Ablegina, Joecelle B.

MexE-3101
Ramos, Joveth
Laboratory No. 2
Diode Characteristics
Objective/s:
1. The purpose of this laboratory assignment is to investigate the behavior of diodes and
to introduce some practical circuits using diodes.
2. To determine experimentally the volt ampere characteristics of a junction diode and
rectification.

Materials/ Apparatus:
1 1k ohm Resistor Function Generator
1 1N4148 Diode
10V Powe Supply
Procedure:
1. 1N4148 Diode
Build the basic diode circuit shown.

Fig. 1 Basic Diode Circuit

1. Measure the diode voltage VD as the power supply is varied from 0 to 10 volts
using the steps (.2, .4, .6, .8, 1, 2 , 3 ,6, 10). Put the measured values in a table.
For each of the voltage steps above, determine the diode current ID by
measuring the voltage drop across the 1kΩ resistor. Since the value of the resistor
is known, the current flowing through the resistor can easily be calculated.
2. Plot the V-I characteristic for the diode. This plot will have the Diode Voltage on
the horizontal (x) axis and the Diode Current on the vertical (y) axis.
3. Set the power supply to 10 Volts and then vary the supply voltage by 20%. Record
the diode voltages, VDmin and VDmax at both points.
 4. Set the supply voltage back to its nominal value. Add a 1k load across the diode.
Measure the drop in output voltage.
Remember in the first case there is no load, and no load current. By adding
the resistor you have added a load to your diode circuit. You can easily determine
the load current if you know the voltage drop across the load resistor.
Questions:
1. What is the function of the resistor in this circuit ? How much current would
have to flow through the diode if there was no resistor between the diode and
the voltage source ?
The function of the resistor in this circuit is it reduces the current flow
across the diode. When there is no resistor the current flow through the diode
between the diode and voltage source of 0.2V is 205.52787nA and when the
voltage source is 10V the current is 15.805832A.

2. What can be said about the voltage drop across the two diode terminals, if there
is current flowing through the diode, what would you expect the voltage drop to
be ?
The voltage drop across the two diode terminals if there’s current flowing
through the diode is the same as the voltage from power supply. The voltage
drop to be expected is almost the same of the voltage from the power supply.

2 Half Wave Rectifier

Build the rectifier circuit shown below.

Figure 4: Single diode rectifier.

1. Use the function generator to set up the signal source ( Vs ). Use a sine wave at
100Hz with a peak amplitude of 2 Volts.
2. Use the transient analysis to display both the input and the output at the same
time. Screenshot these waveforms.
3. Use a DC operating point analysis to record the input and output voltages.
4. Measure and record the input and output waveform as shown in the graph.
3. Full-wave Rectifier
This first circuit is not very effective as a rectifier as it only uses one half-period of
the sine wave. A more commonly used circuit is the bridge rectifier. Build the bridge
rectifier shown below:

Figure 5: Bridge rectifier.

1. Use a sinusoidal input voltage at 100 Hz with an amplitude of 10 V. Measure and
sketch the input and output of the circuit using transient analysis.
2. Now add a capacitor 1uF parallel to the output as shown in the figure below. (Be
careful with the polarity of the capacitor), sketch the new output.

Figure 6: Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor

In most of the applications a transformer is used to scale the input voltage. To build
a power supply, for example, the 110V AC signal would be reduced to 10V AC using a
transformer. The output of the transformer would be a sinusoidal signal with 10V peak
amplitude, that is just like the one generated by the function generator in this lab.
Results
1. 1N4148

Figure 1.1 Basic Diode Circuit Construction using LTSpice

Figure 1.2 Basic Diode Circuit Simulation Graph

Figure 1.2 presents the graph of Basic Diode Circuit given with different power
supply. This graph presents the voltage across resistor (green line), the diode current (red
line graph) and current flowing to resistor (blue line graph).
 Table 1. Measured Values of Different Component of the Basic Diode Circuit
Power Supply Voltage Across Diode Current Current Flowing to
Resistor (Va) (ID1) Resistor (IR1)
0.2V 199.79541 mV 204.59069 nA -204.59069nA
0.4V 387.08761 mV 12.912754 μA -12.912396 μA
0.6V 486.90797 mV 114.11947 μA -114.09204 μA
0.8V 525.96533 mV 274.28954 μA -274.03468 μA
1.0V 548.48379 mV 451.59532 μA -451.51621 μA
2.0V 600.22205 mV 1.399792 mA -1.3997779 mA
3.0V 625.18847 mV 2.3752733 mA -2.3748116 mA
6.0V 663.12075 mV 5.3369091 mA -5.3368793 mA
10.0V 690.57673 mV 9.3094399 mA -9.3094232 mA
Table 1 presents the obtained data from the graph, it presents the voltage across
resistor, diode current and current flowing to resistor in a certain power supply value.

Figure 1.3 Voltage-Current Characteristics of the Diode

Figure 1.3 shows the voltage current characteristics of the diode. It can be seen
that the Diode voltage is at x-axis and the Diode current is at y-axis of the graph.
 Figure 1.4 Basic Diode Circuit to Determine the Minimimun and Maximum Diode
Voltage
Figure 1.4 presents the basic diode circuit and its command to get the minimum
and maximum diode voltage with a variation of 20%.

