsikrishna Yadav
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66 views

ELL211 Lecture 7: IIT Delhi

The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

Uploaded by

Vamsikrishna Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IIT Delhi

ELL211 Lecture 7 Bhaskar Mitra


Crystal Vibrations - Longitudnal Waves
Planes of
atoms when
displaced in
longitudinal
direction. u
measures the
displacement
of planes.
us ∥ K
Crystal Vibrations - Transverse Waves

us ⊥ K
Hooke’s Law
❖ We assume the elastic response of a crystal is a linear function of the forces
❖ Hooke’s Law: The force exerted on the plane s as caused by plane s+p is
proportional to the displacement us+p − us. For nearest neighbour p = ± 1

❖ ··
Fs = C(us+1 − us) + C(us−1 − us) so mus = C(us+1 + us−1 − 2us)
−j(ωt−sKa)
❖ We are looking for harmonic solutions of the form us = use
−jpKa
❖ Also since atoms are identical us+p = use (Bloch Theorem)
2 jKa −jKa 2
❖ we get mω = C(e +e − 2) or ω = 2C/m(1 − cosKa)
Dispersion Relation
w vs k Dispersion for Monoatomic Lattice

❖ Meaningful range of K is only in


the first brillouin zone
Linear π π
(− < K < )
a a
❖ Can always add/subtract by
reciprocal lattice vector
❖ At zone boundary - standing wave
Waves in a Diatomic Crystal
··
m1us = C(vs + vs−1 − 2us)
··
m u = C(u + u − 2v )
2 s s+1 s s

look for travelling wave solutions:


−j(ωt−sKa) −j(ωt−sKa)
us = ue vs = ve

( )
2 −iKa

(−C(1 + e )
2C − m1ω −C(1 + e )
( )
u 0
v =
−iKa
) 2C − m2ω 2 0 Near Zone Centre: Ka <<1
1 1
ω 2 ≈ 2C( + ) Optical Branch
for solution to exist, determinant =0 m1 m2
4 2 2 C/2
m1m2ω − 2C(m1 + m2)ω + 2C (1 − CosKa) = 0 2
ω ≈ 2 2
K a Acoustic Branch
m1 + m2
Longitudnal Acoustic and Optical Branches
Phonon
Dispersion
in Ge
Transverse Optical and Acoustic Phonons
Quantization of Lattice Vibrations
❖ In the classical picture a wave has an intensity that can vary continuously
❖ In quantum picture, the energy of the wave is quantised. The particle associated with
a quantum of lattice vibrations is called a phonon. Each phonon carries an energy ℏω
1
The total energy contained in vibration is given by E = (nω + )ℏω
2
❖

1
The distribution function is given by Bose-Einstein statistics:
❖
exp ( k T )
ℏω
−1
B

❖ Density of states is same as what we derived for electrons


Lattice Scattering
❖ Three mechanisms for lattice scattering
du
Acoustic phonons create a strain field which produces a potential Vap = D
dx
❖

❖ Optical Phonons : Out of phase motion of neighbouring atoms produces a strain


called the optical strainVo = Dou
❖ Ionic Lattices: Motion of charged ions creates a polarisation field Vpo = e*u
❖ Scattering Probability is given by
2π 2
P(k, k′) = < k′, q′| Hel | k, q > δ[ϵ(k′) − ϵ(k) ∓ ℏωq]
h

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