A soil profile is shown in the figure. A zone of capillary rise of 3.

3. Compute the effective stress at B The sheet pile is driven in the Cebu South reclamation area
2.5 m is on the sand layer overlying clay. In this zone, the 4. Compute the seepage force per unit volume. and the area to one side is pumped down as shown in the flow
average degree of saturation is 60% net. The permeability of the sand is 0.001 m/sec. Below
elevation 20m. is an impermeable rock layer. Determine the
1. Compute the effective stress right below B flow per unit length and the pressure at point A at elevation
2. Compute the effective stress of C. 22m.
3. Compute the effective stress of D.

An exploratory drill hole was made in saturated stiff clay

having a water content of 32%. It was observed that the sand
layer underlying the clay was under artesian pressure water in
A 10 m. thick the drill hole rose to a height of 4m above the top of the sand
layer of shift layer. If an open excavation is to be made in the clay.
saturated clay is underlain by a layer of sand. The sand is A point load of 50 KN is applied on the ground surface.
1. Determine the void ratio of clay.
under artesian pressure 1. Determine the subsurface stress at a point 3m below where
2. Determine the saturated unit weight of clay.
1. Calculate the max. depth of cut H, that can be made the 50 KN point load is applied using Boussinesq conditions.
3. How deep can the excavation proceed before the
in the clay bottom of the saturated clay heaves? 2. Determine the subsurface stress at a point 3m below where
2. Calculate the total stress of A. the 50 KN point load is applied using Westergaard conditions.
3. Calculate the effective stress at B A 2m x 2m footing carries a column load of 500 KN, which is
supported on the surface on the surface of a uniform,
homogenous soil.
1. Determine the subsurface stress increase that occurs
beneath the center of the foundation at a depth of 2m using
influence coefficient for rectangular areas.

For the stressed soil element shown using Mohr’s Circle

Consider 1. Compute the major principal stress

the 2. Compute the minor principal stress
downward flow of water through a layer of sand in the tank as 3. Compute the normal stress on plane CE.
shown. Voids ratio of soil = 0.52. Sp.gr. = 2.70 4. Compute the shear stress on plane CE.
1. Compute the value of h1
2. Compute the effective stress at A.
2. Determine the subsurface stress increase that occurs at the PO' = 120 kPa
center of the square footing at a depth of 2m using the given 1. Compute the elastic settlement of 3m footing if the Poissons
table of a variation of vertical stress beneath a foundation. Ratio ( μ S ) of soil is 0.32, Modulus of elasticity of soil E S=
3. Determine the subsurface stress increase that occurs at the
16000 kPa , influence factor l p = 0.88.
edge of the square footing at a depth of 2m using the given
table of the variation of vertical stress beneath a foundation 2. Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the clay
layer if it is normally consolidated.
For 3. Compute the total consolidation settlement of the clay 5
a years after the completion of primary consolidation settlement.
Time for completion of primary settlement is 2.0 years .
Secondary compression index C α = 0.02

A tank 12m high with a 45m radius filled with oil is to be built
on a site. The existing soil profile consists of a 3m sand layer
underlain by 14m clay layer. Another sand layer is under the
1. Compute the pre consolidation pressure ( P¿¿ c ¿¿ ') ¿¿
clay. The water table is at the surface. The clay has an initial
2. Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the clay
void ratio of 1.27 and unit weight of soil is 9.4 KN/ m 3. From a
layer.
consolidation test on a 25mm laboratory sample of the clay
3. Compute the secondary consolidation settlement 6 years
with drainage on both ends, 50% consolidation is achieved
normally consolidated clay, the following are given. after the completion of primary consolidation settlement. Time
after 6.5 minutes. The compression index is 0.40. Assume the
Thickness of clay = 4m for completion of primary settlement is 1.8 years. Secondary
foundation is very flexible. Neglect weight of tank.
PO = 50 kPa. e o = 0.81
∆ P + PO = 120 kPa. e = 0.70 1. Find the ultimate differential settlement of the tank if the
Hydraulic conductivity K of the clay = 3.1 x 10 cm/ sec
−7 influence coefficient under the center and the edge of the tank
1. Compute the required void ratio at a total stress of 180 kpa. are 1.0 and 0.48 respectively.
2. In how many days will it take for 4m thick clay layer (drained 2. Find the time for 70% consolidation. Use the time factor
on both sides) in the field to reach 50% consolidation? table.
3. Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the lay 3. Find the depth in the ground to which the tank must be
layer. placed in order to minimize settlement.
4. What is the settlement when it reaches 50% consolidation?

