Network Design

ITec4111

Baessa K.

Mettu University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Information Technology

November 21, 2018

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Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 2 / 57
Lecture Topics : #

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

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Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 4 / 57

Introduction to Networks I

• In the 1960s and 1970s, before the PC was invented, a company

would typically have only one central computer: a mainframe.
• Users connected to the mainframe through terminals on their desks.
• These terminals had no intelligence of their own-their only function
was to display a text based user interface provided by the mainframe.
• For this reason, they were usually called dumb terminals.
• The only network was the connection between the terminals and the
mainframe.

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Introduction to Networks II
• In 1981, the IBM PC was released-an event that changed the industry
significantly.
• The PC had intelligence of its own, allowing users to do tasks on their
desktops that previously required a mainframe.
• Networks were introduced to interconnect these distributed PCs.
• The term network is used in many ways.
• For example, people network with one another, telephones are
networked in the public telephone system, and data networks connect
different computers.
• Networks make it possible for people or devices to communicate with
each other

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Introduction to Networks III
• A data network is a network that allows computers to exchange data.
• The simplest data network is two PCs connected through a cable.
• However, most data networks connect many devices.
• An internetwork is a collection of individual networks connected by
networking devices and that function as a single large network.
• The public Internet is the most common example-it is a single
network that connects millions of computers.

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Introduction to Networks IV

• The first networks were LANs; they enabled multiple users in a

relatively small geographic area to exchange files and messages and to
access shared resources such as printers and disk storage.
• WANs were introduced to interconnect these LANs so that
geographically dispersed users could also share information.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture I

• Modern networks connect multiple resources and information assets

within the organization as well as provide access to external resources.
• In this environment, the IT model has evolved from mainframes, to
client/server models, to Internet applications.
• The network is the common single element that connects and enables
all components of the IT infrastructure.
• Organizations need their networks to evolve to intelligent systems
that participate actively in the delivery of applications to effectively
reach the goals of improved productivity, reduced time to market,
greater revenue, lower expenses, and stronger customer relationships.
• An effective network provides the foundation for transforming
business practices.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture II

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture I
Intelligence in the Network

• Integrating intelligence into the network involves aligning network and

business requirements.
• To accommodate today’s and tomorrow’s network requirements, the
Cisco vision of the future includes the Intelligent Information Network
(IIN), a strategy that addresses how the network is integrated with
businesses and business priorities.
• This vision encompasses the following features:
• Integration of networked resources and information assets that have
been largely unlinked.
• Intelligence across multiple products and infrastructure layers.
• Active participation of the network in the delivery of services and
applications

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture II
Intelligence in the Network

• With this technology vision, Cisco is helping organizations address

new IT challenges, such as the deployment of service-oriented
architectures, web services, and virtualization.
• This vision offers an evolutionary approach that consists of three
phases in which functionality can be added to the infrastructure as
required.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture III
Intelligence in the Network

Phase 1: Integrated transport

• Everything (data, voice, and video) consolidates onto an IP network for
secure network convergence.
• By integrating data, voice, and video transport into a single standards-based
modular network, organizations can simplify network management and
generate enterprise wide efficiencies.
• Network convergence also lays the foundation for a new class of IP-enabled
applications, now known as Cisco Unified Communications solutions.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture IV
Intelligence in the Network

Phase 2: Integrated services:

• When the network infrastructure is converged, IT resources can be pooled
and shared, or virtualized, to flexibly address the changing needs of the
organization.
• By extending this virtualization concept to encompass server, storage, and
network elements, an organization can transparently use all its resources
more efficiently.
• Business continuity is also enhanced because in the event of a local systems
failure, shared resources across the intelligent network can provide needed
services.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture V
Intelligence in the Network

Phase 3: Integrated applications

• This phase focuses on making the network application- aware so that it can
optimize application performance and more efficiently deliver networked
applications to users.
• In addition to capabilities such as content caching, load balancing, and
application-level security, application network services make it possible for
the network to simplify the application infrastructure by integrating
intelligent application message handling, optimization, and security into the
existing network.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture VI
Intelligence in the Network

