Physics

2. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

n Magnetism : It was known to the Greeks more than 2000 years ago that certain stones called lodestones
from Magnesia attract pieces of iron. Lodestone is now called ‘magnetite ore’. The word ‘magnetic’
comes from ‘Magnesia’, the island where lodestone (magnetite ore) was found. The island of Magnesia is
situated in the west of present day Turkey. Chinese used magnetic needles for navigation on ships as early
in 400 B.C.
l In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted accidentally discovered that a compass needle got deflected when
an electric current passed through a metallic wire placed nearby. Through this observation Oersted
showed that electricity and magnetism were related phenomena. Now, it is established that there are
two sources of magnetism namely, electric currents and permanent magnets.
n Permanent Magnets : A solid of any shape or size which can attract pieces of materials like iron, cobalt,
nickel is called magnet. A magnet in the shape of a rod or a bar is called a bar magnet.
l Magnetic Poles : The places where the attracting power of a bar magnet is maximum are called
‘poles’. Poles are regions or small areas, not the points. Poles are situated near the ends of bar
magnet, not exactly at the ends.
l Properties of a bar magnet
} Attractive nature : When iron filings are put near a bar magnet, the magnet attracts iron filings
towards it. The attracting power is maximum near the ends (poles) and minimum at the centre
(neutral region).

S N
South North
Neutral pole
pole
region

} Directive property : When a magnet is suspended freely, it aligns itself to north-south direction.
The pole of the bar magnet pointing towards north direction when suspended freely is called ‘north
pole (or north seeking pole)’. The pole of the bar magnet pointing towards south direction when
suspended freely is called ‘south pole (or south seeking pole)’.
} Poles exist in pairs : In a bar magnet, there are always two poles which are equal in strength and
opposite in nature. This means that ‘magnetic mono poles do not exist’. If a magnet is broken into
number of pieces, each piece becomes a magnetic dipole.
} Inductive nature : When certain substances like soft iron, steel, cobalt, nickel are placed near a
bar magnet, they acquire magnetisation called ‘induced magnetisation’. The phenomenon is
called ‘magnetic induction’. It involves inducing opposite pole in a magnetic material like iron on
the side facing the magnetic pole.

S N
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S N
West S N S N S N
S N
S
South North
S N S N S N N
East Magnetic induction
Directive property A magnet is always a dipole.
} Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. This means, south-south or north-north repel while
south-north attract. Only like poles of two magnets repel; a magnet and an unmagnetised iron can
never repel each other. So, repulsion is the true test of magnetisation on materials.

S N N S N S S N

Like poles repel

S N S N

Unlike poles attract

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Class X
l Natural Magnets : Natural occurring minerals or ores having magnetic properties are called ‘natural
magnets’. Due to their irregular shapes and weak attracting power, natural magnets are nowadays,
rarely used.
l Artificial magnets : Nowadays, pieces of iron and many other materials of suitable shapes and sizes
are made as magnets by passing current through a wire wound around them. e.g. Bar magnet,
U-shaped magnet, magnetic needle, etc.
n Magnetic field : A three-dimensional region of influence surrounding a magnet, in which other magnets
or materials like iron are affected by magnetic forces is called ‘magnetic field’.
l The space surrounding a magnetic dipole (or magnet) in which magnetic effects can be experienced is
called ‘magnetic field’.
n Magnetic field lines (or magnetic lines of force) : A magnetic field line is an imaginary curve such
that the tangent to the curve at any point on it gives the direction of magnetic field at that point.
l Properties of magnetic lines of force
} In a magnet, magnetic field lines arise from north pole in the surrounding space and enter the south
pole.
} Magnetic field lines can never interest each other because if they intersect at a point, magnetic field
at that point will have two directions which is not possible. (If we put a magnetic needle at such a
point, it will point in two directions, that is impossible !!)
} The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the field lines. The
crowded lines represent strong magnetic field while distant lines represent weak magnetic field.
} The magnetic field lines are continuous or closed curves, they are directed south to north within the
material of the magnet.

Direction of magnetic field at A

(a tangent at A) t2
en
1 Ta ng
S N
A P Tan
g e nt
2 1

A magnetic field line.

Two field lines never
Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet. intersect each other.

S N
S N S S N N S

Magnetic field lines are directed

Attraction between unlike poles south to north within the material
Repulsion between like poles
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B B
B B

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Direction constant Direction not constant
Direction constant Direction not constant
Magnitude not constant Magnitude constant
Magnitude constant Magnitude not constant
Magnetic field lines
l ‘B’ is called ‘magnetic field induction’ or ‘magnetic flux density’.
l S.I. unit of B is Tesla (T).
l If the magnitude as well as the direction of a magnetic field are constant, such a field is called ‘uniform
magnetic field’. Here, fields shown in (a), (b) and (d) are non-uniform fields while field shown in (c) is
a uniform field.
l The materials like iron, nickel, cobalt, when placed in a magnetic field, get strongly magnetised in the
direction of field i.e., the field inside them is greatly enhanced. Such materials are called ‘ferromagnetic
materials’.
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 Physics
l Uses of magnets
} In radio and stereo speakers.
} In almirah and refrigerator doors to keep them in closed position.
} On video and audio cassette tapes.
} On the hard discs and floppies for computers.
} In children’s different toys.
} In medicine, they are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to examine the inner
body parts of human beings.
} Electromagnets used for lifting heavy iron pieces, electromagnetic separation in metallurgy, etc.
} Magnetic compass needle used to find the approximately north-south direction.
l The magnetisation of a magnet can be removed by heating it to very high temperatures or putting the
magnet in a current-carrying solenoid in such a way that magnetisation of the magnet is opposite to the
applied magnetic field.
n Magnetic field due to a current-carrying straight conductor : The magnetic field lines around a straight
current-carrying conductor are concentric circles with the conductor located at their centre. The plane of these
concentric field lines is perpendicular to the conductor.
l A simple experiment carried out by Oersted in 1820 clearly demonstrates that a current-carrying conductor
produces a magnetic field. In this experiment, several compass needles are placed in a horizontal plane on
a circle with a long vertical wire at its centre. When there is no current in the wire [see fig.(a)], all needles
point in the same direction i.e., north - south direction. However, when the wire carries a steady current, the
needles all deflect in directions tangent to the circle [see fig.(b)].
l Oersted concluded that ‘moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field in the surrounding
space’.
l Right hand thumb rule : The direction of magnetic field due to a straight current-carrying wire can be
found by right hand thumb rule [see fig.(c)].
‘Imagine that you are holding a current-carrying straight conductor in your right hand and the thumb is
stretched along the direction of current, then your fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of
the field lines of the magnetic field.’
I
I=0

I
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(a) (b) (c)

l Magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor. That is, more the current,
more will be the strength of magnetic field at a given point and vice-versa. More the distance from the
conductor, less will be the strength of the magnetic field and vice-versa.