From the soil profile shown, the ground surface is subjected to

a uniformly distributed load of 40 kPa. The thickness of the
over consolidated clay is 2.5 m. The insitu void ratio of the clay
compression index C α =
is e o = 0.80 with a liquid limit of 45%. Specific gravity of clay is
0.03.
2.71. Assume swell factor
C
S=¿ C C ¿ .
1
6 A rigid 3m square footing is constructed over a loose sand
The insitu effective burden pressure layer as shown on the figure . It carries a total load of 710 KN.
 COMPRESSIBILTY OF C C= 0.009 (LL – 10)
e o = In situ void ratio Cα H T2
SOIL H = thickness of clay layer
Ss =
1+ e p
log
T1 ( )
∆ P = average increase of effective Ss = Secondary Settlement
Settlement of Foundations stress on clay layer C α= secondary compression index
PO = average effective stress at the
T 2 = Time after completion of
Total Settlement : mid- height of clay layer
primary settlement
St = Sc + Ss + Se T 1= Time for completion of primary
2 Over Consolidated Clays
settlement
Where: Over the consolidated clays are
e p= void ratio at the end of primary
St = total settlement those whose present effective overburden
pressure is less than that which the soil consolidation
Sc = primary consolidation
experienced in the past
settlement e p= e o - ∆ e
Ss = secondary consolidation
① when P0 + ∆ P < PC
settlement PO + ∆ P
PC = preconsolidation pressure
Se = Immediate or elastic settlement ∆ e = C C log ( PO )
Cs H PO + ∆ P e o = In situ void ratio
A Primary consolidation settlement
1 Normally Consolidated Clays
Sc =
1+ e o
log( PO )
Normally Consolidated clays are
those whose present effective overburden C s= swell index C Immediate or Elastic Settlement
pressure is the maximum pressure that the 1 1
(ranges from to of C C) ①
soil was subjected to in the past . The 5 10
maximum effective past pressure is called ② when P0 + ∆ P > PC 1−μ2
the preconsolidation pressure. PC = preconsolidation pressure
Se = C sqB
( ) ES

CC H PO + ∆ P Cs H PC CC H ②
Sc =
1+ e o (
log
PO ) Sc =
1+ e o
log
PO
+ 1+ e o 1−μ2
PO + ∆ P
Se = qB
( )ES
lp

Sc = primary consolidation log ( Pc ) Where:

C s = shape and foundation rigidity
settlement
C C= Compression Index factor
B Secondary Settlement
 B = Width of foundation or 4 Park and Koumoto (2004) It is the ratio between the change in
diameter of circular foundation void ratio and the change in effective
P no stress for the given increment.
q = 2 = (net vertical pressure CC =
B 371.747−4.275 no
applied) n o = in situ porosity of the soil a v = coefficient of compressibility in m 2/KN
μ = poissons ratio of soil
E S = Modulus of elasticity of soil e 1−e 2
av =
l p= Influence factor P 2−P1
Swell index: 3 Coefficient of volume
Compression Index: Compressibility:

