UNIT-1

UNIT-1 LEVEL

1. List out the dynamic characteristics of any measurement system.

2. What are the types of error measurement system?
3. What are the static characteristics important?
4. What is standard? What are the different types of standard? LEVEL-1
5. What is the function of manipulation element in a measurement system? Remember
6. What are the primary standards? Where are they used?
7. What is primary sensing element?
8. What is calibration?
9. Define the terms precision and sensitivity?
10. Define static error.

1) Distinguish re-productibility and repeatability.

2) Show the block diagram indicating functional elements of measurement system.
3) Distinguish between zero drift and span drift.
4) What are the different calibration methodologies?
5) Define limiting errors and instrumental errors.
6) Mention any four static characteristics of measuring instruments.
7) Distinguish between direct and indirect methods of measurements.
8) What is the significance of calibration?
9) What is meant by accuracy and precision of an instrument? LEVEL-2
10) List the different types of possible errors in measurements. Understan
11) What is the difference between analog and digital instrument? d
12) What are absolute instruments?
13) What is a secondary instrument?
14) How are secondary instruments classified?

LEVEL-3
Analyze

4) Draw the block diagram showing the basic functional elements of an instrument and explain the
functions of each.
5) Define limiting errors. Derive the expression for relative limiting errors.
6) Explain in detail calibration techniques and draw the calibration curve in general.
7) Explain on the static and dynamic characteristics of a measurement system.
8) Describe in detail the different types of dynamic errors in a measurement system.
9) Describe various primary and secondary standards for instruments.
10) Explain the construction and working of the following:
(1) PMMC, (2) MI and electrodynamic type Instrument.
 1) A permanent magnet moving coil gives full scale deflection at 40 mV potential difference and 8
mA current. What will be the required series resistance when it is used as voltmeter of range 0 –
200 V?

2)
3) A meter reads 127.5 V and the true value of the voltage is 127.43V. Determine: (a) the static error (b)
the static correction for this instrument.
(Ans:-0.07)
LEVEL-4
Apply

4) A thermometer reads 95.45 deg C and the static correction given in the correction curve is -0.08 deg C.
Determine the true value of the temperature. (Ans: 95.37degC)

5)

6) A voltage has true value of 1.5V. An analog indicating instrument with a scale range of 0-2.5V shows a
voltage of 1.46V.What are the values of absolute error and correction. Express error as a fraction of the
true value and the full scale deflection
(Ans:2.67%,-1.60%)
7) Amoving coil voltmeter has a uniform scale with 100 divisions, the full scale reading is 200V and 1/10 of
a scale division can be estimated with a fair degree of certainity.Determine the resolution of the instrument
in volts. (Ans:0.2V)
8) Q6. A digital voltmeter has read out range from 0 to 9999 cunts. Determine the resolution of the
instrument in volts when the full scale reading is 9.999V.
( Ans:1mV)

9)

10 Marks
 UNIT -II
2 Marks
UNIT-1 LEVEL

1. What is creeping and how it is prevented?

2. What is the working principle of wattmeter employed in measuring instruments?
3. How are the analog instruments classified on the basis of method used for comparing the LEVEL-1
unknown quantity? Remember
4. Give the advantages of moving iron meters.
5. State the advantages of using the bridge circuits for the measurement.
6. What is the sensitivity of Wheat stone bridge?
7. What are the sources of errors in Wheat stone bridge?
8. Give the application and limitations of Wheat stone bridge.
9. Which measurement can be carried out by Maxwell bridge?
10. List the advantages of using standard capacitor in Maxwell bridge.

1. What are the various principles of analog type electrical instruments?

2. Give the importance of iron loss measurements.
3. What is the reason for using MI on both A.C and D.C?
4. What is the precaution to be followed while using current transformer?
5. What is transfer instrument?
6. Why the PMMC instrument is not used for a.c measurements?
7. . Give the advantage and limitations of Maxwell bridge. LEVEL-2
8. What is Hay’s bridge? Understand
9. Compare Hay’s bridge with Maxwell bridge.
10. What is Wien’s bridge?
11. Give the classification of external interference signals.
12. What is capacitance interference?
13. What is electrostatic shielding?
14. What is inductive interference?
15. State the method of reducing inductive interference.
16. What is electromagnetic interference?