Figure 1.5 Basic Diode Circuit Graph of Minimum and Maximum Voltage Diode
Figure 1.5 presents the basic diode circuit graph of minimum and maximum
diode voltage wherein the power supply varies by 20%.
 Table 2. Minimum and Maximum Diode Voltage
Diode Voltage (VD)
Minimum 9.3094399mA
Maximum 11.299531mA
Table 2 presents the minimum and maximum diode voltage of the basic diode
circuit where the power supply varies by 20%.

Figure 1.6 Basic Circuit Diode Without Load

Figure 1.7 Basic Diode Circuit Graph of Current Diode without Load
Figure 1.7 shows the current diode of the basic diode circuit without load in a
certain power supply (represents by different color of line graphs).
 Figure 1.8 Basic Diode Circuit Graph of Diode Voltage without Load
Figure 1.8 shows the current diode of the basic diode circuit without load in a
certain power supply (represents by different color of line graphs).

Table 3. Current Diode and Diode Voltage of Different Power Supply at 30μs
Power Supply Current Diode (ID) Diode Voltage (VD)
0.2V 205.52787nA 200mV
0.4V 17.69998μA 400.00001mV
0.6V 1.3934918mA 600.00002mV
0.8V 57.175748mA 800.00001mV
1.0V 281.98153mA 1.0V
2.0V 1.890732A 2.0V
3.0V 3.599921A 3.0V
6.0V 8.8102074A 6.0V
10.0V 15.805832A 10.0V
Table 3 presents the current diode of different power supply of basic diode circuit
without load at 30 μs.
 Figure 1.9 Basic Circuit Diode With Load

Figure 2.0 Basic Diode Circuit Diode Current with Load

Figure 2.0 shows the current diode of the basic diode circuit with load in a certain
power supply (represents by different color of line graphs).
 Figure 2.1 Basic Diode Circuit Diode Voltage with Load
Figure 2.1 shows the voltage diode of the basic diode circuit with load in a certain
power supply (represents by different color of line graphs).

Figure 2.2 Basic Diode Circuit Graph of Voltage Across Resistor

Figure 2.2 shows the voltage diode of the basic diode circuit with load in a certain
power supply (represents by different color of line graphs).
 Table 4. Current Diode, Voltage Diode and Voltage Across Resistor of Different
Power Supply at 30μs With Load
Power Supply Current Diode (ID) Voltage Diode Voltage Across
(Vd) Resistor
Vr
0.2V 204.59069nA 200mV 204.59294µV
0.4V 12.912754µA 400.00001mV 12.91275mV
0.6V 114.11948µA 600.00002mV 114.1195mV
0.8V 274.29019µA 800.00001mV 274.2902mV
1.0V 451.59538µA 1.0V 451.59537mV
2.0V 1.399792mA 2.0V 1.399792V
3.0V 2.3752756mA 3.0V 2.3752756V
6.0V 5.3369091mA 6.0V 5.3369091V
10.0V 9.3094399mA 10.0V 9.3094401V
Table 4 presents the current diode, voltage diode and voltage across the resistor
of different power supply at 30 μs.

PART 2. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Figure 2.3 Single Diode Rectifier Circuit

Figure 2.3 shows the basic circuit of single diode rectifier and its command for
the circuit to run.
 Figure 2.4 Single Diode Rectifier Input and Output Waveform Graph
Figure 2.4 presents the graph of waveform of input and output of the single diode
rectifier the green waveform is the input and the blue waveform is the output.

Table 5. Measured Input and Output Waveform

Peak Trough
Input Waveform 2.998898V -999.97705mV
Output Waveform 2.3723502V -2.2692814µV
Table 5 presents the peak and trough voltage of the input waveform and output
waveform of the Single Diode Rectifier.

Figure 2.7 Single Diode Rectifier Circuit (DC operating analysis)

Figure 2.7 shows the single diode rectifier circuit that used direct operating
analysis command.
 Figure 2.8 Operating Point Analysis
Figure 2.8 shows the input and output voltages of the single diode rectifier circuit.

3. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Figure 2.9 Bridge Rectifier Circuit

 Figure 3.0 Bridge Rectifier Input and Output Waveform Graph
Figure 3.0 presents the bridge rectifier input and output waveform graph; the green
waveform presents the input and the blue sine wave presents the output waveform.

Table 6. Measured Input and Output Waveform of Bridge Rectifier

Peak Trough
Input Waveform 9.9934794V -9.9997108V
Output Waveform 12.727222V 478.50626µV
Table 6 presents the measured value of the peak and trough voltage of input and
output waveform.
 Figure 3.1 Bridge Rectifier Circuit with Capacitor

Figure 3.2 Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Input and Output Waveform Graph
Figure 3.0 presents the bridge rectifier with capacitor input and output waveform
graph; the green waveform presents the input and the blue sine wave presents the output
waveform.

Table 7. Measured Input and Output Waveform of Bridge Rectifier with

Capacitor
Peak Trough
Input Waveform 9.9970913V -10.001425V
Output Waveform 12.729731V 1.8900154V
Table 8 presents the measured value of the peak and trough voltage of input and
output waveform.
Conclusion
1. Is Diode characteristic Linear?
From the Voltage-Current Relationship it can be concluded that the diode
characteristics is non-linear.
2. Is diode characteristic symmetrical?
The diode characteristics is not symmetrical od it is asymmetrical
3. Does Diode conduct for all positive voltages?
When a voltage source is connected to a diode such that the positive side
of the voltage source is on the anode and the negative side is on the cathode, the
diode becomes a conductor and allows current to flow. It means that the diode
conduct for all the positive voltages.