33
Class X
l In fig.(a), a current through a horizontal power line flows in west to east direction. Applying the right-
hand thumb rule, we get that the direction of magnetic field at a point above the wire is from north to
south (towards south). The direction of magnetic field at a point directly below the wire is from south to
north (towards north).
l In fig.(b), a vertical wire carries an electric current vertically in upward direction. Applying the right-
hand thumb rule, we get that the direction of magnetic field at a point to the north of it is east to west
(towards west). The direction of magnetic field at a point to the east of the wire is from south to north
(towards north).
n Magnetic field due to a current-carrying circular loop : If a conducting wire is bent in the form of
circular loop and an electric current is passed through it, then at every point of the loop, the magnetic
field lines are in the form of circles surrounding the loop. The size of these circles would become larger
and larger as we move away from the wire. At the centre of the circular loop, the arcs of these big circles
would appear as straight lines. Every point on the wire carrying current would give rise to the magnetic
field appearing as straight lines at the center of the loop. Every point of the loop contributes to the
magnetic field lines and the magnetic field at any point near the loop is the resultant of the individual
contributions of all the points of the loop.
l The direction of magnetic field due to a current-carrying circular wire can be found by right hand
thumb rule (fig.).

Direction of
magnetic field N

Direction of
electric current

I
S

n Magnetic field of a current-carrying solenoid : If a long, straight conducting wire is bent into a coil of
several closely spaced loops, the resulting device is a solenoid. This device acts as a magnet only when it
carries a current.
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l A solenoid is a long insulated wire wound in the form of a helix where neighbouring turns are closely
spaced.
} In a solenoid, each turn is regarded as a circular loop and the net magnetic field is the resultant of
all the individual fields due to all the turns. Magnetic field is quite strong and almost uniform inside
the solenoid. The direction of magnetic field inside the solenoid is parallel to the length of the
solenoid. At the ends of solenoid, the strength of the magnetic field is almost the half that in the mid
of the solenoid.
l The magnetic field inside a solenoid increases with the current and is proportional to the number of
coils per unit length. Also, its field is greatly enhanced when a material like soft iron is placed inside it.
The more tightly the turns are wound stronger will be the magnetic field inside the solenoid. In other
words, smaller the air gaps between the neighbouring turns of the solenoid, stronger will be its magnetic
field.
l The magnetic field inside a solenoid increases with the current and is proportional to the number of
coils per unit length. Also, its field is greatly enhanced when a material like soft iron is placed inside it.
The more tightly the turns are wound stronger will be the magnetic field inside the solenoid. In other
words, smaller the air gaps between the neighbouring turns of the solenoid, stronger will be its magnetic
field.

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 Physics

S N
I I

Magnetic field due to a solenoid A Crane using electromagnets.

n Electromagnet : The object that exerts a magnetic force using electricity is called electromagnet.
l If a core of soft ferromagnetic material, such as soft iron, is placed inside a solenoid, the magnetic field
strength inside the solenoid is greatly increased. The magnetic field lines within the solenoid crowd into
the iron core. The crowding concentrates the magnetic field lines making a stronger magnetic field.
l The N-pole and S-pole of the electromagnet are located using right-hand thumb rule. ‘Hold the
electromagnet so that the fingers of your right hand encircle the magnet in the direction of the current
around the core, and with your thumb parallel to the axis of the magnet. Your thumb points to the
N-pole of the magnet.’ (see fig.)
Iron piece

N- pole S- pole

Thumb points
to N-pole
Current in Current out

Right hand rule to find the poles of an electromagnet

l Factors affecting strength of electromagnets
} Current in the coil : The greater the current flow, the greater the field strength. Strength varies directly
as the current in the coil.
} Number of turns in the coil : The greater the number of coils, the greater the field strength. Strength
varies directly as the number of turns in the coil if the current is constant. Also, the more tightly the turns
are wound, stronger will be the strength of an electromagnet i.e., larger the number of turns per
unit length, greater will be its strength. In other words, smaller the air gaps between the neighbouring
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turns of the coil, greater will be its strength.

} Size of coil : The smaller the diameter of the coil, the stronger the magnetic field.
} Type of material in the coil or solenoid : The more ferromagnetic the material within the coil, the
greater the magnet’s strength. Iron is one of the best materials to use. Usually, soft iron is used to make
electromagnets because it easily gets magnetised and easily gets demagnetised. Mumetal, an alloy
of nickel, iron, and copper, is also used to make electromagnets.
l Horseshoe electromagnet : In this type of N S
electromagnet, a thin insulated copper wire is wound
on the arms of a U-shaped soft iron core in such a way
that the turns on the two arms are in opposite direction.
When current is passed through the wire, one end
becomes S-pole and other end becomes N-pole (see
fig.). A strong magnetic field in the gap between the two
poles is obtained.
A horseshoe electromagnet

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Class X
l Advantages of electromagnet over permanent magnet
} An electromagnet can produce a stronger magnetic field as compared to a permanent magnet.
} The strength of magnetic field of an electromagnet can be changed easily by changing the current or the
number of turns in the coil.
} The polarity of the electromagnet can be changed by reversing the direction of the current.
} An electromagnet can be easily magnetised or demagnetised as per the requirement.
l Applications of electromagnetism : Many appliances, tools, vehicles, and machines use a
current-carrying coil to create a magnetic field. In most cases, the magnetic field is used to cause another
component to move by magnetic attraction.
} Lifting electromagnet : Large steel plates, girders, and pieces of scrap iron can be lifted and transported
by a crane using a lifting electromagnet. Closing the switch causes an electric current in the coil, and the
soft iron core becomes a very strong, induced magnet, thus attracting the metallic load. When the switch
is opened and the electric current stops, the soft iron core becomes demagnetised and releases its load.
} Electromagnetic relay : A relay is a device in which a switch is closed by the action of an electromagnet
to switch on a large current without the circuits being electrically linked. The relay is used to switch on a
high current for which operating a direct switch may be dangerous.
} Electric bell : In an electric bell, a small hammer is attached
to the armature. When switch is closed, the armature Hammer Bell
vibrates back and forth several times a second, striking a
metal bell, due to attraction by electromagnet and pulling
Contact Electromagnet
back action by spring. adjusting
} Circuit breaker : A circuit breaker acts as a normally screw

closed switch. If the current in the electromagnet exceeds Contact

a critical (maximum permissible value), it separates the
contact points, thus breaking contact with the rest of the
circuit. Soft iron
} Telephone : A telephone contains a microphone at the armature

speaking end and a receiver at the listening end. When

Battery
someone speaks into the carbon microphone, sound waves Spring
cause the diaphragm to vibrate. These pressure variations
change the electrical resistance and so the current passing Switch
An electric bell
through it also changes in magnitude and frequency. The
reverse process is used at the receiver to produce sound of the same magnitude and frequency as the Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65
alternating current in the coil.
n Magnetic force on a moving charge : H.A. Lorentz studied the force due to the magnetic field on the
charges.
l He made following observations related to this force (F) :
} ‘F’ is zero on a charge ‘q’, if charge is at rest. Thus, just as moving charges produce a magnetic field, so
too only moving charges are affected by a magnetic field.
} ‘F’ is proportional to the magnitude of the charge ‘q’, its speed ‘v’ and the magnetic field ‘B’.
} ‘F’ is zero if the charge ‘q’ is moving with a velocity ‘v’ in the direction of ‘B’ or opposite to the direction of ‘B’.
} The magnitude of ‘F’ is maximum when velocity ‘v’ is perpendicular to ‘B’.
} The direction of ‘F’ is perpendicular to the plane of ‘v’ and ‘B’.
} The direction of ‘F’ depends on the sign of charge. It is directed opposite for charges of opposite sign.
l Lorentz gave a formula for magnetic force also called ‘magnetic lorentz force’. Magnetic force on a
charge ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘v’ in a uniform field ‘B’ is given by,
F = q v B sinq