1. Derive the bridge balance condition for the Maxwell bridge and Schering bridge
2. Describe about the multiple earth and earth loops.
3. Explain the different techniques of grounding.
4. Describe the circuit of Kelvin double bridge used for measurement of low resistance.
5. Explain about the Anderson bridge for measurement of inductance with phasor diagram LEVEL-3
6. Explain how the inductance is measured in terms of known capacitance using Maxwell’s Analyze
bridge.
7. Explain the working of Schering bridge.
8. Which bridge is used to measure frequency and explain the measurement procedure?
9. With neat diagram explain in detail about Hay bridge.
1. A resistance of approximately 3000Ω is needed to balance a bridge .It is obtained on a 5
dial resistance box having steps of 1000,100,10,1 and 0.1 Ω. The measurement is to be
guaranteed to 0.1%. For this accuracy how many these dials would it be worth adjusting.
(Ans: 2997to3003 Ω)
2. Each of the ratio arms of a laboratory type Wheatstone bridge has guaranteed accuracy of
±0.05% while the standard arm has a guranteed accuracy of ±0.1%.The ratio of arms are
both set at 1000 Ω and bridge is balanced with standard arm adjusted to 3154 Ω.Determine
the upper and the lower limits of the unknown resistance, based upon the guranteed
accuracies of the known bridge arms. (Ans:3091to3217 Ω) LEVEL-4 Apply
3. Q3. A regular Wheatstone bridge is used to measure high resistances.The bridge has ratio
arms of 10000 Ω and 10 Ω.The adjustable arm has a maximum value of 10000 Ω.A
battery of 10V emf and negligible resistance is connected from the junction of ratio arms to
the opposite corner. Find the maximum resistance that can be measured by this
Arrangement. (Ans: 10M Ω)
4. The values of resistances in a wheatstone bridge are P=1K Ω, R=1K Ω , S=5k Ω, G=100
kΩ .The Thevenin source generator voltage E=24mV and the galvanometer current is
13.6μA Calculate the value of Q.(Ans: 4.96k Ω)
5. In a Carey Foster bridge a resistance of 1.0125 Ω is compared with a standard resistance of
1.0000 Ω, the slide wire has a resistance of 0.25 Ω in 100 divisions. The ratio arms
nominally each 10 Ω,are actually 10.05 and 9.95 Ω respectively.How far are the balance
position from those which would obtain of ratio arms were true to their nominal value?
The slide wire is 100cm long.
6. A Maxwell inductance comparision bridge arms ab consists of a coil with inductance L1
and resistance r1 in series with a non inductive resistance R.Arm bc and ad each a non-
inductive resistance of 100 Ω.Arm ad consists of standard variable inductor L of resistance
32.7 Ω.Balance is obtained when L2=47.8mH and R= 1.36 Ω.Find resistance and
inductance of the coil in arm ab. ( Ans: r1=31.34 Ω,L1=47.8mH)
7. A Maxwell’s capacitance bridge is used to measure an unknown inductance in
camparision with capacitance.The various values at balance: R2=400 Ω,R3=600
Ω,R4=1000 Ω,C4=0.5microFarad.Calculate the values of R1 and L1. Calculate also the
value of storage(Q) factor of coil if frequency is 1000Hz. (Ans:240 Ω,0.12H,3.14)
8. An inductance of 0.22H and 20 Ω resistance is measured by comparison with a fixed
standard inductance of 0.1H and 40 Ω resistance. The unknown inductance is in arm ab
and the standard inductance is arm bc,a resistance of 750 Ω is connected in arm cd and a
resistance whose amount is not known in arm da. (Ans:r1=68 Ω)
9. The four arms of a bridge are:Arm ab: an imperfect C1 with an equivalent series resistance
of r1
Arm bc: a non inductive resistance R3, arm cd:a non –inductive resistance R4,
Arm da: an imperfect capacitor C2 with an equivalent series resistance of r2 series with a
resistance R2.A supply of 450Hz is given between terminals a and c and the detector is
connected b/w b and d.At balance:R2=4.8 Ω,R3=2000 Ω,R4=2850 Ω and C2=0.5 microFarad
and r2=0.4 Ω. Calculate the value of C1 and r1 and also of the dissipating factor for this
capacitor. (Ans: r1=3.65 Ω,C1=0.712microFarad, D1=0.00734)
 UNIT-III
UNIT-III LEVEL