1 Nagaraj and Murty (1985)

m v = coefficient of volume compressibility
1 Skempton’s Equation (1944)
0.0463(¿)
Cs = GS e 1+ e2
C C = 0.009 (LL – 10) 100 mv =
2 ( 1+e ave ) (P 2−P1)
LL = liquid limit 1 1 e1 + e2
Cs = to C e ave =
5 10 C 2
2 Rendon-Herrero (1983) av
mv =
Time Rate of consolidation ( 1+e ave )
2.38
1+e o (Theory of Consolidation)
C C = 0.141G S1.2
( )
GS 4 Coefficient of Consolidation (C V )
G S = sp gr. Of soil 1 Compression Index (C c) C V = coefficient of consolidation
e o= in situ void ratio C c= Compression index
K
CV =
3 Nagaraj and Murty (1985) e1−e2 mv γ w
C c= P K = Coefficient of permeability
log 2 mv = Coefficient of volume
P1
C C = 0.2443 ( 100¿ ) G S
Compressibility
e 1 = void ratio at a pressure P1 γ w = unit weight of water
LL = Liquid limit of soil e 2 = void ratio at a pressure P2
G S = specific gravity of soil 5 Time Factor (T V )
2 Coefficient of Compressibility:
 CV U O = initial excess pore water PO' = in situ average overburden
TV = 2
( H dr ) pressure pressure

C V = coefficient of consolidation 8 Relation of time and degree of 10 Over Consolidation Ration (OCR)
t = time corresponding to degree of consolidation
consolidation PC
2 OCR =
H dr = half the thickness of the t1 U1 PO
= 2
sample if drained on both sides t2 U2
H dr = thickness of the sample if PC = Preconsolidation pressure
drained on one side only U 1 = Degree of consolidation at PO = present effective vertical
time t 1 pressure
6 Degree of consolidation for the entire U 2 = Degree of consolidation at
depth of clay layer at anytime “t” time t 2 11 For normally consolidated clay

S ct Nagaraj and Murthy (1985)

U= 8 Preconsolidation Pressure PC ' for
SC overconsolidated clay:
e
eL
= 1.122 – 0.2343 log PO
U = Degree of consolidation
Nagaraj and Murthy (1985)
Sct = Settlement of the layer at time
“t”
eL = ( 100¿ ) G S

eo
SC = Ultimate settlement of the layer
from the primary consolidation
log PC =' 1.22−
( ) eL
−0.0463 log PO ' PO = Overburden Pressure
12 Surcharge needed to eliminate the
0.188
entire primary settlement for a period of
7 Degree of consolidation at a distance time “t” by precompression
PC ' = Preconsolidation pressure in
“z” at anytime “t”
kPa
e o = in situ void ratio
1−U Z PRECOMPRESSION:
U= e L = void ratio of the soil at liquid
UO
limit Precompression of soil is used to
U = Degree of consolidation minimize post construction settlement for
U Z = excess pore pressure at time eL = ( 100¿ ) G S highly compressible normally consolidated
clay which produces depth and large
“t”
GS = sp. gr. of soil consolidation settlement as a result of
construction of dams, highway U = degree of consolidation
embankments and large bldg. If the ∆ P f = Additional surcharge needed to
temporary total surcharge load ∆ P + ∆ P f eliminate settlement for a period of time “t”
when applied on the ground surface will by precompression
produce a settlement equal to that if ∆ P is ∆ P = surcharge (average increase of
only applied, that is if ∆ P f is removed and effective stress on clay layer)
only ∆ P is acting , no appreciable
settlement will occur, the process is known
as precompression.

Degree of Consolidation:

Sc 1 if theonly ∆ P is acting
U=
S c 2 if the only ∆ P+ ∆ P f isacting

CC H ∆ P+ P O
Sc 1 =
1+e
log
PO ( )
CC H ( ∆ P+ ∆ Pf ) + PO
Sc 2 =
1+e
log (
PO )
∆ P+ PO

U=
log
( PO )
( ∆ P+ ∆ P f ) + PO
log ( PO )
∆P
log 1+ ( PO )
U=
∆ Pf
log 1+[ ( ∆P
PO
1+
∆P )]