36
 Physics
The direction of force on a charge can be found by
right hand thumb rule. To find direction of force
(F) on a positive charge, curl the fingers of your
right hand from v to B. Then, the direction of
the thumb represents the direction of ‘F’ [see
fig.(a)]. Similarly, to find direction of force (F)
on a negative charge, curl the fingers of your
right hand from B to v. Then, the direction of
the thumb represents the direction of ‘F’ [see
fig.(b)].
l As force F is always perpendicular to the motion
in a magnetic field, work done is given by,
W = F s cos q = F s cos 90° = 0
Work done in moving a charged particle in a
magnetic field is always zero. Thus kinetic energy ‘K’ and hence speed ‘v’ remain constant. The velocity is
not constant as its direction changes because of force F.
l Magnetic force on charged particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field is given by
F= q v B sin 90° = q v B
In this case, F is perpendicular to motion (velocity). Such a motion is a circular motion with its plane
perpendicular to B.
l The centripetal force is provided by the force q v B.
mv 2 mv
\ =qvB or r = (radius of circular path)
r qB
l The angular velocity ‘w’ of charged particle is given by,
v qB
w= =
r m
w 1 qB
l Frequency, n = = . ‘n’ is called ‘cyclotron frequency’.
2p 2p m
1 2 p 2 pm
l Time period , T = = =
n w qB
l w, T or n are independent of speed ‘v’ of particle and radius ‘r’ of the circular path. They depend on field B,
charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ of particle. They also depend on specific charge (q/m) of particle.
l In magnetic field, since path is circular, speed and kinetic energy are constant, only velocity changes.
n Force on current-carrying conductor in magnetic field : An electric current flowing through a
conductor produces a magnetic field in a surrounding space and exerts a force on a magnet placed near
it. French scientist Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet must also exert an equal and
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opposite force on the current-carrying conductor.

l Magnetic force on a current-carrying straight conductor is given by,
F = I l B sin q
Where, ‘l’ is the length of conductor, ‘I’ is the current flowing through it, ‘B’ is the applied field, ‘q’ is the
angle between ‘I’ and ‘B’.
l Fleming’s left-hand rule : The direction of force on a
current-carrying conductor is given by Fleming’s left-hand
rule. According to this rule, ‘stretch the thumb, forefinger
and central finger of your left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular. If the fore finger points in the
direction of magnetic field and the central finger in the
direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction
of motion or the force acting on the conductor.’
In case (a), current I and magnetic field
B are in same direction, thus, force on
the current-carrying conductor is zero.
In case (b), by Fleming’s left hand rule, the
direction of magnetic force is upwards.

37
Class X
l Devices that use current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields include electric
motor, electric generator, loudspeakers, microphones, and measuring instruments
like ammeter, voltmeter, etc.
l Force on a current-carrying straight rod (or wire) is largest when the direction of
current is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field and it is zero when the
rod and field are parallel to each other.
l The direction of force on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is
always perpendicular to the plane containing current and magnetic field.
l Force between two parallel current-carrying wires : If the direction of currents is same, they attract
each other. If the directions of currents are opposite, they repel each other.
n Devices based on force on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field
l Electric motor : An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
} It is based on the fact that a current-carrying coil experiences equal and opposite forces on its edges
which rotates it continuously.
} An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD made of an insulated copper wire. The coil consists
of large number of turns wound on a soft iron core. The coil is placed between the two poles of a
magnetic field such that the arms AB and CD are perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
The ends of the coil are connected to the two half rings R1 and R2 called split rings. The inner sides of
split rings are insulated and attached to an axle. The external conducting edges of R1 and R2 touch two
conducting stationary brushes (usually made of carbon) B1 and B2, respectively.

F F
B C C B

F F

N S N S
Magnetic field Magnetic field

A D D A

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R1 R2 R2 R1
Axle Axle

B1 B2 B1 B2

– + – +
An electric motor

} Current in the coil DCBA enters from the source battery through conducting brush R2 and flows back to
the battery through brush B1. The current in arm AB of the coil flows from B to A and in arm CD it flows
from D to C, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB. On applying Fleming’s left hand
rule, we find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it upwards while the force acting on arm CD pushes
it downwards. Thus, the coil and the axle, mounted free to turn about an axis, start rotating. After half
rotation, R2 makes contact with the brush B1 and R1 with brush B2. Thus, the current in the coil gets
reversed and flows along the path ABCD. As a result, the directions of force acting on the two arms AB
and CD are also reversed. The arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed up is now pushed down and the
arm CD previously pushed down is now pushed up. Due to this, the direction of rotation of the coil
remains unchanged.
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 Physics
} The reversing of the current is repeated after every half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of
the coil and the axle.
} A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is called a commutator. In electric
motors, the split rings act as commutator.
} Electric motor is used as an important component in electric fans, refrigerators, mixers, washing machines,
cooling fans of computers, MP3 players, electric cars, power tools such as electric drills, many remote-
controlled toys etc.
l Loudspeakers : In a speaker system, a sound signal is converted to a varying electric signal by the
microphone. This electrical signal is amplified and sent to the loudspeaker. At the loudspeaker, this
varying electrical current causes a varying magnetic force on the coil. This alternating force on the coil
results in vibrations of the attached cone, which produce variations in the density of the air in front of
it. Thus, a sound wave that closely resembles the sound wave is produced by the speaker.
l Moving coil galvanometer : A galvanometer is a delicate device used to measure the relative
magnitude and direction of small electric currents. When the current flows through its coil, the sides
will experience opposite forces (F) and it will cause the coil to turn. The amount of deflection of the
needle is proportional to the current in the coil. When there is no current in the coil, the spring returns
the needle to zero. The pointer remains at zero (the centre of the scale) for zero current flowing through it.
It can deflect either to the left or to the right of the zero mark depending on the direction of current.
n Electromagnetic Induction : The phenomenon of production of an emf or electric current in a circuit when
a magnet is moved towards or away from the circuit is called ‘electromagnetic induction’. In other words, the
phenomenon of production of an emf or electric current in a circuit (or a conductor) when the magnetic field
lines linked with it changes is called ‘electromagnetic induction’.
l Lenz’s law : ‘The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce an electric current which opposes
the change that produces it.’
} Lenz’s law is used to find the direction of induced current in a coil.
} Induced emf : The emf induced in a circuit by changing magnet field lines associated with it is called
‘induced emf’.
} Induced current : The current produced in a circuit by changing magnetic field associated with it is
called ‘induced current’.
} To induce current in a coil, it is convenient in most situations to move the coil in a magnetic field. The
induced current is found to be the maximum when the direction of motion of the coil is at right angles to
the magnetic field.
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} In case of electromagnetic induction, an emf always exists, whether circuit is closed or open, but the
current exists only if circuit is closed.
l In 1831, Michael Faraday, the great British scientist found that a changing magnetic field can give rise to
an emf. Independently, this effect was discovered by Joseph Henry in USA at about same time.
} When a bar magnet is pushed towards a circular conducting coil, the galvanometer deflection takes
place. This implies that a current has been set up in the coil without using any battery. (see fig. (a))
} The deflection in the galvanometer stops when the magnet is made stationary. This implies that current
flowed only for the time when the magnet was moving.
} When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, an electric current is produced, but in a reverse direction
than before. (see fig. (b))
} Also, if south pole is used instead of north, the directions of electric current are different when the magnet
is moved towards or away from the coil as in the case of north pole. (see fig. (c) & (d))
} The experiment works even the coil is moved towards the magnet. This implies that ‘for producing
electric current relative motion between the coil and magnet is necessary’.
39
Class X

l Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction

} Whenever there is a change of magnetic flux number of magnetic field lines passing through a given
perpendicular area through a circuit, there will be an induced emf and this will last as long as the change
in flux persists.
} The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux.
l The induced voltage in a coil is directly proportional to the product of the number of loops and the rate
at which the magnetic field (or flux) changes within those loops.
l Faraday showed by an another experiment that the relative motion is not an absolute requirement.
} In this experiment, two coils of conducting wire coated with insulated material are wound on a cylindrical
support quite near to each other, but they are not connected to each other. Coil 1 is connected to a
battery having a switch in its circuit. The second coil has a galvanometer in its circuit. (see fig. (a))
} When the switch in the coil 1 is closed, the deflection in the galvanometer of coil 2 takes place for a very
short time and then becomes zero. (see fig. (b)) This is because the current takes a short time to reach its
maximum value in the circuit. Thus, the time-varying magnetic field induces a current in coil 2.
} When a steady current flows through the coil 1, no deflection is observed in the galvanometer of coil 2.
} When the switch is opened, that is, circuit is opened, again there is a momentary deflection in the Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65
galvanometer of coil 1, but this time, it is in opposite direction. (see fig. (c))
} If cylindrical support is made of iron, the deflections in the galvanometer are larger.

} The coil or circuit (coil 1) in which the current changes is called ‘primary coil’ while the other (coil 2) in
which emf is set up is called ‘secondary coil’.
} Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring
coil or circuit changes. Thus, an emf is induced in neighbouring coil or circuit. This phenomenon is called
‘mutual induction’.

40
 Physics
l Fleming’s right-hand rule : The direction of induced Thumb : Motion of conductor

current in a conductor is given by Fleming’s right hand

rule. According to this rule, ‘stretch the thumb, forefinger
and central finger of your right hand such that they are Fore finger : Field
mutually perpendicular. If the fore finger points in the
direction of magnetic field and the thumb shows the
direction of motion of conductor, then the central finger
will show the direction of induced current.’ C entral finger :
Induced Current
} Rod AB is movable over a stationary U shaped rod in a uniform magnetic field (directed into the page)
which is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the rod.
} On applying Fleming’s right-hand rule on rod AB, we find that the induced current is in vertically upward
direction [see fig.(a)]. Now, if we trace the direction of current in the whole circuit, we find that it is in
anticlockwise direction [see fig.(b)].
Induced
current Magnetic field (into the page)
Magnetic field

I v
I

I
Motion

(a)
(b)
l Electric generator (AC generator) : An electric generator is a device which converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy using the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. An a.c. generator
was invented by Nicola Tesla.
} When a coil is rotated about an axis perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field, an
emf is induced in it. (Electromagnetic induction).
} It consists of a rectangular coil ABCD having a large number of turns of a conducting insulated wire
wound on a soft iron core. The coil is rotated between the poles of a strong permanent magnet with
its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. The ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings
R 1 and R 2 respectively. The slip rings R 1 and R2 are internally attached to an axle (not shown in fig.). The
axle may be mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field. The slip rings
R1 and R2 are in sliding contact (moving contact) with two metallic (or carbon) brushes B1 and B 2.

B C C B
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65

N S N S
Magnetic field Magnetic field

A D D A

B1 – B1 +
R1 R1

G G
B2 + B2 –
R2 R2

(a) (b)
An AC generator

41
Class X
} Let initially coil ABCD is in horizontal position and it is rotated in between the poles of the magnet.
Due to the rotation of armature, the arm AB moves down while the arm CD moves up. Thus,
magnetic field lines through them change and an electric current is induced in AB and CD. By
Fleming’s right hand rule, in AB current flows B to A and in CD current flows D to C. As a result, an
electric current flows through the whole circuit i.e., B2 to B 1 in external circuit [see fig.(a)]. As the
coil rotates, the induced current varies in magnitude as well as direction. After half rotation, arms
AB and CD of the coil interchange their position. Now, the arm AB is on right and CD on left side.
Thus, the directions of induced currents in AB and CD are reversed. As a result, an electric current
flows through the circuit in reverse direction i.e., B1 to B 2 in external circuit [see fig.(b)].
} The polarities of two ends of coil change after every half rotation of the coil. In one complete cycle
(rotation), the direction of current changes twice. Such a current, which changes direction after
equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current (AC).
l Alternating current (AC) : The electric current, whose magnitude varies with time and direction
reverses periodically, provided its amplitude is constant is called ‘alternating current’.
} In India, the frequency of AC is 50 Hz i.e., 50 cycles per second. In one cycle, the direction of AC
changes twice, thus, in one second, the direction of AC changes 50 × 2 = 100 times. In other words,
AC changes direction after every 1/100 second.
l Direct current (DC) : The electric current, whose magnitude and direction do not vary with time is
called ‘direct current’. Usually DC is produced by a cell or a battery.
l Advantages of AC over DC
} AC voltages can be easily increased (step up) or decreased (step down) with the help of transformers.
} Long distance power transmission takes place at high voltage (i.e., less current) to minimise heat losses.
This is done easily by using AC voltage because an AC voltage can easily be increased by using a transformer.
} The cost of generation of AC is less than that of DC.
} AC devices are simple, robust and require less care as compared to DC devices.
l Disadvantages of AC over DC
} AC is more dangerous than DC.
} A device operating at 220 V AC has to sustain a peak value of approximately 310 V.
} For processes like electrolysis, electroplating, AC cannot be used, only DC can be used.
} An alternating current flows mainly on the surface of conductor (called skin effect). Thus, instead of
a simple thick wire, for AC, we have to use several thin wires twisted to form a main wire which
increases its cost of manufacturing.
l Transformer : The device which transforms a high AC voltage into a low AC voltage and vice-versa is
called ‘transformer’.
} Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. If two coils are placed quite near to each
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65
other and a variable current is passed through one coil, then an emf is induced in the other coil due
to changing magnetic flux.
} A transformer essentially consists of :
(a) Two sets of coils, insulated from each other. The coil across which an ac voltage is applied is
called ‘primary coil’ and the coil in which an emf is induced due to mutual induction is called
‘secondary coil’.
(b) A common soft iron core, around which the coils are wound.