LEVEL-1
Remember

1) What is burden on CT and PT?

2) Why can DC current be transformed by a transformer?

3) What are CT and PT?

4) What is the ratio error of C.T.?

5) What are the uses of current and potential transformer?

6) What is a current transformer and potential transformer?

LEVEL-2
7) What is a voltage transformer and a current transformer?
Understand
8) What was the difference between CT and PT?

9) What is the use of CT (current transformer) and PT (potential transformer)?

10) What are CT and PT in a transformer?

11) What is a current transformer?

1) How is current transformer different from potential transformer and power transformers?

2) Can a current transformer be used as a potential transformer?

3) How does PT differ from a power transformer?

4) How current transformers are different from ordinary power transformers? LEVEL-3

5) When current transformer act as a protecting device? And when it act as the measuring Analyze
device?
LEVEL-4
Apply
 UNIT -IV
2 Marks
UNIT-IV LEVEL

1. What are the different materials used on LED?

2. What are data loggers?
3. List the types of digital voltmeters. LEVEL-1
4. List the analog and digital frequency meters. Remember
5. What are the functions of data loggers?
6. What are the basic components of data loggers?
7. List the advantages of LCD.
8. What is the sweeper in oscilloscope?

1. What are different methods of measurement of frequency in the power frequency range?
2. What are the advantages of digital instruments over analog instruments?
3. How are resistors are checked using digital multimeters?
4. What is auto ranging?
5. Define resolution of DVM.
6. What are volt-ampere hour and watt-hour?
7. What is the principle of ramp type digital voltmeter? LEVEL-2
8. Which torque is absent in energy meter? Why? Understand
9. Explain the purpose of Schmitt trigger in digital frequency meter.
10. What are the essential parts of a ramp type digital voltmeter?
11. Explain the following term as applied to digital displays 3 ½ digit and 4-½ digit display.
12. Explain the principle of digital phase meter.
1. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of electronic voltmeter.
2. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of RAMP and Integrating type DVM.
3. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of dual integrating type DVM.
4. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of successive approximation type DVM.
5. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of electronic energy meter and wattmeter. LEVEL-3
6. Draw the circuit diagram of digital phase meter and explain its working. Analyze
7. Give the construction and principle of operation of single phase induction type energy
meter.
8. Describe the construction and functioning of mechanical (reed type) type frequency meter.
9. Explain the functioning of Weston frequency meter.
10. Explain the function of 3 phase energy meter and wattmeter.
11. Draw and explain the circuit diagram of digital frequency meter.
12. Explain the working of a digital multimeter with a schematic block diagram.
13. Explain the construction, working principle storage and digital storage oscilloscope.
14. Explain the following:
a) Wave Analyzer b) Spectrum Analyzer

1. What is the resolution of a 3-1/2 digit display? b) find the resolution of a 3-1/2 digit meter
 in case its range is 1V.(Some manufacturer may specify the range as 2V since a 3-1/2 digit
meter can count upto 1999mV. C)find the resolution of the meter for 10V range.
(Ans:0.1%,0.001V,0.01V)
2. Draw and explain the circuit of a digital frequency meter.What are the different methods
used for high frequency determination?
3. Describe the working of an integrating type digital voltmeter.
4. A 3-1/2 digit DVM has an accuracy specification of ±0.5% of reading ±1 digit . a) what is
the possible error in volt, when the instrument reading 5.00V on the 10V range? What is LEVEL-4 Apply
the possible error in volt, when reading 0.10V on 10V range? C) what %age of reading is
the possible error in case b. (Ans:0.035V,10.5%)