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture VII
Intelligence in the Network

• The Cisco SONA is an architectural framework that illustrates how to

build integrated systems and guides the evolution of enterprises
toward more intelligent networks.
• Using the SONA framework, enterprises can improve flexibility and
increase efficiency by optimizing applications, business processes, and
resources to enable IT to have a greater effect on business.
• The SONA framework leverages the extensive product-line services,
proven architectures, and experience of Cisco and its partners to help
enterprises achieve their business goals.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture VIII
Intelligence in the Network

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture IX
Intelligence in the Network

Networked Infrastructure layer:

• Where all the IT resources are interconnected across a converged network
foundation.
• The IT resources include servers, storage, and clients.
• The Networked Infrastructure layer represents how these resources exist in
different places in the network, including the campus, branch, data center,
enterprise edge, WAN, metropolitan-area network (MAN), and with the
teleworker.
• The objective of this layer is to provide connectivity, anywhere and anytime.
• The Networked Infrastructure layer includes the network devices and links to
connect servers, storage, and clients in different places in the network.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture X
Intelligence in the Network

Interactive Services layer

• Includes both application networking services and infrastructure services.

• This layer enables efficient allocation of resources to applications and

business processes delivered through the networked infrastructure.
• This layer includes the following services:
• Voice and collaboration services
• Mobility services
• Wireless services
• Security and identity services
• Storage services
• Compute services
• Application networking services (content networking services)
• Network infrastructure virtualization
• Quality of service (QoS)
• High availability

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture XI
Intelligence in the Network

Application layer:
• This layer includes business applications and collaboration
applications.
• The objective of this layer is to meet business requirements and
achieve efficiencies by leveraging the interactive services layer.
• This layer includes the following collaborative applications:
• Instant messaging
• IP telephony
• Video delivery using Cisco Digital Media System
• etc

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture XII
Intelligence in the Network
• The benefits of SONA include the following:
• Functionality
• Supports the organizational requirements
• Scalability
• Supports growth and expansion of organizational tasks by separating
functions and products into layers; this separation makes it easier to
grow the network.
• Availability
• Provides the necessary services, reliably, anywhere, anytime.
• Performance
• Provides the desired responsiveness, throughput, and utilization on a
per- application basis through the network infrastructure and services.
• Manageability
• Provides control, performance monitoring, and fault detection.

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Business Drivers for a New Network Architecture XIII
Intelligence in the Network

• Efficiency
• Provides the required network services and infrastructure with
reasonable operational costs and appropriate capital investment on a
migration path to a more intelligent network, through step-by-step
network services growth.
• Security
• Provides for an effective balance between usability and security while
protecting information assets and infrastructure from inside and outside
threats.

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Network Design Methodology I

• A methodology is a documented, systematic way of doing something.

• Following a design methodology can have many advantages:
• It ensures that no step is missed when the process is followed.
• It provides a framework for the design process deliverables.
• It encourages consistency in the creative process, enabling network
designers to set appropriate deadlines and maintain customer and
manager satisfaction.
• It allows customers and managers to validate that the designers have
thought about how to meet their requirements.

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Network Design Methodology II
• The design methodology includes three basic steps:
1 Identify customer requirements
• It involves establishing the organizational (business) requirements,
developing a network strategy, and proposing a high-level conceptual
architecture, identifying technologies that can best support the
architecture.
• Financial justification for the network strategy is established by
assessing the business case for the proposed architecture.
• Typically key decision makers identify the initial requirements. Based
on these requirements, a high level conceptual architecture is proposed.
2 Characterize the existing network and sites
• It involves characterizing sites and assessing any existing networks, and
performing a gap analysis to determine whether the existing system
infrastructure, sites, and operational environment can support the
proposed system.
• Characterization of the existing network and sites includes site and
network audit and network analysis.
• During the network audit, the existing network is thoroughly checked
for integrity and quality.