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

coil coil coil coil

Soft iron core Soft iron core

(a) Step up transformer (b) Step down transformer

42
 Physics
} Working
(a) When an a.c. voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting current
produces an alternating magnetic flux.
(b) This magnetic flux links with the secondary and induces an emf
in it (mutual induction). The value of this emf depends on the
number of turns in the secondary.
VS N S I P
} Formulae involved in transformer : = =
VP N P I S
Where, VS = voltage across secondary coil ; V P = voltage across primary coil ;
NS = number of turns in secondary coil ; NP = number of turns in primary coil ;
IP = current in the primary coil ; I S = current in the secondary coil
} Step up transformer : A transformer in which output voltage (secondary voltage) is greater than its
input voltage (primary voltage) is called ‘step up transformer’.
– In a step up transformer, since output voltage is high, thus, output current is low ( Q P = V I = constant).
– In a step up transformer, NS > NP.
} Step down transformer : A transformer in which the output voltage (secondary voltage) is less than its
input voltage (primary voltage) is called ‘step down transformer’.
– In a step down transformer, since output voltage is low, thus, output current is high (Q P = V I = constant).
– In a step down transformer, NS < NP.
} A transformer works on AC only and never on DC.
} A transformer can increase or decrease either voltage or current but not both simultaneously. That is, at
high voltage, current is low and vice-versa (P = V I = constant). A transformer is not a source of energy.
} The frequency of AC voltage in the secondary coil is equal to the frequency of AC voltage in primary coil.
} Long distance power transmission takes place at high voltage (and low current) to minimise the heat
losses.

Power Long distance Consumer

Step up Step down
station power transmission (Home)

11 KV to 15 KV 220 V to 240 V
} Uses of transformers
(i) Power transmission from power house to different locations.
(ii) Obtaining large current for electric welding (step down).
(iii) In induction furnace for melting metals (step down).
(iv) In voltage regulators and stabilisers (step down).
(v) Radio sets, television, tape recorders, telephones, mobile chargers, etc. (step down).
(vi) Production of X-rays (step up).
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65

} Energy losses in transformer

(1) Magnetic field line leakage : There is always some leakage of magnetic field lines in the transformers
as all the field lines due to primary do not pass through the secondary. This may be due to poor design
of core or the air gaps in the core. This can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary coils
one over the other.
(2) Resistance of the windings : The conducting wire used in windings always has some resistance
and thus, energy is lost due to Joule’s heating effect in the form of heat. In high current, low voltage
winding, the heat loss can be reduced by using thick wire as it has low resistance.
(3) Eddy Current losses : When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of conducting
material, circulating currents are induced in the material called ‘eddy currents’. The alternating
magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the core and causing heat in the core. This effect is reduced
by using a ‘Laminated core’. In a laminated core, the conducting parts are built of a large number
of thin layers separated by an insulating material like lacquer, shellac or metallic oxide. Such an
arrangement is known as ‘lamination’ and this increases the resistance of the possible path to the
flow of the eddy currents. Thus, eddy currents are reduced and hence, heating also gets reduced.
(4) The magnetisation - demagnetisation cycle of the core goes on continuously as the currents through
the coils are periodically reversed. This loss appears in the form of heat.
43
Class X
} Applications of eddy currents : Eddy currents are the currents induced in a piece of metal when
it cuts magnetic field lines. They can be quite large due to the low resistance of the metal. In most
applications, eddy currents represent lost power and are therefore undesirable but they can be useful
in some devices, e.g. Car speedometer, Metal detector, Induction heating, Vending machines (detection
of coins), Eddy current separator for metal seperation etc.
n Domestic electric circuits
l The power supply to houses are given through overhead electric poles having aluminium wires or
through underground cables. One wire of power supply is called live wire (or positive) which has
usually a red insulation cover. Another wire, with black insulation cover is called neutral wire (or
negative). In our country, the potential difference between these two wires is 220 V.
l These wires pass into an electricity meter through a main fuse at the meter-board in the house. The
main fuse is joined in series with the live wire. Through the main switch, they are connected to the line
wires in the house. The line wires supply electricity to separate circuits within the house. Mostly, two
separate circuits are used, one of 15 A current rating for appliances with higher power ratings such as
geysers, air conditioners, air coolers, refrigerators, etc. and the other circuit is of 5 A current rating for
bulbs, tubelights, CFLs, fans, etc.
l Earthing (or grounding) is the process of transferring charge to the Earth. This is done by using a
conducting wire or a conducting rod. There is an ‘earth wire’, which has insulation of green colour, is
usually connected to a metal plate deep in the earth near the house. This is used as a safety measure,
particularly for the devices with a metallic body like electric press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator, etc.
The metallic body is connected to the earth wire, which provides a low-resistance conducting path for
the current. Thus, any leakage of current to the metallic body of the device will go into the earth
through the earth wire. Thus, the user will not get a severe electric shock.
l In each separate circuit, different devices can be connected across the live and neutral wires. Each
device has a separate switch to ‘on’ or ‘off’ the flow of current through it. All the devices in domestic
electric circuits are joined in parallel in order that each device has equal potential difference.

Earth wire

Live wire
220 V

Neutral wire
Electricity
Electricity
Board's fuse
meter Distribution box

l In India, 220 V AC is used for home supply. This value is not the peak value, it is an effective value
(also called rms value). The peak value is approximately 310 V.
l Overloading & short-circuiting : Overloading is a condition in which excessively high current flows
through to a circuit.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\03 Magnetic Effects of Current (Th.) .p65
} Overloading can occur in many ways :
(1) When the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct contact, the resistance in the circuit
becomes very low and the current in the circuit abruptly increases. This is called short-circuiting.
This usually occurs when the insulation of wires is damaged or there is a fault in the appliance.
(2) Overloading can also occur due to an accidental hike in the supply voltage.
(3) Sometimes, overloading is caused by connecting too many devices to a single socket.
l Use of fuse : An electric fuse prevents the electric circuit and the appliance from a possible damage by
stopping the flow of unduly high electric current. The Joule's heating that takes place in the fuse melts it
to break the electric circuit.
} For lines used for bulbs, tubelights, fans, a 5 A fuse is used and for lines used to feed power to high current
appliances like geyser, electric heater, usually 15 A fuse is used.
} Fuse should be connected in live wire of circuit. If it is connected to neutral wire, the fuse will melt when
current exceeds its rating, but the appliance will still be connected to high potential of supply through
live wire. If a person touches the appliance, his body provides a path for current to flow to earth which
is at zero potential. Thus person may get severe shock which may prove fatal. Hence fuse is connected
to live wire so that if it melts, the appliance is no longer connected to the high potential of the supply
and possibility of electric shock is eliminated.

