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Lecture 01 PDF

This document provides an introduction to fluid dynamics from a lecture given at Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. It defines key terms like fluid, fluid dynamics, continuum, and explores properties of fluids like density, velocity, pressure, stresses. It also outlines the mathematical functions used to describe the state of a moving fluid and different fluid flow regimes, including ideal vs real fluid flow. The document lays the groundwork for understanding fluid dynamics concepts to be covered in the course.

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36 views

Lecture 01 PDF

This document provides an introduction to fluid dynamics from a lecture given at Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. It defines key terms like fluid, fluid dynamics, continuum, and explores properties of fluids like density, velocity, pressure, stresses. It also outlines the mathematical functions used to describe the state of a moving fluid and different fluid flow regimes, including ideal vs real fluid flow. The document lays the groundwork for understanding fluid dynamics concepts to be covered in the course.

Uploaded by

غيث منعم
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education And Scientific Research


Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
Department of Mechanical Engineering Techniques of Power

Lecture-01
Introduction of Fluid Dynamics
Master of Thermal Technologies Degree (M. Tech.)
Advanced Fluid Dynamics

Dr. Dhafer Manea Hachim AL-HASNAWI


Assist Proof
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
email:[email protected]
Definitions
• Fluid: The word “fluid” is used to denote either a liquid or a gas, and
it can be define that is a substance when a force is applied
tangentially to the surface of a fluid, the fluid will experience a
continuously increasing deformation, and the shear stress usually will
be proportional to the rate of change of the deformation.
Definition of FLUID DYNAMICS
• Fluid Dynamics : A branch of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid
motion (as flow and wave motion).It makes sense to classify the study
of dynamics of both liquids and gases under the same general
heading called “Fluid Dynamics” and the fluid dynamics is subdivided
into three areas as follows:

• Hydro Dynamics ………………Flow of Liquids …….. (𝛿𝜌 = 0)


• Gas Dynamics…………………..Flow of gases …….. (𝛿𝜌 ≠ 0)
• Aero Dynamics………………….Flow of air …….. (𝛿𝜌 = 0) or (𝛿𝜌 ≠ 0)
Continuum
•Continuum: theories or models that explain gradual transitions from one condition to another without
abrupt changes
The behaviour of individual molecules comprising a fluid determines the observed properties of the
fluid and for an absolutely complete analysis, the fluid should be studied at the molecular scale. The
behaviour of any one molecule is highly complex, continuously varying and may indeed be very different
from neighbouring molecules at any instant of time. The problems normally encountered by engineers do
not require knowledge and prediction of behaviour at the molecular level but on the properties of the fluid
mass that may result. Thus the interest is more on the average rather than the individual responses of the
molecules comprising the fluid. At a microscopic level, a fluid consists of molecules with a lot of space in
between. For our analysis, we do not consider the actual conglomeration of separate molecules, but instead
assume that the fluid is a continuum, that is a continuous distribution of matter with no empty space. The
sketch below illustrates this. Note that the fluid particle consists of an assembly of molecules each having
properties such as pressure, temperature, density etc. However, we are interested in the property of the
fluid particle at P and therefore we regard P as being a “smear” of matter (represented as a solid filled circle
in the figure) with no space.
Fluid Properties
• Density of a Point
• It is an important fluid variable which is defined as the mass per unit
volume, and it is a point property that can vary from point to point in
fluid. Consider a point B in the fluid of elemental volume 𝛿∀ and the
mass of fluid inside 𝛿∀ is 𝛿𝑚. Then the density of point B is:
𝛿𝑚
•𝜌= lim …………………………… (1)
𝛿∀ →0 𝛿∀
• In general, the density 𝜌 is the limiting from of the mass per unit
volume and it shall be assumed that 𝜌 is continuous and it can vary in
the space within the time so:
• 𝜌 = 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) …..………………………. (2)
Fluid Properties
• Velocity at a Point
• It is the average of velocity of fluid particle. It can be analyze into
three components which are u,v,w in x,y,z respectively.

• hence 𝑽 = 𝒊𝒖 + 𝒋𝒗 + 𝒌𝒘
• Or 𝑽 = 𝒊𝒗𝒙 + 𝒋𝒗𝒚 + 𝒌𝒗𝒛
Fluid Properties
• Pressure at a point
• The term pressure is used to indicate the normal
force per unit area at a given point acting on a
given plane within the fluid mass of interest. A
question that immediately arises is how the
pressure at a point varies with the orientation of
the plane passing through the point. To answer
this question, consider the free-body diagram,
illustrated in Fig. below, that was obtained by
removing a small triangular wedge of fluid from
some arbitrary location within a fluid mass. Since
we are considering the situation in which there
are no shearing stresses, the only external forces
acting on the wedge are due to the pressure and
the weight.
Fluid Properties
• Stresses at a Point
• Stress is the force per unit area. The force on the fluid of element
area 𝜹𝑨 can be analysed to two components a tangential and
normal components as shown in Figure below

• Normal stress…. Strain stress (𝝈𝒙, 𝝈𝒚, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝈𝒛, )


• Tangentail Stress….Shear stress (𝝉𝒚𝒙 , 𝝉𝒙𝒚 , 𝝉𝒚𝒛 , … . . )
Mathematical functions that define the
fluid state
• Following the continuous assumption, the mathematical description
of the state of a moving fluid can be characterized by functions of the
coordinates x, y, z and of the time t. These functions of (x, y, z, t) are
related to the quantities defined for the fluid at a given point (x, y, z)
in space and at a given time t, which refers to fixed points in space
and not to fixed particles of the fluid. For example, we can consider
the mean local velocity v(x, y, z, t) of fluid particles or fluid points,
called the fluid velocity, and two thermodynamic quantities that
characterize the fluid state, the pressure p(x, y, z, t) and the mass
density ρ(x, y, z, t), the mass per unit volume of fluid. The two
remarks can be done at this stage:
• i. The fluid is assumed to be a continuum. This
implies that all space-time derivatives of all
dependent variables exist in some reasonable
sense. In other words, local properties such as
density pressure and velocity are defined as
averages over elements large compared with the
microscopic structure of the fluid but small
enough in comparison with the scale of the
macroscopic. This allows the use of differential
calculus to describe such a system.
• ii. All the thermodynamic quantities are determined by the values of
any two of them, together with the equation of state. Therefore, if we
are given five quantities, namely the three components of the
velocity v, the pressure p and the mass density ρ, the state of the
moving fluid is completely determined. We recall that only if the fluid
is close to thermodynamic equilibrium, its thermodynamic properties,
such as pressure, density, temperature are well-defined. This requires
(as a very former hypothesis) that local relaxation times towards
thermal equilibrium are much shorter than any macroscopic
dynamical time scale. In particular, microscopic collision time scale
(between elementary constituents of the fluid) needs to be much
shorter than any macroscopic evolution time scales. This hypothesis is
almost a tautology for standard fluids build up by molecules at
reasonable density, but becomes not trivial in the case of some hot
dense matter state created in high energetic hadronic collisions.
• Regimes in the Mechanics of Fluid,

• Ideal Fluid Flow Real Fluid Flow

No Friction τ=0 Friction τ≠0


No Viscosity 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 =-P Viscosity 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 ≠ -P
Forces in Fluid Dynamics

Pressure Forces Surface Forces Surface Tension Forces Body Forces

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