5. Q5. A 4-1/2 digit voltmeter is used for voltage measurements.a)find its resolution.b) how
would 12.98 V be displayed on 10V range?c) how would 0.6973 be displayed on 1V
range? (Ans:0.01%,0.0001V)
6. With neat figure explain the construction and working principle of a digital storage
oscilloscope. Compare its advantages over an analog CRO.
 UNIT-5
2 Marks
UNIT-V LEVEL

1. Define transducer.
2. Mention some advantages of electrical transducers.
3. Mention some basic requirements of a transducer.
4. What are the classifications of transducers? LEVEL-1
5. What is primary transducer? Remember
6. What is secondary transducer?
7. What is active transducer? Mention some example.
8. What is passive transducer? Mention some example.
9. What is analog and digital transducers?
10. What is inverse transducer?
11. What are the types of potentiometers?

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of potentiometers?

2. Define strain gauges.
3. Define gauge factor.
4. Mention types of strain gauge.
5. What is resistance thermometer?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of resistance thermometers?
7. What is thermistor? State the advantage and disadvantages. LEVEL-2
8. What is inductive transducer? Understand
9. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of LVDT.
10. Mention the applications of LVDT.
11. What is the basic principle of capacitive transducer?
12. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of capacitive transducer.
13. What is piezo electric effect?
14. What are the materials used for piezo electric transducer?
15. What are the types of DAS? State the applications also.
16. What are the essential functions of digital DAC?
17. What are the types of ADC?
18. What are the types of DAC?
19. What is smart sensor? Mention some applications.
1. How the transducers are classified on the basis of principle of operation?
2. Explain the generalized diagram of a digital data acquisition system?
3. Derive the gauge factor for strain gauge and discuss various types of strain gauges along with
advantages and disadvantages.
4. Describe the different modes of operation of piezo electric transducers. LEVEL-3
5. Describe in details the successive approximation method of ADC. Analyze
6. Describe the different principles of working of capacitive transducers.
7. Explain the construction and principle of working of a LVDT.
 8. Explain about the thermistor and thermocouples.
9. Discuss R-2R ladder type DAC.
10. Explain the resistive transducer with respective potentiometer.
11. Explain the principle of operation of piezo-electric transducer.
12. Discuss in detail about optical encoder, Resistive encoder and shaft encoder.
13. Explain the working of Hall effect sensor for measurement of position.
14. Discuss the concept of smart sensors and describe virtual instrumentation.

Q1. A resistive wire strain gauge uses a soft iron wire of small diameter. The gauge factor is 4.2.
neglecting the piezoresistive effects, calculate the Poission ratio. (Ans:1.6)
Q2. A single strain gauge having resistance of 120 Ω is mounted on a steel cantilever beam at a
distance of 0.15m from the free end.An unknowm force is applied at the free end produces a
deflection of 12.7mm of the free end. The change in gauge resistance is found to be 0.152
Ω.The beam is 0.25m long with a width of 20mm and a depth of 3mm.The Young’s modulus
for steel is 200GN/m2.Calculate the gauge factor. (Ans:23)
Q3. A strain gauge is bonded to a beam and has a cross-section area 4cm2.Young’s modulus for
steel is 207GN/m2. The strain gauge has an unstrained resistance of 240 Ω and a gauge factor LEVEL-4 Apply
of 2.2 .When a load is applied the resistance of gauge changes by 0.013 Ω.Calculate the
changes in length of the steel beam. (Ans:2.46* 10 -6 )
Q4. The output voltage of a LVDT is 1.5V at maximum diaplacement.At a load of 0.5M Ω,the
deviation from linearity is maximum and it is ±0.003V from a straight line through origin.Find
the linearity at the given load. (Ans: ±0.2%)
Q5. A steel cantilever is 0.25m long ,20mm wide and 4mm thick.a) Calculate the value of
deflection at the free end for the cantilever when a force of 25N is applied at this end.The
modulus of elasticity for steel is 200GN/m2. (Ans:6.08mm)

7. .