44
 Physics

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT EXERCISE

1. Magnetite is a/an 9. Magnetic field lines determine
(1) Natural magnet (2) Electromagnet (1) The shape of the magnetic field
(3) U-shaped magnet (4) None of these (2) Only the direction of the magnetic field
2. The magnetism in a magnet is mainly due to (3) Only the relative strength of the magnetic field
(1) The orbital motion of the electron (4) Both the direction and the relative strength of
(2) The spin motion of the electron the magnetic field
(3) The nuclear charge 10. Which of the following figures represents the
(4) None of these magnetic lines of force due to a north pole ?
3. A watch glass containing some powdered substance
is placed between the pole pieces of a magnet. A
deep concavity is observed at the centre, which (1) (2)
implies that the substance in the watch glass is
(1) iron (2) chromium
(3) carbon (4) wood
4. Which of the following is a non-magnetic substance ?
(3) (4)
(1) Iron (2) Cobalt
(3) Nickel (4) Brass
11. It is a common notion that the earth's magnetism is
5. A bar magnet is placed in the north-south direction
due to
with its north pole towards north. In which direction
from the centre of the magnet will the points of (1) presence of a huge permanent magnet in the
zero magnetic field lie ? interior of the earth
(1) North and South (2) presence of electric currents circulating in the
(2) East and West interior of the earth

(3) North-east and South-west (3) influence of the sun's magnetic field

(4) North-west and South-west (4) influence of a nuclear explosion

6. If a bar magnet is cut lengthwise into 3 parts, the 12. The north pole of earth's fictitious magnet is in the
total number of poles will be (1) Geographical South
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

(1) 2 (2) 3 (2) Geographical East

(3) 4 (4) 6 (3) Geographical West
7. When a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, (4) Geographical North
(1) We will have a single pole on each piece 13. The order of magnitude of earth's magnetic field is
(2) Each piece will have two like poles (1) 1 T (2) 100 T
(3) Each piece will have two unlike poles (3) 10–2 T (4) 10–5 T
(4) Each piece will lose magnetism 14. The most suitable material for making permanent
8. The correct statement is : magnets is
(1) Magnetic lines of force can intersect each other. (1) iron
(2) Induction precedes repulsion. (2) copper
(3) Isolated magnetic poles never exist. (3) steel
(4) Attraction is the sure test of magnetisation. (4) aluminium

45
Class X
15. (i) Soft iron conducts electricity. 21. Along the direction of current-carrying wire, the
(ii) Soft iron is a magnetic material. value of magnetic field is
(iii) Soft iron is an alloy of iron. (1) Zero
(iv) Soft iron is used for making permanent (2) Infinity
magnets. (3) Depends on the length of the wire
State if : (4) Uncertain
(1) (i) and (iii) are correct 22. A vertical wire carries a current upward. The
(2) (i) and (ii) are correct magnetic field at north of the wire will be directed
(3) (ii) and (iv) are correct (1) upward (2) eastward
(4) (iii) and (iv) are correct (3) westward (4) northward
16. In the question below, a statement or assertion (A) 23. A compass needle placed just above a wire in which
is followed by corresponding statement of reason electrons are moving towards west, will point
(R). Of the following alternatives, choose the correct (1) East (2) North (3) West (4) South
one.
24. A magnetic field is produced by the current passing
(A) To keep valuable instruments away from earth's through a long straight wire. When will the strength
magnetic field, they are enclosed in iron boxes. of the magnetic field increase ?
(R) Iron boxes repel the earth's magnetic field lines. (1) When the magnitude of the current increases
(1) If both assertion and reason are true & reason is (2) When the distance from the wire increases
the correct explanation of assertion
(3) When the length of the wire increases
(2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason (4) When the thickness of the wire increases
is not the correct explanation of assertion
25. A current flows along an infinitely long straight
(3) Assertion is true, reason is false conductor. If r is the perpendicular distance of a point
(4) Assertion is false, reason is true from the wire, then the magnetic field (induction)
17. A magnet can be demagnetised by varies with r as
(1) Heating the magnet (1) r–1 (2) r–2
(2) Putting it in the water (3) r–3 (4) r–4
(3) Cooling it 26. Current flowing in conductor P is 2 A and current
(4) Putting in contact with iron flowing in conductor Q is 4 A. The ratio of magnetic
18. Which of the following is not true ? field produced around conductor P to the magnetic
(1) Induction precedes attraction field produced around conductor Q at a distance
(2) We cannot isolate a single magnetic pole 10 cm from both the conductors is
(3) We can magnetise an iron ring (1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 2 :1 Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

(4) A permanent magnet retains its magnetism 27. Two long, parallel conductors are placed at right
even when heated on a flame angles to the metre scale, at the 2 cm and 6 cm
19. When the current is passing through a straight wire, marks, as shown.
then the associated magnetic field around it is
I II
(1) Straight (2) Elliptical
(3) Circular (4) Parabolic
cm
20. The right hand thumb rule is used to find 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(1) Force on a charged particle passing through
the magnetic field
(2) Force on a current-carrying conductor placed
They carry currents of 1 A and 3 A respectively in
in a magnetic field
the same direction. They will produce zero magnetic
(3) Direction of induced current field at the
(4) Direction of B around a current-carrying straight (1) Zero mark (2) 10 cm mark
conductor
(3) 3 cm mark (4) 6 cm mark
46
 Physics
28. Given fig. shows cross-section of two long, straight 33. The magnetic field lines inside a current-carrying
wires. The left hand wire carries current is directly solenoid are
out of the page. The net magnetic field due to the (1) along the axis and parallel to each other
two currents is zero at point P, then which of the
(2) perpendicular to the axis and equidistant from
following statements is correct ?
each other
i1 i2
(3) circular and they do not intersect each other
P
(4) circular at the ends but they are parallel to the
(1) Current i2 is directed out of the page
axis inside the solenoid
(2) i1 < i2
34. Statement I : A soft iron bar placed inside a
(3) i1 > i2
solenoid carrying current is magnetised.
(4) None of these
29. When current is flowing in a circular loop of wire, Statement II : Magnetic field inside a long solenoid
the associated magnetic field at its center is carrying current is non-uniform.
(1) Straight (2) Elliptical (1) Statement I is correct and Statement II is correct
(3) Circular (4) Parabolic explanation of the Statement I.
30. Looking from one side towards the face of a coil, (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not
the current in it flows in clockwise direction. On the correct explanation of the Statement I.
looking from the opposite side towards the second
(3) Statement I is true but Statement II is not true.
face of the coil, the current flows in
(1) Anti-clockwise direction and this face represents (4) Statement I is not true but Statement II is true.
the south pole 35. Magnets having temporary magnetism are called
(2) Clockwise direction and this face represents the (1) Electromagnets (2) Bar magnets
north pole
(3) Circular magnets (4) Horse-shoe magnets
(3) Anticlockwise direction and this face represents
the north pole 36. Which of the following statements is true about an
(4) Clockwise direction and this face represents the electromagnet ?
south pole (1) The polarity of an electromagnet cannot be
31. Magnetic field produced at the centre of a changed.
current-carrying circular loop of wire is (2) An electromagnet produces a comparatively
(1) Directly proportional to the square of the radius weak force of attraction.
of the circular loop
(3) The strength of an electromagnet can be
(2) Directly proportional to the radius of the circular
changed by changing the number of turns in its
loop
coil.
(3) Inversely proportional to the square of the radius
of the circular loop (4) An electromagnet is a permanent magnet.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

