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Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics Lecture 1 - McMaster

This document covers the key concepts from the first lecture of the Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics course. It introduces important notations used in electromagnetics and provides a brief historical overview of how Maxwell's equations were developed. It then presents Maxwell's equations in both their integral and differential forms, and discusses theorems like divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem that were used to transform between the forms. Finally, it outlines the constitutive relations between D, E; B, H; and J, E fields.

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Sharan Shastri
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics Lecture 1 - McMaster

This document covers the key concepts from the first lecture of the Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics course. It introduces important notations used in electromagnetics and provides a brief historical overview of how Maxwell's equations were developed. It then presents Maxwell's equations in both their integral and differential forms, and discusses theorems like divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem that were used to transform between the forms. Finally, it outlines the constitutive relations between D, E; B, H; and J, E fields.

Uploaded by

Sharan Shastri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

EE750

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics


Lecture 1

1
Notations

E: electric field intensity (V/M)


H: magnetic field intensity (A/M)
D: electric flux density (C/ M2)
B: magnetic flux density (Weber/M2)
Ji: impressed electric current density (A/M2)
Jc : conduction electric current density (A/M2)
Jd: displacement electric current density (A/M2)
µi : impressed electric current density (V/M2)
µd : impressed electric current density (A/M2)
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 2
Notations (Cont’d)

qev: volumetric electric charge density (C/M3)


qmv : volumetric magnetic charge density (C/M3)

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 3


Historical Background

• Ancient civilizations knew the effect of magnetic


materials
• Gauss’s law for electric fields
∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev
S V

• Gauss’s law for magnetic fields


B
∫∫ B.dS = 0
S
dS
• Faraday’s law C

∂ V

∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ B.dS
C ∂t S

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 4


Historical Background (Cont’d)

• Ampere’s law
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS = total current due flow of charges
C S

• Ampere’s law in its original form could not be


considered general

l I l I
A A

∫ H.dl = I
C
∫ H .dl = 0 ?
C

I I

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 5


Historical Background (Cont’d)

• Ampere’s law is modified by introducing the


displacement current
∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
• It follows that the 4 main laws are
∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev
S V

∫∫ B.dS = 0
∂
S

∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ B.dS
C ∂t S
∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 6
Maxwell’s Equations (the integral form)

• Maxwell’s equations are made symmetric by the


introduction of fictitious magnetic charges and currents

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev ∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV = Q mv


S V S V
∂ ∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS ∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
C S ∂t S C S ∂t S
J = Ji + J c
µ = µi + µc

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 7


The Divergence Theorem

• The divergence of a vector at a point is defined as


∫∫ F.dS
div F = lim ∆ S = ∇.F
∆V →0 ∆V

• The divergence of a vector is a scalar value that is


position dependent
• Divergence Theorem converts a closed surface
integral to a volume integral over the enclosed volume

∫∫ F.dS = ∫∫∫ ∇.F dV


S V

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 8


The Divergence Theorem (Cont’d)

Iskandar 1992

• For the ith element we have ∫∫ F.dS = div F ∆ Vi


∆ Si
• Summing over the N volumetric elements we get
N N
∑ ∫∫ F.dS = ∑ div F ∆ Vi
i =1 ∆ S i i =1

• Notice that the flux cancels out between adjacent


elements leaving only external surface flux
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 9
The Divergence Theorem (Cont’d)

• As N→∞, we get ∫∫ F.dS = ∫∫∫ ∇.F dV


S V
• As an application of the divergence theorem, we have

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ qev dV ∫∫∫ ∇.D dV = ∫∫∫ q ev dV


S V V V

∇.D = q ev Gauss’s law in differential form

• Similarly, for the magnetic field we have


∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV ∫∫∫ ∇.B dV = ∫∫∫ q mv dV
S V V V

∇ .B = q m v

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 10


Stokes’ Theorem
• The curl is a measure of the rotation of a vector

Iskandar 1992

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 11


Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)

• The curl can measured through a line integral

Iskandar 1992

∫ F .dl = + ve ∫ F .dl = 0 ∫ F .dl = − ve

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 12


Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)
• The curl is a vector that have magnitude and phase
curl F= [curl F]x ax+ [curl F]y ay+[curl F]z az
z

∆z y

∆y
x

∫ F.dl
[∇× F ]x = lim
C1
∆y , ∆z → 0 ∆y∆z

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 13


Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)
• This theorem relates the value of a line integral over a
closed contour to a surface integral over the enclosed
surface ∫ F .dl = ∫∫ (∇ × F ).dS
l S

∫ F .dl
• = curl F .n
li
For the ith element we have lim
∆ S i →0 ∆ Si
or ∫ F .dl = curl F .∆ S i
li

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 14


Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)

• Summing for all elements we get


N N
∑ ∫ F .dl = ∑ (∇ × F ).∆ S i
i =1 l i i =1

• Notice that the internal line integrals cancel out and only
integration over the external contour remains
• It follows that as ∆Si → 0, we get
∫ F .dl = ∫∫ (∇ × F ).dS
l S

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 15


Applications of Stokes’ Theorem

• Starting with the Maxwell’s integral equation


∂
∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
C S ∂t S
apply Stokes’ Theorem
∂
∫∫ (∇ × E ).dS = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
S S ∂t S

∂B
(∇ × E) = − µ −
∂t
∂
• Similarly, starting with ∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
We get (∇ × H ) = J + ∂D
∂t
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 16
Maxwell’s Equations

Integral form Differential form

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev ∇.D = q ev


S V

∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV = Q mv ∇ .B = q m v
S V

∂ ∂B
∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS (∇ × E) = − µ −
C S ∂t S ∂t
∂ ∂D
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS (∇ × H ) = J +
C S ∂t S ∂t

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 17


The Constitutive Relations

• A material is characterized by its constitutive


parameters ε, µ and σ
∞
• For example, D (t ) = ∫ ε (t − τ ) E ( τ ) dτ
−∞

• For frequency independent permittivity and for


frequency-domain analysis we have D=ε E
• For free space we have εo=10-9/(36π) F/M
• Similarly, B=µ*H B=µH (frequency
independent or single frequency analysis)
• For free space we have µo=4π×10-7 H/M

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 18


The Constitutive Parameters (Cont’d)

• Also, J=σ*E J=σE (frequency independent or


single frequency analysis)
• For free space, σ o=0 S

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 19

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