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Network Design Methodology III
• During the network analysis, network behavior (traffic, congestion, and
so forth) is analyzed.
3 Design the network topology and solutions:
• In this step, the detailed design of the network is created.
• Decisions are made about networked infrastructure, infrastructure
services, and applications.
• The data for making these decisions is gathered during the first two
steps. A pilot or prototype network might be constructed to verify the
correctness of the design and to identify and correct any problems as a
proof of concept before implementing the entire network.
• A detailed design document is also written during this step; it includes
information that has been documented in the previous steps.

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Network Design Methodology IV
Network Design approaches

• After establishing the organizational requirements and documenting

the existing network, the designer is ready to design a network
solution.
• Designing a large or even medium-sized network can be a complex
project.
• Procedures have been developed to facilitate the design process by
dividing it into smaller, more manageable steps.
• Identifying the separate steps or tasks ensures a smooth process and
reduces potential risks.

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Network Design Methodology V
1 Top-Down Approach
• A top-down design allows the designer to ”see the big picture” before
getting to the details.
• Top-down design clarifies the design goals and initiates the design from
the perspective of the required applications.
• The top-down approach adapts the physical infrastructure to the needs
of the applications.
• Network devices are chosen only after a thorough requirements analysis.
2 Bottom-up Approach
• It is the network design approach in which network devices and
technologies are selected first is called bottom-up, or connect-the-dots.
• This approach often results in an inappropriate network for the required
services and is primarily used when a very quick response to the design
request is needed.
• With a bottom-up approach, the risk of having to redesign the network
is high.
•

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Top-Down Approach Compared to Bottom-Up Approach I
• A top-down approach to design has many benefits compared to a
bottom-up approach, including the following:
• Incorporating the customer organization’s requirements
• Providing the customer and the designer with the ”big picture” of the
desired network
• Providing a design that is appropriate for both current requirements
and future development.
• The disadvantage of the top-down approach
• It is more time-consuming than the bottom-up approach;
• it necessitates a requirement analysis so that the design can be adapted
to the identified needs.

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Top-Down Approach Compared to Bottom-Up Approach II
Bottom-up Approach

Benefit The devices and technologies and then moving to-

ward services and applications is that it allows a
quick response to a design request.
Facilitates designs based on the designer’s previous
experience.
Implements solution with little or no notion of ac-
Disadv.
tual organization requirements
It can result in an inappropriate design, leading to
costly redesign

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Summary

• The three phases of the Cisco SONA architectural framework:

• Integrated transport
• services
• applications
• The network design methodology based on this life-cycle, which has
three basic steps:
• Identify customer requirements
• Characterize the existing network and sites
• Design the network topology

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 31 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 32 / 57

Network Designing Models I

• A topology is a map of an internetwork that indicates network

segments, interconnection points, and user communities.

• Designing a network topology is the first step in the logical design

phase of the top-down network design methodology.
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Network Designing Models II
• The purpose of the map is to show the geometry of the network, not
the physical geography or technical implementation.
• The map is a high-level blueprint of the network, analogous to an
architectural drawing that shows the location and size of rooms for a
building, but not the construction materials for fabricating the rooms.

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Network Designing Models III

• To meet a customer’s goals for scalability and adaptability, it is

important to architect a logical topology before selecting physical
products or technologies.
• During the topology design phase:
• Identify networks and interconnection points
• The size and scope of networks
• The types of internetworking devices that will be required but not the
actual devices.
• Types of network designing models:
1 Hierarchical
2 Flat

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Flat Network Model I

• A flat network topology is adequate for small networks.

• With a flat network design, there is no hierarchy.