(4) Inversely proportional to the radius of the 37. Which of the following is most suitable for the core
circular loop. of electromagnets ?
32. A wire is lying parallel to a square coil as shown in (1) Air (2) Steel
figure. If the same value of current are flowing in
(3) Soft iron (4) Cu-Ni alloy
both of them in the directions shown in the figure,
then magnetic field at point P will be 38. A compass needle will be deflected if it is kept near a
(1) charged body in motion
(2) negatively charged body at rest
(3) positively charged body at rest
(4) none of the above
39. Magnetic field is not associated with
(1) zero (1) a charge in uniform motion
(2) more than that produced by the coil alone (2) an accelerated charge
(3) less than that produced by the coil alone (3) a decelerated charge
(4) equal to that produced by the coil alone (4) a stationary charge
47
Class X
40. A magnetic field exerts no force on 47. An electron and a proton with equal momentum
(1) an electric charge moving perpendicular to its enter perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field,
direction then
(2) an unmagnetised iron bar (1) The path of proton shall be more curved than
that of electron
(3) a stationary electric charge
(2) Then path of proton shall be less curved than
(4) a magnet
that of electron
41. An electric charge in uniform motion produces
(3) Both are equally curved
(1) an electric field only
(4) Path of both will be straight line
(2) a magnetic field only
48. The velocities of two particles having same mass
(3) both electric and magnetic fields and charge entering a uniform magnetic field are
(4) none of the above in the ratio 1 : 2. Their paths become circular in
42. A charged particle having charge 1.6 × 10–19 C the magnetic field. The ratio of radii of their circular
travels with a speed of 3.2 ×106 ms–1 in a direction paths will be
parallel to the direction of magnetic field 0.04 T. (1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1
The force experienced by the particle is (3) 1 : 4 (4) 4 : 1
(1) 2.0 × 10 –14
N (2) 0.2 × 10 –14
N 49. A proton projected towards east is deflected towards
north by a magnetic field. The field may be
(3) Zero (4) 4.0 × 10–14 N
(1) towards south (2) towards west
43. Which of the following rays are not deflected by a
magnetic field ? (3) upward (4) downward

(1) a-rays (2) b-rays 50. The work done on a charged particle having charge
q and moving in a circular path of radius r in a
(3) g-rays (4) Positive rays
constant magnetic field is
44. A charge moving with velocity v in x-direction is
(1) infinite (2) zero
subjected to a magnetic field in the negative
(3) q r (4) q/r
x-direction. As a result, the charge will
51. Analyse the given statements and choose the
(1) remain unaffected
correct option.
(2) accelerate along x-axis
Statement-I : The energy of charged particle
(3) start moving in a circular path moving in a uniform magnetic field does not change.
(4) move along a helical path around y-axis Statement-II : Work done by the magnetic field
45. Particles having positive charge occasionally come on the charge is zero.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65
with high velocity from the sky towards the earth. (1) Both statement-I and statement-II are correct
On account of the magnetic field of the earth, they and statement-II is the correct explanation of
would be deflected towards statement-I.
(1) north (2) east (2) Both statement-I and statement-II are true but
(3) south (4) west statement-II is not the correct explanation of
statement-I.
46. An electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to
it as shown in figure. The direction of force acting on (3) Statement-I is true but statement-II is false.
the electron will be (4) Statement-I is false but statement-II is true.
52. Direction of force acting on a current-carrying
conductor kept in a magnetic field is given by
Magnetic
field (1) Fleming's right hand rule
(2) Fleming's left hand rule
Electron
(1) To the right (2) To the left (3) Lenz's rule
(3) Out of the page (4) Into the page (4) Faraday's rule
48
 Physics
53. Which of the following is not associated with 61. Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil
Fleming's left hand rule ? changes, an induced e.m.f. is produced in the circuit.
(1) Resistance (2) Magnetic field The e.m.f. lasts
(3) Force (4) Current
(1) for a short time
54. Two parallel conductors carrying current in the
opposite directions (2) for a long time
(1) Repel each other (3) forever
(2) Attract each other (4) so long as the change in flux takes place
(3) Sometimes attract and sometimes repel each
62. A magnet is moved towards a coil (i) quickly (ii)
other
slowly, then the induced e.m.f. is
(4) None of these
55. In figure shown, a straight wire carrying current is (1) larger in case (i)
fixed near a current-carrying square loop which is (2) smaller in case (i)
free to move under the magnetic force. If both wire
(3) equal in both the cases
and loop are in the same plane, then the loop will
(4) larger or smaller depending upon the radius of
the coil
63. A constant current of 3.0 A flows counter clockwise
in the circular coil P as shown in figure. What is the
direction of the induced current in the coil Q on the
(1) move towards the wire right ?
(2) move away from the wire
(3) remain stationary
(4) rotate about the wire
56. The device that converts electric energy into
mechanical energy is P Q
(1) AC generator (2) DC generator (1) Clockwise
(3) Electric motor (4) Transformer (2) Counter clockwise
57. T he ele ct ric de vice wh i ch wo r ks on th e (3) Out of the page
phenomenon of force on a current-carrying (4) There is no induced current
conductor in a magnetic field is 64. Direction of induced current produced by motion
(1) Generator (2) Accelerator of a conductor in a magnetic field is given by
(3) Motor (4) Transformer
(1) Fleming's right hand rule
58. The split ring in motion is called
(2) Fleming's left hand rule
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

(1) Armature (2) Rotor

(3) Lenz's rule
(3) Commutator (4) Core
(4) Faraday's rule
59. The power of a DC motor can be increased by
(1) Increasing the area of the cross-section of the 65. In what way should the conductor X be moved in a
coil magnetic field, such that the induced current flows
(2) Increasing the current flowing through the coil as shown in figure ?
(3) Laminating the soft iron core X
(4) All of the above
60. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a
N S
circular coil. If the magnet is rotated about its axis,
then
(1) A current will be induced in the coil
(1) Normally into the plane of paper
(2) No current will be induced in the coil
(2) Vertically downwards
(3) Only emf will be induced in the coil
(3) Vertically upwards
(4) An emf and current both will be induced in the coil
(4) None of the above
49
Class X
66. Lenz's law is a consequence of the law of 71. A metal sheet is placed in a variable magnetic field
conservation of which is increasing from zero to maximum. Induced
(1) Charge (2) Mass current flows in the direction as shown in figure.
(3) Energy (4) Momentum The direction of magnetic field will be

67. A metal ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is N

dropped through the ring with its length along the
axis of the ring. The acceleration of the falling
magnet is W E
(1) Equal to g
(2) Less than g
(3) More than g S
(1) Normal to the paper, inwards
(4) Depends on the length of magnet
(2) Normal to the paper, outside
68. The north pole of a magnet is brought near a coil.
(3) From east to west
The induced current in the coil as seen by an
(4) From north to south
observer on the side of magnet will be
72. Analyse the given statements and choose the correct
(1) In the clockwise direction
option.
(2) In the anticlockwise direction Statement-I : It is more difficult to push a magnet
(3) Initially in the clockwise and then anticlockwise into a coil with more loops.
direction Statement-II : This is because emf induced in
(4) Initially in the anticlockwise and then clockwise each current loop resists the motion of the magnet.
direction (1) Both statement-I and statement-II are correct
69. Consider the situation shown in figure. If the current and statement-II is the correct explanation of
I in the long straight wire XY is increased at a steady statement-I.
rate then the induced emf's in loop A and B will be (2) Both statement-I and statement-II are true but
statement-II is not the correct explanation of
statement-I.
(3) Statement-I is true but statement-II is false.
(4) Statement-I is false but statement-II is true.
73. As shown in figure, the key K is closed, the direction
(1) Clockwise in A, anticlockwise in B of the induced current in the coil B will be
(2) Anticlockwise in A, clockwise in B
(3) Clockwise in both A and B
(4) Anticlockwise in both A and B
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65
70. Three closed similar coils A, B and C are placed
such that their planes are parallel. In the coil A and
C, current of same magnitude flows as shown in
the figure. Coils B and C are static while coil A is
moved with a uniform speed towards B, then (1) clockwise and momentary
(2) anticlockwise and momentary
(3) clockwise and continuous
(4) anticlockwise and continuous
74. For dynamo, which one of the following statements
is correct ?
A B C
(1) It converts the electrical energy into light energy.
(1) clockwise current will be induced in coil B
(2) It converts the kinetic energy into heat energy.
(2) anti-clockwise current will be induced in coil B
(3) no current will flow in coil B (3) It converts the mechanical energy into electrical
(4) current induced in coil B will be equal to A and energy.
C, but in opposite direction, hence net current (4) It converts the electrical energy into mechanical
in B will be zero energy.

50
 Physics
75. In an AC generator, maximum number of lines of 84. Transformer changes
force pass through the coil when the angle between (1) only voltage (2) only current
the plane of coil and lines of force is _____.
(3) both voltage & current (4) power
(1) 0° (2) 60° (3) 30° (4) 90°
85. A step down transformer steps up ____ and steps
76. An AC generator can be converted into DC
down _____.
generator by replacing
(1) current, voltage (2) voltage, current
(1) armature with coil
(3) power, energy (4) voltage, power
(2) concave magnets with horse shoe magnet
86. If the ratio of the number of turns in the primary
(3) slip rings with split rings
and secondary coils is 1 : 5 in a transformer, then
(4) All of the above
the ratio of the voltage in the primary coil to the
77. A loop of wire is rotated about an axis normal to a
secondary coil is
uniform magnetic field. The direction of the induced
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 2 : 1
current reverses once after every
(1) one-fourth rotation (2) half rotation (3) 5 : 1 (4) 1 : 5

(3) one rotation (4) two rotations 87. Turn ratio in a transformer is 1 : 2. Frequency of
input voltage is 50 Hz. Frequency of output voltage
78. The frequency of DC is
will be
(1) Zero (2) Negative
(1) 100 Hz (2) 25 Hz
(3) Infinite (4) 50 Hz
(3) 50 Hz (4) Zero
79. What is the most appropriate reason for the
popularity of AC over DC ? 88. When a piece of iron is placed in a changing
magnetic field, it gets heated due to flow of ____.
(1) AC is not continuous
(1) Eddy current
(2) DC cannot be generated
(3) There is very little loss of energy while AC (2) Faraday's current
transmission (3) Fleming's current
(4) There is very little gain of energy while AC (4) None of these
transmission 89. Eddy currents in the core of transformer can't be
80. The frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz. How many developed
times the current becomes zero in one second ? (1) By increasing the number of turns in secondary
(1) 50 times (2) 100 times coil
(3) 200 times (4) 25 times (2) By taking laminated core
81. In India, the voltage and frequency of the electricity (3) By making step down tranformer
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

supplied in our houses is

(4) By using a weak a.c. at high potential
(1) 220 V, 50 Hz (2) 50 V, 220 Hz
90. A thin sheet is made to vibrate normally to the
(3) 220 V, 60 Hz (4) 60 V, 220 Hz
magnetic field, it will
82. Transformer is used
(1) stop due to formation of eddy currents
(1) to change the value of DC current
(2) stop due to air resistance
(2) to change the value of AC current
(3) vibrate for a long time
(3) to convert DC current into AC current
(4) melt due to formation of eddy currents
(4) to convert AC current into DC current
83. The transformer voltage induced in the secondary 91. Electric main switch is contained in a main board
coil of a transformer is mainly due to fitted usually

(1) A varying electric field (1) At street electric pole

(2) A varying magnetic field (2) At main gate of building
(3) The vibrations of the primary coil (3) In varandah or porch
(4) The iron core of the transformer (4) In bed room or study room
51
Class X
92. According to International Convention of colour 97. Overloading happens because of
coding of wires used in household electrical circuits,
(1) hike in the supply voltage
(1) live is red, neutral is black and earth is green
(2) short circuits
(2) live is red, neutral is green and earth is black
(3) live is brown, neutral is blue and earth is black (3) connecting too many appliances to a single socket

(4) live is brown, neutral is light blue and earth is green (4) any of these
93. In a three pin socket (shoe), the bigger hole is 98. The use of fuses in electric power-lines is
connected to
(1) to keep main voltage constant
(1) Any wire (2) Live wire
(3) Neutral wire (4) Earth wire (2) to open the line permanently when there is an
94. The green colour insulated wires overload

(1) help maintain the appliances at 220 V (3) just to show an indication when there is an
(2) help maintain the appliances at 0 V overload
(3) help maintain the appliances between 0 V and (4) as a switch to use in an emergency
220 V
99. In domestic electric circuits, fuse must be placed in
(4) are at 220 V
series with
95. When the main switch of the house circuit is put
off, it disconnects the (1) Earth wire

(1) live wire (2) Neutral wire

(2) neutral wire (3) Live wire
(3) earth wire
(4) Any of the three wires
(4) live and neutral wires
96. Coming of live wire and neutral wire in direct contact 100. Which of the following is true regarding the electric
causes fuse ?

(1) Short-circuiting (1) It is usually made of tin and lead alloy

(2) Overloading (2) Thicker wires can carry heavier currents
(3) No damage (3) It can be found in some appliances too
(4) Unknown effect
(4) All of the above
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-1\04 Magnetic Effects of Current (Ex.) .p65

ANSWER KEY
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s . 1 2 1 4 2 4 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 4 3 4
Qu e. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
An s . 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 4 2 1 3 1 3 3 1 4 3
Qu e. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
An s . 3 3 3 1 2 4 3 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 2
Qu e. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
An s . 4 1 4 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 3 2

Qu e. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

An s . 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 3 4

52