• Each network device has essentially the same job, and the network is
not divided into layers or modules.
• A flat network topology is easy to design and implement, and it is
easy to maintain, as long as the network stays small.
• The lack of hierarchy makes troubleshooting difficult.
• Flat networks are typically used in homes or small business where
network requirements are low.
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Flat Network Model II
• The main drawbacks of Flat Designing Models
• Poor security
• Because traffic travels through one switch, it is not possible to segment
the networks into sections and prevent users from accessing certain
parts of the network.
• It is easier for hackers to intercept data on the network.
• No redundancy
• Since there is usually one switch, or a few devices, it is possible for the
switch to fail.
• Since there is no alternative path, the network will become inaccessible
and computers may lose connectivity.
• Scalability and speed
• Connecting all the devices to one central switch, either directly or
through hubs, increases the potential for collisions (due to hubs),
reduced speed at which the data can be transmitted and additional
time for the central switch to process the data.
• It also scales badly and increases the chance of the network failing if
excessive hubs are used and there is not enough switches to control the
flow of the data through the network.

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Hierarchical Network Model I

• The Hierarchical internetworking model, or three-layer model, divides

enterprise networks into three layers: core, distribution, and access
layer.
• Each layer provides specific functions that define its role within the
overall network.
• By separating the various functions that exist on a network, the
network design becomes modular, which facilitates scalability and
performance.

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Hierarchical Network Model II

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Hierarchical Network Model III

• A core layer
• high-end routers and switches that are optimized for availability and
performance.
• A distribution layer
• routers and switches that implement policies.
• In small and medium-sized organizations, the core and distribution
layers can be combined.
• An access layer
• connects users via lower-end switches and wireless access points.

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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model I
Access Layer

• The access layer provides users on local segments with access to the
internetwork.
• The access layer can include routers, switches, bridges, shared-media
hubs, and wireless access points.

• The concentration point at which clients access the network.

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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model II
Access Layer

• Access layer devices control traffic by localizing service requests to the

access media.
• The purpose of the access layer is to grant user access to network
resources.
• Generally, access layer is characterized by:
• Provides a means of connecting and controlling which devices are
allowed to communicate on the network.
• Incorporates switched LAN devices with ports that provide connectivity
for workstations and servers.

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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model ... I
Distribution Layer

• The demarcation point between the access and core layers of the
network.
• Controlling access to resources for security reasons and controlling
network traffic that traverses the core for performance reasons.

• Delineates broadcast domains.

• The distribution layer can be configured to route between VLANs.
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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model ... II
Distribution Layer

• Allows the core layer to connect sites that run different protocols
while maintaining high performance.
• The distribution layer can summarize routes from the access layer.
• Determines department or workgroup access and provides
policy-based connectivity.
• Aggregates wiring closet bandwidth by concentrating multiple
low-speed access links into a high-speed core link.
• Provides redundant connections for access devices.
• Where routing and packet manipulation are performed.

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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model ... I
Core Layer

• High-speed backbone of the internetwork.

• Must be highly available and redundant.

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Three-Layer Hierarchical Model ... II
Core Layer

• Should be highly reliable and should adapt to changes quickly.

• Avoid using packet filters or other features that slow down the
manipulation of packets.
• Must be capable of quickly forwarding large amounts of data
• Smaller networks – collapsed model (Core and Distribution).

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Benefits of a Hierarchical Network I
• Scalability
• Hierarchical networks can be expanded easily

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Benefits of a Hierarchical Network II
• Redundancy
• Redundancy at the core and distribution layers ensure availability.

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Benefits of a Hierarchical Network III
• Performance
• Link aggregation between level and high performance core and
distribution level switched allow for near wire speed throughout the
network.

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Benefits of a Hierarchical Network IV
• Security
• Port security at the access level and policies at the distribution level
make the network more secure.

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Benefits of a Hierarchical Network V

• Manageability
• Consistency between switches at each level makes management more
simple.

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Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 52 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 53 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 54 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 55 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 56 / 57

Chapter #:

1 Applying a Methodology to Network Design

2 Structuring and Modularizing the Network

3 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks

4 Designing Remote Connectivity

5 Designing IP Addressing and selecting Routing Protocols

6 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network

7 Identifying Voice Networking Considerations

8 Identifying Wireless Networking Considerations

Baessa K. (Mettu University) MEU,FET,IT www.meu.edu.et November 21, 2018 57 / 57

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